Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Maphakathi nawo-1960, izinhlelo zekhompuyutha zokwabelana okokuqala zase ziphindaphinde umlando wokuqala wokushintshwa kwezingcingo zokuqala. Osomabhizinisi badale lezi zinguquko ukuze bavumele ababhalisile ukuthi basebenzise izinsizakalo zetekisi, udokotela, noma izicishamlilo. Kodwa-ke, ababhalisile basheshe bathola ukuthi amaswishi asendaweni ayefaneleka ngendlela efanayo ukuxhumana nokuzijabulisa. Ngokunjalo, amasistimu okwabelana ngesikhathi, aqale aklanyelwe ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi "bazibizele" amandla ekhompiyutha, maduzane aguquke waba amaswishi awusizo anemiyalezo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, amakhompiyutha azodlula kwesinye isigaba emlandweni wocingo - ukuvela kokuxhumanisa amaswishi, ukwakha amanethiwekhi esifunda kanye namabanga amade.
I-Protonet
Umzamo wokuqala wokuhlanganisa amakhompuyutha amaningana abe yiyunithi enkulu kwakuyiphrojekthi ye-Interactive Computer Network. , uhlelo lokuvikela umoya lwaseMelika. Njengoba isikhungo ngasinye se-SAGE sika-23 sokulawula sihlanganisa indawo ethile, kwakudingeka indlela yokudlulisa amathrekhi e-radar ukusuka kwesinye isikhungo kuya kwesinye ezimeni lapho indiza yangaphandle yeqa umngcele phakathi kwalezi zindawo. Abathuthukisi be-SAGE bateketise le nkinga ngokuthi “ukutshela izinto eziphambene,” futhi bayixazulula ngokwakha imigqa yedatha esekelwe emigqeni yocingo eqashisiwe ye-AT&T enwetshwe phakathi kwazo zonke izikhungo zokulawula ezingomakhelwane. U-Ronald Enticknap, owayeyingxenye yethimba elincane le-Royal Forces elithunyelwe kwa-SAGE, uhole ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwalesi simiso esingaphansi. Ngeshwa, angitholanga incazelo enemininingwane yohlelo lwe-“inter-talk”, kodwa ngokusobala ikhompuyutha esikhungweni ngasinye sokulawula yanquma isikhathi lapho ithrekhi ye-radar ithuthela komunye umkhakha, futhi yathumela okuqoshiwe kwayo ngocingo ku ikhompuyutha yomkhakha lapho ingatholwa umqhubi oqaphe itheminali lapho.
Uhlelo lwe-SAGE lwaludingeka ukuze luhumushe idatha yedijithali ibe isignali ye-analog ocingweni (bese ibuyela esiteshini sokwamukela), okwanikeza i-AT&T ithuba lokuthuthukisa imodemu ye-“Bell 101” (noma isethi yedatha, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo kuqala) ekwaziyo. yokudlulisa amabhithi ayi-110 ngomzuzwana. Le divayisi yabizwa kamuva , ngenxa yekhono layo lokushintsha isignali yocingo ye-analog kusetshenziswa isethi yedatha yedijithali ephumayo, kanye nokudiliza izingcezu ezivela kumagagasi angenayo.
Idatha ye-Bell 101
Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-SAGE yabeka isisekelo sobuchwepheshe esibalulekile samanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha akamuva. Kodwa-ke, inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha yokuqala ilifa layo lalide futhi linethonya kwakuyinethiwekhi enegama elisaziwa nanamuhla: ARPANET. Ngokungafani ne-SAGE, ihlanganise iqoqo le-motley lamakhompiyutha, kokubili ukwabelana kwesikhathi nokucubungula kwe-batch, ngayinye enesethi yayo ehlukile yezinhlelo. Inethiwekhi yacatshangelwa njengeyomhlaba wonke ngesilinganiso kanye nokusebenza, futhi bekufanele yanelise noma yiziphi izidingo zabasebenzisi. Lo msebenzi uxhaswe yiHhovisi Lezinqubo Zokucubungula Ulwazi (IPTO), eliholwa uMqondisi , okwakuwumnyango wocwaningo lwamakhompuyutha e-ARPA. Kodwa wona kanye umqondo wenethiwekhi enjalo yasungulwa ngumqondisi wokuqala walo mnyango, uJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider.
I-Idea
Sazi kanjani U-Licklider, noma “Khotha” kozakwabo, wayenguchwepheshe wokusebenza kwengqondo ngokuqeqeshwa. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi esebenza nezinhlelo ze-radar e-Lincoln Laboratory ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, wathatheka ngamakhompyutha asebenzisanayo. Lolu thando lwamholela ekuxhaseni ngezimali ezinye zezivivinyo zokuqala zamakhompiyutha abelana ngesikhathi lapho eba umqondisi we-IPTO eyayisanda kwakhiwa ngo-1962.
Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesephupha ngokuthi kungenzeka axhumanise amakhompyutha asebenzisanayo angawodwa abe yi-superstructure enkulu. Emsebenzini wakhe we-1960 othi "man-computer symbiosis" wabhala:
Kubonakala kunengqondo ukucabanga "isikhungo sokucabanga" esingahlanganisa imisebenzi yemitapo yolwazi yesimanje kanye nempumelelo ehlongozwayo ekugcineni ulwazi nokubuyiswa, kanye nemisebenzi ye-symbiotic echazwe ekuqaleni kwalo msebenzi. Lesi sithombe singalinganiswa kalula sibe inethiwekhi yalezo zikhungo, ezihlanganiswe izintambo zokuxhumana nge-broadband, futhi zifinyeleleke kubasebenzisi ngabanye ngezintambo zocingo eziqashisiwe.
Njengoba nje i-TX-2 yavutha uthando lukaLeake lwekhompyutha esebenzisanayo, kungenzeka ukuthi u-SAGE wamkhuthaza ukuthi acabange ukuthi izikhungo zamakhompiyutha ezisebenzisanayo zingaxhunywa kanjani futhi zinikeze okuthile okufana nenethiwekhi yocingo yezinsizakalo ezihlakaniphile. Nomaphi lapho umbono owavela khona, uLeake waqala ukuwusabalalisa kuwo wonke umphakathi wabacwaningi ayebadalile kwa-IPTO, futhi edume kakhulu kule miyalezo kwakuyimemo yangomhla zingama-23 kuMbasa 1963, eyayiqondiswe “kumalungu neminyango yenethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha e-intergalactic,” okungukuthi, abacwaningi abahlukahlukene , abathole uxhaso lwezimali oluvela ku-IPTO lokwabelana ngesikhathi sokufinyelela ikhompuyutha kanye namanye amaphrojekthi wekhompyutha.
Inothi libonakala lingahlelekile futhi linesiphithiphithi, libhalwe ngokucacile empukaneni futhi alihlelwanga. Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqonde ukuthi yini ngempela uLik ayefuna ukukusho ngamanethiwekhi wekhompyutha, kufanele sicabange kancane. Nokho, amanye amaphuzu avele agqame ngokushesha. Okokuqala, uLeake uveze ukuthi “amaphrojekthi ahlukene” axhaswe yi-IPTO empeleni “asendaweni efanayo.” Ube esexoxa ngesidingo sokuthumela imali namaphrojekthi ukuze kwandiswe izinzuzo zebhizinisi elinikeziwe, kusukela phakathi kwenethiwekhi yabacwaningi, "ukuze enze inqubekelaphambili, wonke umcwaningi osebenzayo udinga isisekelo sesofthiwe kanye nemishini eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebanzi kunalokho yena ngokwakhe angadala kuyo. isikhathi esifanele." ULeake uphetha ngokuthi ukufeza lokhu kusebenza kahle komhlaba wonke kudinga ukuvunyelwa okuthile komuntu siqu nokuzidela.
Ube eseqala ukuxoxa ngokuningiliziwe ngezinkundla zokuxhumana zekhompyutha (hhayi zokuxhumana). Ubhala ngesidingo sohlobo oluthile lolimi lokuphatha inethiwekhi (lokho kamuva okwakuzobizwa ngokuthi iphrothokholi) kanye nesifiso sakhe sokubona ngolunye usuku inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ye-IPTO ehlanganisa "okungenani amakhompyutha amakhulu amane, mhlawumbe amakhompyutha amancane ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili, kanye nenethiwekhi ebanzi. izinhlobonhlobo zamadisk kanye namathuluzi okugcina amatheyiphu kazibuthe - ingasaphathwa eye-consoles ekude neziteshi ze-teletype." Ekugcineni, uchaza emakhasini ambalwa isibonelo esiphathekayo sokuthi ukusebenzelana nenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha enjalo kungase kuthuthuke kanjani esikhathini esizayo. Ukuvuza ngeso lengqondo isimo lapho ehlaziya idatha ethile yokuhlola. “Inkinga,” uyabhala, “ukuthi anginalo uhlelo lokushadi oluhloniphekile. Ingabe lukhona uhlelo olufanele endaweni ethile ohlelweni? Ngisebenzisa imfundiso yokubusa kwenethiwekhi, ngiqale ngivotele ikhompuyutha yendawo bese ngilandela ezinye izikhungo. Ake sithi ngisebenza kwa-SDC, futhi ngithola uhlelo olubonakala lufanelekile kudiski eBerkeley." Ucela inethiwekhi ukuthi iqhube lolu hlelo, ecabanga ukuthi “ngohlelo lokuphatha inethiwekhi oluyinkimbinkimbi, ngeke kudingeke nginqume ukuthi ngidlulisele idatha yezinhlelo ezizoyicubungula kwenye indawo, noma ngizikhiphele mina izinhlelo bese ngiziqhuba ukuze ngisebenze kweyami. idatha.”
Sezihlanganiswe ndawonye, lezi zingcezu zemibono zembula uhlelo olukhulu olucatshangwa ngu-Licklider: okokuqala, ukuhlukanisa izici ezithile ezikhethekile nezindawo zobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabacwaningi abathola uxhaso lwe-IPTO, bese kwakhiwe inethiwekhi ebonakalayo yamakhompyutha e-IPTO kulo mphakathi wokuxhumana nabantu. Lokhu kubonakaliswa okubonakalayo "kwembangela evamile" ye-IPTO kuzovumela abacwaningi ukwabelana ngolwazi futhi bazuze kuzingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezikhethekile kanye nesofthiwe endaweni yokusebenza ngayinye. Ngale ndlela, i-IPTO ingagwema ukuphindaphinda okumoshayo kuyilapho isebenzisa lonke idola loxhaso ngokunikeza wonke umcwaningi kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi we-IPTO ukufinyelela ebangeni eligcwele lamakhono ekhompyutha.
Lo mbono wokwabelana ngezinsiza phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi wocwaningo ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana utshale imbewu ku-IPTO eyayizoqhakaza eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ekudalweni kwe-ARPANET.
Naphezu kwemvelaphi yayo yezempi, i-ARPANET eyavela ePentagon yayingenazo izizathu zezempi. Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa le nethiwekhi yaklanywa njengenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana yezempi engasinda ekuhlaselweni kwenuzi. Njengoba sizobona kamuva, kukhona ukuxhumana okungaqondile phakathi kwe-ARPANET kanye nephrojekthi yangaphambili enenhloso enjalo, futhi abaholi be-ARPA bakhuluma ngezikhathi ezithile "ngezinhlelo eziqinile" ukuze baqinisekise ukuba khona kwenethiwekhi yabo kuCongress noma uNobhala Wezokuvikela. Kodwa empeleni, i-IPTO idale i-ARPANET ngokwezidingo zayo zangaphakathi kuphela, ukuze isekele umphakathi wabacwaningi - iningi labo elingakwazi ukuthethelela umsebenzi wabo ngokusebenzela izinjongo zokuzivikela.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ngesikhathi kukhishwa imemo yakhe edumile, uLicklider wayeseqalile ukuhlela umbungu wenethiwekhi yakhe ye-intergalactic, ayezoba umqondisi wayo. kusuka eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA).
Ikhonsoli yemodeli ye-SAGE i-OA-1008, egcwele isibhamu esilula (ekugcineni kocingo, ngaphansi kwesembozo sepulasitiki esikhanyelayo), ilula ne-ashtray.
Okudingekayo
UKleinrock wayeyindodana yabokufika baseMpumalanga Yurophu abangabasebenzi, futhi wakhulela eManhattan emthunzini. [ixhuma ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Manhattan Island eNew York City kanye ne-Fort Lee e-Bergen County eNew Jersey / cishe.]. Ngenkathi esesikoleni, wathatha amakilasi engeziwe kwezobunjiniyela bukagesi eCity College yaseNew York kusihlwa. Lapho ezwa ngethuba lokufunda eMIT okulandelwa isemester yomsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele eLincoln Laboratory, wagxumela kuwo.
Ilabhorethri yasungulwa ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ze-SAGE, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yanda yaba neminye imiklamo eminingi yocwaningo, ngokuvamile ehlobene kuphela nokuvikela emoyeni, uma ihlobene nokuvikela. Phakathi kwazo kwakuyi-Barnstable Study, umqondo we-Air Force ukudala ibhande le-orbital lemicu yensimbi (njenge ), engasetshenziswa njengohlelo lokuxhumana lomhlaba wonke. UKleinrock wanqotshwa igunya kusuka ku-MIT, ngakho-ke wanquma ukugxila embonweni wenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana. Ucwaningo luka-Barnstable lunikeze u-Kleinrock ithuba lakhe lokuqala lokusebenzisa ithiyori yolwazi kanye nethiyori yokubeka umugqa kunethiwekhi yedatha, futhi wanweba lokhu kuhlaziya kwaba yincwadi yonke yamanethiwekhi okuthumela imiyalezo, ehlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo nedatha yokuhlola eqoqwe ekufanisweni okuqhutshwa kumakhompyutha e-TX-2 kumalebhu. Lincoln. Phakathi kozakwabo abasondelene noKleinrock elabhorethri, ababelana naye ngamakhompiyutha ahlanganyela isikhathi, kwakukhona. и , esizokwazi kamuva.
Ngo-1963, u-Kleinrock wamukela umsebenzi e-UCLA, futhi uLicklider wabona ithuba. Nansi uchwepheshe wenethiwekhi yedatha esebenza eduze kwezikhungo ezintathu zendawo zamakhompiyutha: isikhungo sekhompiyutha esikhulu, isikhungo sekhompuyutha yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye ne-Western Data Center (umfelandawonye wezikhungo ezingamashumi amathathu ezabelana ngokufinyelela kukhompyutha ye-IBM). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo eziyisithupha ezivela e-Western Data Center zazinoxhumano olukude kukhompyutha ngemodemu, futhi ikhompuyutha ye-IPTO-sponsored System Development Corporation (SDC) yayitholakala kuphela kumakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka e-Santa Monica. I-IPTO ithumele i-UCLA ukuthi ixhume lezi zikhungo ezine njengokuhlola kwayo kokuqala ekudaleni inethiwekhi yekhompyutha. Kamuva, ngokohlelo, ukuxhumana noBerkeley bangafunda ngezinkinga ezikhona ekudluliselweni kwedatha amabanga amade.
Naphezu kwesimo esithembisayo, iphrojekthi yehlulekile futhi inethiwekhi ayizange yakhiwe. Abaqondisi bezikhungo ezihlukahlukene ze-UCLA babengathembani, futhi babengakholelwa kule phrojekthi, yingakho benqaba ukuyeka ukulawula izinsiza zekhompyutha kubasebenzisi bomunye nomunye. I-IPTO yayingenawo amandla atheni kulesi simo, njengoba kungekho nesisodwa isikhungo sekhompyutha esathola imali kwa-ARPA. Lolu daba lwezepolitiki lukhomba enye yezinkinga ezinkulu emlandweni we-Intanethi. Uma kunzima kakhulu ukukholisa abahlanganyeli abahlukene ukuthi ukuhlela ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo nokubambisana kudlala ezandleni zabo bonke abathintekayo, i-intanethi yavela kanjani? Ezihlokweni ezilandelayo sizobuyela kulezi zindaba izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.
Umzamo wesibili we-IPTO wokwakha inethiwekhi ube yimpumelelo kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ibincane kakhulu - bekuyisivivinyo sokuhlola esilula. Futhi ngo-1965, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nomfundi we-Licklider ogama lakhe lingu-Tom Marill washiya I-Lincoln Laboratory ukuze azame ukusebenzisa i-hype mayelana ne-interactive computing ngokuqala ibhizinisi lakhe lokufinyelela okwabiwe. Nokho, ngenxa yokungabi nawo amakhasimende akhokhayo anele, waqala ukufuna eminye imithombo yemali engenayo, futhi ekugcineni waphakamisa ukuthi i-IPTO imqashe ukuze enze ucwaningo lwenethiwekhi yekhompyutha. Umqondisi omusha we-IPTO, u-Ivan Sutherland, unqume ukusebenzisana nefemu enkulu nenedumela elihle njenge-ballast, futhi wanikela umsebenzi ku-Marilla nge-Lincoln Laboratory. Ohlangothini lwaselabhorethri, omunye uzakwabo omdala kaKleinrock, uLawrence (Larry) Roberts, wabelwa ukuba aqondise umsebenzi.
U-Roberts, ngenkathi engumfundi we-MIT, waba nekhono lokusebenza nekhompyutha ye-TX-0 eyakhiwe yi-Lincoln Laboratory. Wahlala emangele amahora amaningi phambi kwesikrini sekhonsoli ekhazimulayo, futhi ekugcineni wabhala uhlelo (okubi) olubona izinhlamvu ezibhalwe ngesandla zisebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-neural. Njengo-Kleinrock, wagcina esesebenzela ilebhu njengomfundi oneziqu, exazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zekhompiyutha kanye nombono wekhompyutha, njengokuqashelwa konqenqema kanye nesizukulwane sesithombe se-2D, ku-TX-XNUMX enkulu futhi enamandla kakhulu.
Esikhathini esiningi se-1964, uRoberts wagxila kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe ngezithombe. Bese ehlangana noLik. NgoNovemba, waya engqungqutheleni ngekusasa lekhompyutha, exhaswe yi-Air Force, eyayibanjelwe endaweni yokuphumula yeziphethu ezishisayo eHomestead, eWest Virginia. Lapho wakhuluma kwaze kwaba sebusuku nabanye ababebambe iqhaza engqungqutheleni, futhi ngokokuqala ngqa wezwa uLick ethula umbono wakhe wenethiwekhi ye-intergalactic. Okuthile okwanyakaza ekhanda likaRoberts - wayemkhulu ekucubunguleni ihluzo zekhompiyutha, kodwa, eqinisweni, wayelinganiselwe kwikhompyutha eyodwa eyingqayizivele ye-TX-2. Ngisho noma wayengabelana ngesofthiwe yakhe, akekho omunye owayengayisebenzisa ngoba akekho owayene-hardware efanayo yokuyiqhuba. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuba andise ithonya lomsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukukhuluma ngawo emaphepheni esayensi, ngethemba lokuthi othile wayengawukhiqiza kwenye indawo. Wanquma ukuthi uLeake wayeqinisile—inethiwekhi yayiyisinyathelo esilandelayo esasidinga ukuthathwa ukuze kusheshiswe ucwaningo kukhompyutha.
Futhi u-Roberts wagcina esebenza noMarill, ezama ukuxhumanisa i-TX-2 evela e-Lincoln Laboratory phezu kocingo olunqamula izwe kukhompyutha ye-SDC e-Santa Monica, eCalifornia. Kudizayini yokuhlola okuthiwa ikopishwe kumemo "yenethiwekhi ye-intergalactic" kaLeake, bahlele ukuthi i-TX-2 ime kancane phakathi nesibalo, basebenzise okokudayela okuzenzakalelayo ukushayela i-SDC Q-32, baqhube uhlelo lokuphindaphinda i-matrix kuleyo khompyutha. , bese eqhubeka nezibalo zokuqala esebenzisa impendulo yakhe.
Ngaphezu komqondo wokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obubizayo nobuthuthukile ukuze kudluliselwe imiphumela yokusebenza okulula kwezibalo ezwenikazi lonke, kuyafaneleka futhi ukuqaphela isivinini esihamba kancane kakhulu sale nqubo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi yocingo. Ukuze ushaye ucingo, kwakudingeka ukusetha ukuxhumana okuzinikele phakathi kofonayo nofonayo, okuvame ukudlula ekushintshanisweni kwezingcingo okuningana okuhlukene. Ngo-1965, cishe zonke zaziyi-electromechanical (kwakukulo nyaka lapho i-AT&T yethula khona isitshalo sokuqala sikagesi eSakasuna, eNew Jersey). Omazibuthe babehambisa izinsimbi zensimbi zisuka endaweni eyodwa ziye kwenye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthintana endaweni ngayinye. Yonke inqubo yathatha imizuzwana embalwa, lapho i-TX-2 kwadingeka nje ihlale futhi ilinde. Ukwengeza, imigqa, elungele izingxoxo ngokuphelele, ibinomsindo kakhulu ukuthi ingadlulisa izingcezu ngazinye, futhi ihlinzeka ngokuphuma okuncane kakhulu (amabhithi angamakhulu ambalwa ngomzuzwana). Inethiwekhi ye-intergalactic esebenzayo ngempela idinga indlela ehlukile.
Uhlolo lwe-Marill-Roberts aluzange lubonise ukusebenza noma ukuba usizo kwenethiwekhi yamabanga amade, lubonisa kuphela ukusebenza kwayo kwethiyori. Kodwa lokhu kuvele kwanele.
Isixazululo
Maphakathi no-1966, uRobert Taylor waba umqondisi omusha wesithathu we-IPTO, elandela u-Ivan Sutherland. Wayengumfundi ka-Licklider, naye onguchwepheshe wezengqondo, futhi weza kwa-IPTO ngokuphatha kwakhe kwangaphambilini ucwaningo lwesayensi yekhompyutha eNASA. Ngokusobala, cishe ngokushesha lapho efika, u-Taylor wanquma ukuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokufeza iphupho lenethiwekhi ye-intergalactic; Nguye owasungula iphrojekthi eyazala i-ARPANET.
Imali ye-ARPA yayisangena, ngakho u-Taylor akazange abe nenkinga yokuthola uxhaso olungeziwe kumphathi wakhe, uCharles Herzfeld. Nokho, lesi sixazululo sasinengozi enkulu yokwehluleka. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ngo-1965 kwakukhona imigqa embalwa impela exhumanisa izingxenye eziphambene zezwe, akekho owake wazama ukwenza noma yini efana ne-ARPANET. Umuntu angakhumbula ezinye izivivinyo zakuqala ekudaleni amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha. Isibonelo, u-Princeton no-Carnegie Mallon baphayona inethiwekhi yamakhompuyutha okwabelwana ngawo ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 ne-IBM. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwale phrojekthi kwaba ukufana kwayo - yasebenzisa amakhompiyutha afana ngokuphelele nehadiwe nesoftware.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ARPANET kuzodingeka ibhekane nokuhlukahluka. Maphakathi nawo-1960, i-IPTO yayixhasa ngezimali izinhlangano ezingaphezu kweshumi, ngayinye inekhompuyutha, zonke zisebenzisa ihadiwe nesoftware ehlukile. Amandla okwabelana ngesofthiwe kwakungavamile ukuba kwenzeke ngisho naphakathi kwamamodeli ahlukene avela kumkhiqizi ofanayo - banqume ukwenza lokhu kuphela ngomugqa wakamuva we-IBM System/360.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlelo bekuyingozi, okwengeza kokubili ubunkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwenethiwekhi kanye nethuba lokwabelana ngensiza yesitayela se-Licklider. Isibonelo, eNyuvesi yase-Illinois ngaleso sikhathi, i-supercomputer enkulu yayakhiwa ngemali ye-ARPA . Kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka kuTaylor ukuthi abasebenzisi bendawo base-Urbana-Campain bangasebenzisa ngokugcwele izinsiza zalo mshini omkhulu. Ngisho namasistimu amancane kakhulu—i-TX-2 ye-Lincoln Lab kanye ne-Sigma-7 ye-UCLA—imvamisa azikwazanga ukwabelana ngesofthiwe ngenxa yokungahambelani okuyisisekelo. Ikhono lokunqoba le mikhawulo ngokufinyelela ngokuqondile isofthiwe ye-node eyodwa kwenye lalikhanga.
Ephepheni elichaza lokhu kuhlolwa kwenethiwekhi, uMarill noRoberts baphakamise ukuthi ukushintshana okunjalo kwezinsiza kungaholela kokuthile okufana noRicardian. kumanodi wokubala:
Ukuhlelwa kwenethiwekhi kungaholela ekukhetheni okuthile kwamanodi asebenzisanayo. Uma i-node ethile ye-X, isibonelo, ngenxa yesofthiwe ekhethekile noma i-hardware, inhle kakhulu ekuguquleni kwe-matrix, ungalindela ukuthi abasebenzisi bamanye ama-node kunethiwekhi bazosebenzisa leli khono ngokuguqula ama-matrices abo ku-node X, kunokuba ukwenza lokho ngokwabo.amakhompyutha asekhaya.
UTaylor ubenesinye isisusa sokuqalisa inethiwekhi yokwabelana ngezinsiza. Ukuthenga indawo ngayinye entsha ye-IPTO ikhompuyutha entsha enawo wonke amakhono abacwaningi abakuleyo nodi ababengawadinga kwakubiza, futhi njengoba amanodi engeziwe ayengezwa kuphothifoliyo ye-IPTO, isabelomali sanwebeka ngendlela eyingozi. Ngokuxhumanisa zonke izinhlelo ezixhaswe yi-IPTO zibe yinethiwekhi eyodwa, kuzokwazi ukunikeza abahlinzeki abasha ngamakhompuyutha anesizotha, noma bangathengi nhlobo. Babengasebenzisa amandla ekhompuyutha ababewadinga kumanodi akude anezinsiza ezeqile, futhi yonke inethiwekhi izosebenza njengendawo yokugcina isofthiwe nehadiwe.
Ngemva kokwethula iphrojekthi kanye nokuthola uxhaso lwayo, umnikelo wokugcina obalulekile ka-Taylor ku-ARPANET kwaba ukukhetha umuntu ozothuthukisa ngokuqondile uhlelo futhi aqinisekise ukuthi luyaqaliswa. URoberts wayeyisinqumo esisobala. Ikhono lakhe lobunjiniyela lalingenakungatshazwa, kakade wayeseyilungu elihlonishwayo lomphakathi wabacwaningi be-IPTO, futhi wayengomunye wabantu abambalwa abanolwazi lwangempela lokuklama nokwakha amanethiwekhi amakhompyutha asebenza ezindaweni ezikude. Ngakho ekwindla ka-1966, uTaylor wabiza uRoberts wamcela ukuba asuke eMassachusetts azosebenza e-ARPA eWashington.
Kodwa kwaba nzima ukumyenga. Abaqondisi besayensi abaningi be-IPTO bebengabaza ubuholi buka-Robert Taylor, bembheka njengomuntu ongasindi. Yebo, uLicklider wayebuye abe nguchwepheshe wezengqondo, wayengenayo imfundo yobunjiniyela, kodwa okungenani wayeneziqu zobudokotela, kanye nokufaneleka okuthile njengomunye wabasunguli bamakhompyutha asebenzisanayo. UTaylor wayeyindoda engaziwa eneziqu ze-masters. Uzowuphatha kanjani umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe oyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini we-IPTO? URoberts naye wayephakathi kwalabo bantu abangabazayo.
Kodwa inhlanganisela isanqante nenduku yenze umsebenzi wayo (imithombo eminingi ikhombisa ukudlondlobala kwezinti ngokungabi bikho kwezaqathi). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uTaylor wafaka ingcindezi kumphathi kaRoberts eLincoln Laboratory, emkhumbuza ukuthi uxhaso oluningi lwaselabhorethri manje lwaluvela ku-ARPA, futhi ngenxa yalokho wayedinga ukukholisa uRoberts ngokufaneleka kwalesi siphakamiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Taylor unikeze u-Roberts isihloko esisanda kwakhiwa esithi "usosayensi omkhulu", owayezobika ngokuqondile ngo-Taylor kusekela lomqondisi we-ARPA futhi ozoba umlandeli ka-Taylor njengomqondisi. Ngaphansi kwale mibandela, u-Roberts wavuma ukuthatha iphrojekthi ye-ARPANET. Isikhathi sokuguqula umqondo wokwabelana ngezisetshenziswa ube ngokoqobo.
Yini enye ongayifunda
- UJanet Abbate, Usungula i-Intanethi (1999)
- U-Katie Hafner no-Matthew Lyon, Lapho Abathakathi Bahlala Khona Kamuva (1996)
- U-Arthur Norberg noJulie O'Neill, Ukuguqula Ubuchwepheshe Bekhompyutha: Ukucubungula Ulwazi lwePentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: JCR Licklider kanye neRevolution That Made Computing Personal (2001)
Source: www.habr.com