Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, isisekelo salokho esikwazi namuhla ngokuthi “i-inthanethi” sase sibekiwe—izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zase zithuthukisiwe futhi zavivinywa—kodwa uhlelo lwahlala luvaliwe, ngaphansi kokulawulwa cishe okuphelele kwenhlangano eyodwa, i-US. UMnyango Wezokuvikela. Lokhu kuzoshintsha maduze - uhlelo luzonwetshwa kuyo yonke iminyango yesayensi yamakhompiyutha yezikhungo ezahlukahlukene zisebenzisa i-CSNET. Inethiwekhi izoqhubeka nokukhula emibuthanweni yezemfundo ngaphambi kokuthi ivuleke ngokugcwele ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiso okuvamile ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
Kodwa ukuthi i-inthanethi izoba yisizinda sezwe elizayo ledijithali, "umphakathi wolwazi" odume kakhulu, bekungabonakali nhlobo ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Ngisho nakubantu ababezwile ngakho, kwahlala kuwukuhlola okungokwesayensi okuthembisayo. Kodwa umhlaba wonke awuzange ume, ubambe umoya, ulindele ukufika kwayo. Esikhundleni salokho, izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zaqhudelana ngemali nokunakwa ukuze kunikeze ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ze-inthanethi kubantu abaningi.
Ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu
Cishe ngo-1975, impumelelo ekukhiqizeni i-semiconductor yaholela ekuveleni kohlobo olusha lwekhompyutha. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, onjiniyela babethole ukuthi bangayigxilisa kanjani ingqondo eyisisekelo yokucubungula idatha ku-microchip eyodwa—i-microprocessor. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Intel seziqalile ukuhlinzeka ngenkumbulo yesikhathi esifushane enesivinini esikhulu kuma-chip ukuze kuthathelwe indawo inkumbulo kazibuthe yezizukulwane ezidlule zamakhompyutha. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezibizayo zekhompiyutha zawela ngaphansi kwethonya lomthetho kaMoore, okwathi emashumini eminyaka alandela njalo wehlisa izindleko ze-processor chips kanye nenkumbulo. Maphakathi neshumi leminyaka, le nqubo yayisivele inciphise izindleko zalezi zingxenye kangangokuthi ilungu lesigaba esiphakathi saseMelika lingacabangela ukuthenga nokuhlanganisa ikhompyutha yalo. Imishini enjalo yagcina ibizwa ngokuthi ama-microcomputer (noma ngezinye izikhathi amakhompyutha omuntu siqu).
Kwaba nomshikashika omkhulu wokuba nelungelo lokubizwa ngekhompyutha yomuntu siqu yokuqala. Abanye babebheka i-LINC ka-Wes Clark noma i-TX-0 ye-Lincoln Labs njengaleyo - phela, ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngokuxoxisana ngumuntu oyedwa. Uma sibeka eceleni imibuzo yobukhulu, khona-ke noma yiliphi ikhandidethi lendawo yokuqala, uma sihlola ukulandelana komlando kwezenzakalo, ubophekile ukuba lilahlekelwe ngumpetha oyedwa osobala. Awukho omunye umshini ozuze umphumela we-catalytic owakhiqizwa yi-MITS Altair 8800 ekuqhumeni kokuthandwa kwama-microcomputer ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970.
I-Altair 8800 imi kumojuli eyengeziwe enokushayela okungu-8"
I-Altair yaba ikristalu yembewu yomphakathi we-electronics. Waqinisekisa abathanda ukuzilibazisa ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukuzakhela eyakhe ikhompuyutha ngentengo ephansi, futhi laba abazilibazisayo baqala ukwakha imiphakathi ukuze baxoxe ngemishini yabo emisha, njenge-Homebrew Computer Club e-Menlo Park. Lawa maseli athanda ukuzilibazisa asungule igagasi elinamandla kakhulu lamakhompiyutha amancane ezentengiselwano, asuselwa emishinini ekhiqizwe ngobuningi eyayingadingi amakhono kagesi, njenge-Apple II kanye neRadio Shack TRS-80.
Ngo-1984, amaphesenti angu-8 emindeni yase-US yayinamakhompiyutha ayo, okulinganiselwa cishe . Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi abezithengela amakhompuyutha awo siqu ngenani lamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamayunithi ngonyaka - ikakhulukazi ama-IBM 5150 kanye nama-clones awo. Esigabeni esibiza kakhulu somsebenzisi oyedwa, bekunemakethe ekhulayo yezindawo zokusebenza ezivela ku-Silicon Graphics kanye ne-Sun Microsystems, amakhompyutha anamandla kakhulu anezithombe ezibonisiwe ezithuthukisiwe nemishini yenethiwekhi ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa ososayensi, onjiniyela, nabanye ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe.
Imishini enjalo ayikwazanga ukumenywa emhlabeni oyinkimbinkimbi we-ARPANET. Kodwa-ke, abasebenzisi babo abaningi babefuna ukufinyelela ekuhlanganisweni okuthenjisiwe kwamakhompiyutha kanye nokuxhumana ososayensi ababekade bekhuluma ngecilongo emaphephandabeni adumile kusukela ephepheni likaTaylor noLicklider lango-1968 elithi "The Computer as a Communication Device" kanti abanye ngisho nangaphambili. Emuva ngo-1966, usosayensi uJohn McCarthy wathembisa kuyi-Scientific American ukuthi “ubuchwepheshe osebubonisiwe banele ukuba ucabange ukuthi ama-computer aduduzayo avela kuyo yonke imizi, exhunywe kuma-computer omphakathi ngocingo.” Uthe uhla lwezinsizakalo ezihlinzekwa yilolu hlelo alukwazi ukuluhlu, kodwa wanikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa: “Wonke umuntu uzokwazi ukufinyelela i-Library of Congress, futhi esezingeni elingcono kunaleso izisebenzi zasemtatsheni wezincwadi manje. Imibiko egcwele yemicimbi yamanje izotholakala, kungaba amaphuzu e-baseball, inkomba ye-smog yase-Los Angeles, noma incazelo yomhlangano we-178 weKhomishini Yezempi YaseKorea. Izintela zeholo zizobalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuqongelela njalo amarekhodi emali engenayo, ebanjwayo, iminikelo nezindleko.”
Ama-athikili ezincwadini ezidumile achaza amathuba e-imeyili, imidlalo yedijithali, nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinsizakalo kusukela ekubonisaneni kwezomthetho nezokwelapha kuya ekuthengeni ku-inthanethi. Kodwa kuzobukeka kanjani ngempela konke lokhu? Izimpendulo eziningi zabonakala zikude neqiniso. Uma ngibheka emuva, leyo nkathi ibukeka njengesibuko esiphukile. Zonke izinkonzo nemiqondo egqamisa i-inthanethi yezentengiselwano yeminyaka yawo-1990—kanye nokunye okuningi—kwavela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kodwa ngezingcezu, ezihlakazeke emashumini ezinhlelo ezihlukene. Ngaphandle kokunye, lezi zinhlelo azizange zihlangane futhi zehlukene. Yayingekho indlela yokuthi abasebenzisi bohlelo olulodwa basebenzisane noma baxhumane nabasebenzisi bolunye, ngakho-ke imizamo yokuthola abasebenzisi abaningi kunoma iyiphi isistimu yayivame kakhulu. .
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka i-subset eyodwa yabahlanganyeli kulokhu kubanjwa komhlaba omusha wedijithali - izinkampani ezithengisa ukufinyelela okwabiwe, zizama ukungena emakethe entsha ngemibandela ekhangayo.
umthwalo factor
Ngo-1892, uSamuel Insall, umlandeli , waya entshonalanga ukuyohola ingxenye entsha yombuso kagesi ka-Edison, iChicago Edison Company. Kulesi sikhundla, wahlanganisa izimiso eziningi ezibalulekile zokuphathwa kwensiza yesimanje, ikakhulukazi umqondo wesici somthwalo—obalwa njengomthwalo omaphakathi ohlelweni lukagesi oluhlukaniswa ngomthwalo ophakeme kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwesici somthwalo, kuba ngcono, njengoba noma yikuphi ukuchezuka esilinganisweni esifanelekile esingu-1/1 simele ukumoshwa - imali eningi edingekayo ukuze kusingathwe imithwalo emikhulu, kodwa ayisebenzi ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa kweshejuli. U-Insall unqume ukuvala izikhala zejika lokufuna ngokwakha izigaba ezintsha zabathengi abazosebenzisa ugesi ngezikhathi ezihlukene zosuku (noma ngisho nezinkathi ezihlukene zonyaka), ngisho noma kwakusho ukubadayisela ugesi ngesaphulelo. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuhlinzekwa kukagesi, wawusetshenziselwa kakhulu ukukhanyisa izindlu, futhi ingxenye enkulu, kusihlwa. Ngakho-ke, i-Insal yaqala ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ekukhiqizeni izimboni, ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwansuku zonke. Lokhu kwashiya izikhala ekuseni nakusihlwa, ngakho-ke waqinisekisa uhlelo lwezokuthutha lwaseChicago ukuthi luguqule izimoto zalo zomgwaqo zibe amandla kagesi. Ngale ndlela, i-Insal yakhuphula inani lemali ayitshalile, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kwakudingeka athengise ugesi ngesaphulelo.
Insall ngo-1926, lapho isithombe sakhe sivezwa esembozweni sikamagazini i-Time
Izimiso ezifanayo ziyasebenza ekutshaleni imali kumakhompiyutha cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva - futhi kwakuyisifiso sokulinganisa umthwalo, okuholela ekunikezelweni kwezaphulelo ngezikhathi ze-off-peak, okuholele ezinsizeni ezimbili ezintsha ze-inthanethi zamakhompiyutha amancane, wethulwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye ehlobo. ka-1979: CompuServe kanye The Source.
Ukulonda
Ngo-1969, i-Golden United Life Insurance Company esanda kwakhiwa eColumbus, e-Ohio yahlanganisa inkampani engaphansi, iCompu-Serv Network. Umsunguli weGolden United wayefuna ukwakha inkampani ethuthuke kakhulu, esezingeni eliphezulu egcina amarekhodi ngekhompyutha, ngakho waqasha umfundi osemncane oneziqu zesayensi yekhompyutha, uJohn Goltz, ukuthi ahole lo msebenzi. Kodwa-ke, umphathi wezokuthengisa ovela ku-DEC ukhulume noGoltz ukuthi athenge i-PDP-10, umshini obizayo amandla awo okwenza ikhompuyutha abedlula kakhulu izidingo zamanje ze-Golden United. Umqondo weCompu-Serv bekuwukuguqula leli phutha libe yithuba ngokuthengisa amandla ekhompiyutha engeziwe kumakhasimende angadayela i-PDP-10 esuka kutheminali ekude. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, le modeli yokwabelana ngesikhathi nokuthengiswa kwezinsizakalo zekhompiyutha yayidlondlobala, futhi i-Golden United yayifuna ucezu lukaphayi. Ngawo-1970s, inkampani yahlukana yaba yinkampani yayo, eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-CompuServe, futhi yakha inethiwekhi yayo eshintsha iphakethe ukuze inikeze ukufinyelela okungabizi kakhulu, ezweni lonke ezikhungweni zamakhompiyutha eColumbus.
Imakethe kazwelonke ayigcinanga nje ngokunikeza inkampani ukufinyelela kumakhasimende amaningi angaba khona, iphinde yandisa ijika lesidingo lesikhathi sekhompyutha, isisabalalisa ezindaweni ezine ezinesikhathi. Nokho, kwakusenegebe elikhulu phakathi kokuphela kosuku lokusebenza eCalifornia nokuqala kosuku lomsebenzi oGwini Olusempumalanga, ingasaphathwa eyempelasonto. Isikhulu seCompuServe uJeff Wilkins sibone ithuba lokuxazulula le nkinga ngoxhaxha olukhulayo lwamakhompiyutha asekhaya, njengoba abanikazi bawo abaningi bebechitha ubusuku nangezimpelaviki emsebenzini wabo we-elekthronikhi. Kuthiwani uma ubanikeze ukufinyelela ku-imeyili, amabhodi emiyalezo, nemidlalo kumakhompyutha we-CompuServe ngenani elehlisiwe ngezikhathi zakusihlwa nangezimpelasonto ($5/ihora, uma kuqhathaniswa no-$12/ihora phakathi namahora ebhizinisi)? [emalini yamanje lawa ama-$24 nama-$58 ngokulandelana].
U-Wilkins wethula insizakalo yesilingo, eyibiza ngokuthi i-MicroNET (eqhelelene ngokuqondile nohlobo oluyinhloko lwe-CompuServe), futhi ngemva kokuqala kancane, kancane kancane yakhula yaba iphrojekthi ephumelela ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngenxa yenethiwekhi kazwelonke yedatha ye-CompuServe, abasebenzisi abaningi bangavele bashayele inombolo yendawo ukuze bangene ku-MicroNET futhi ngaleyo ndlela bagweme izikweletu zokufona zamabanga amade, nakuba amakhompyutha angempela ababewathinta ayese-Ohio. Lapho ukuhlolwa kuthathwa njengempumelelo, u-Wilkins washiya uhlobo lwe-MicroNET futhi walidlulisela kumkhiqizo we-CompuServe. Ngokushesha inkampani yaqala ukunikeza izinsizakalo eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile abasebenzisi bamakhompiyutha amancane, njengemidlalo nenye isofthiwe engathengwa ku-inthanethi.
Kodwa-ke, izinkundla zokuxhumana zaba yizinsizakalo ezithandwa kakhulu nge-margin ebanzi. Ezingxoxweni zesikhathi eside kanye nokuthunyelwa kokuqukethwe, bekunezinkundla izihloko zazo ezisukela ezincwadini kuye kwezokwelapha, kusukela ekwenzeni izinkuni kuya kumculo we-pop. I-CompuServe ivamise ukushiya izinkundla kubasebenzisi ngokwabo, futhi ukulinganisela nokuphatha kwakusingathwa abanye babo, ababambe iqhaza elithi "sysops." Enye inkundla yemiyalezo eyinhloko kwakuyi-CB Simulator, uSandy Trevor, omunye wabaqondisi beCompuServe, ayihlanganise ngempelasonto eyodwa. Yaqanjwa ngegama lemisakazo ethandwayo yangaleso sikhathi (iqembu lezakhamuzi, i-CB), futhi yavumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlale ezingxoxweni zombhalo zesikhathi sangempela eziteshini ezizinikele - imodeli efana nezinhlelo zezingxoxo ezitholakala ezinhlelweni eziningi zokwabelana isikhathi. Abasebenzisi abaningi bachitha amahora ku-CB Simulator bexoxa, benza abangani futhi bathola izithandwa.
Umthombo
Okushisayo ezithendeni ze-MicroNET kwakungenye insizakalo ye-inthanethi yama-microcomputers, eyethulwe ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili nje ngemva kwayo, ngoJulayi 1979. Eqinisweni, yayihloselwe cishe izethameli ezifanayo nenkonzo kaGeoff Wilkins, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yathuthukiswa ngokuhluke ngokuphelele. olunye uhlelo. UWilliam von Meister, indodana yezifiki zaseJalimane uyise owasiza ukuhlela izindiza zezindiza phakathi kweJalimane ne-United States, wayengusomabhizinisi olandelanayo. Waqala ibhizinisi elisha ngokushesha nje lapho engasenandaba nendala noma ngokushesha nje lapho abatshalizimali abadumele beyeka ukumeseka. Kungaba nzima ukucabanga ngomuntu ongafani noWilkins. Maphakathi nawo-1970, impumelelo yayo enkulu kwaba yi-Telepost, uhlelo lwemiyalezo ye-elekthronikhi olwathumela imiyalezo nge-elekthronikhi ezweni lonke ebhodini lokushintshela eliseduze futhi lahamba imayela lokugcina njengeposi losuku olulandelayo; uhlelo lwe-TDX, olwasebenzisa amakhompuyutha ukuze luthuthukise umzila wezingcingo, ukunciphisa izindleko zezingcingo ezikude zamabhizinisi amakhulu.
Ngemva kokuphelelwa isithakazelo ku-TDX, u-von Meister waba nomdlandla ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 mayelana nephrojekthi entsha, i-Infocast, ayefuna ukuyethula eMcClean, eVirginia. Empeleni bekuyisandiso somqondo we-Telepost, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa iposi ukuhambisa umlayezo imayela lokugcina, izosebenzisa imvamisa yebhendi eseceleni ye-FM (lobu buchwepheshe buthumela igama lesiteshi, igama lomculi nesihloko sengoma emisakazweni yesimanje) ukuletha idatha yedijithali kumatheminali ekhompyutha. Ikakhulukazi, uhlele ukunikeza lokhu emabhizinisini asabalaliswe kakhulu ngokwezindawo anezindawo eziningi ezidinga ukwaziswa okujwayelekile okuvela ehhovisi eliphakathi - amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense, izitolo zegrosa.
UBill von Meister
Lokho u-von Meister ayefuna ukukudala, nokho, kwakuyinethiwekhi kazwelonke yokuletha idatha ezindlini ngamatheminali ezigidi, hhayi izinkulungwane, zabantu. Kodwa-ke, kuyinto eyodwa ukukholisa inkampani yezentengiselwano ukuthi isebenzise u-$1000 kumamukeli omsakazo we-FM okhethekile kanye nesiphetho, futhi enye ukucela abathengi abazimele ukuthi benze okufanayo. Ngakho u-von Meister wahamba efuna ezinye izindlela zokuletha izindaba, ulwazi lwesimo sezulu nezinye izinto ezindlini; futhi wathola le ndlela emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zamakhompiyutha amancane ayesebenza ngokuyikho kuwo wonke amahhovisi nasezindlini zaseMelika, ebonakala ezindlini esezifakwe izintambo zocingo. Wasebenzisana noJack Taub, usomabhizinisi ocebile futhi oxhumene kahle owathanda lo mbono kangangokuthi wayefuna ukutshala imali kuwo. U-Taub no-von Meister baqale babiza isevisi yabo entsha ngokuthi i-CompuCom, ngendlela evamile izinkampani zamakhompiyutha zangaleso sikhathi ezisika namagama ezintambo, kodwa zabe seziqhamuka negama elingaqondakali nelingokwengqondo - Umthombo.
Inkinga enkulu ababebhekene nayo kwakuwukuntuleka kwengqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe ekwazi ukusebenzisa lo mbono. Ukuze bayithole, bangena esivumelwaneni nezinkampani ezimbili izinsiza zazo ezihlangene ezaziqhathaniswa nalezo zeCompuServe. Babenamakhompyutha abelana ngesikhathi kanye nenethiwekhi yedatha kazwelonke. Zombili lezi zinsiza bezingasebenzi kusihlwa nangezimpelasonto. Amandla ekhompyutha anikezwe i-Dialcom, eyayinekomkhulu eduze komfula iPotomac eSilver Spring, eMaryland. Yona, njenge-CompuServe, yaqala ngo-1970 njengomhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zekhompiyutha zokwabelana ngesikhathi, nakuba ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka yayihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene. Ngendlela, kwaba ngenxa yetheminali ye-Dialcom lapho ngiqala ukujwayelana namakhompyutha , usihlalo wakusasa webhodi labaqondisi kanye nesikhulu esiphezulu se-Google. Ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana ihlinzekwe ngabakwaTelenet, inethiwekhi eshintshwa ngamaphakethe eyaphuma enkampanini ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi. , BBN. Ngokukhokhela ukufinyelela okunesaphulelo kumasevisi e-Dialcom ne-Telenet phakathi namahora angasebenzi, u-Taub no-von Meister bakwazile ukunikeza i-The Source ngo-$2,75 ngehora ngobusuku nangezimpelaviki ngenkokhelo ephansi engu-$100 (lokho kungu-$13 ngehora kanye nenkokhelo ephansi engu-$480. ngamadola anamuhla).
Ngaphandle kwesistimu yokukhokha, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-The Source ne-CompuServe bekuwukulindelwe kubasebenzisi ukusebenzisa isistimu yabo. Izinsizakalo zakuqala ezivela ku-CompuServe zazihlanganisa i-imeyili, izinkundla, i-CB, nokwabelana ngesofthiwe. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi abasebenzisi bazozakhela imiphakathi yabo ngokuzimela futhi bazakhele ezabo izakhiwo eziphezulu phezu kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziyisisekelo nezinhlelo - njengoba kwenza abasebenzisi bezinkampani bezinhlelo zokwabelana ngesikhathi. U-Taub no-von Meister babengenalo ulwazi ngezinhlelo ezinjalo. Uhlelo lwabo lwebhizinisi lwalusekelwe ekunikezeni ingcebo yolwazi kubathengi abangochwepheshe bezinga eliphezulu: isizindalwazi se-New York Times, izindaba ezivela ku-United Press International, ulwazi lwesitoko oluvela kwa-Dow Jones, imali yendiza, ukubuyekezwa kwezindawo zokudlela zendawo, amanani ewayini. Mhlawumbe isici esigqama kakhulu ukuthi abasebenzisi boMthombo babingelelwe ngemenyu esesikrinini yezinketho ezitholakalayo, kuyilapho abasebenzisi beCompuServe bebingelelwa ngomugqa womyalo.
Ngokuhambisana nokungezwani komuntu siqu phakathi kukaWilkins no-von Meister, ukwethulwa kwe-The Source kwaba umcimbi omkhulu njengokwethulwa ngokuthula kweMicroNET. U-Isaac Asimov wamenywa emcimbini wokuqala ukuze akwazi ukumemezela mathupha ukuthi ukufika kwenganekwane yesayensi kwaba kanjani iqiniso lesayensi. Futhi, okujwayelekile kuka-von Meister, isikhathi sakhe sokuphatha e-The Source asihlalanga isikhathi eside. Inkampani ngokushesha yabhekana nezinkinga zezimali ngenxa yezindleko ezinkulu ngaphezu kwemali engenayo. U-Taub nomfowabo babenesabelo esikhulu ngokwanele ebhizinisini ukuphoqa u-von Meister ukuthi aphume kulo, futhi ngo-Okthoba 1979, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje ngemva kwephathi yokwethulwa, benza lokho kanye.
Ukwehla Kwezinhlelo Zokwabelana Ngesikhathi
Inkampani yakamuva yokungena emakethe yamakhompiyutha amancane isebenzisa i-load factor logic yiGeneral Electric Information Services (GEIS), okuyingxenye yesiqhwaga esikhiqiza ugesi. I-GEIS yasungulwa maphakathi nawo-1960, lapho i-GE isazama ukuncintisana nabanye ekukhiqizeni amakhompyutha, njengengxenye yomzamo wokuxosha i-IBM esikhundleni sayo esiphezulu ekuthengisweni kwamakhompyutha. I-GE yazama ukukholisa amakhasimende ukuthi esikhundleni sokuthenga amakhompyutha kwa-IBM, angaqasha amakhompyutha kwa-GE. Lo mzamo ube nomthelela omncane emalini yemakethe ye-IBM, kodwa inkampani yenza imali eyanele ukuthi iqhubeke nokutshala imali kuyo kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1980, ngaleso sikhathi i-GEIS yayisivele inenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yedatha kanye nezikhungo ezimbili ezinkulu zekhompyutha eCleveland, e-Ohio, nase-Europe.
Ngo-1984, othile kwa-GEIS waqaphela ukuthi i-The Source ne-CompuServe zazikhula kahle kangakanani (lena yakamuva kakade inabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwe-100 ngaleso sikhathi), futhi yaqhamuka nendlela yokwenza izikhungo zedatha zisebenze ngaphandle kwamahora ebhizinisi amakhulu. Ukuze bakhe owabo umnikelo, baqashe umakadebona weCompuServe uBill Lowden. U-Lowden, ecasulwe indlela abaphathi bezokuthengisa ezinkampani ababeqala ngayo ukuzama ukungena ebhizinisini labathengi eliya likhanga, washiya inkampani neqembu lozakwabo ukuze izame ukwakha isevisi yabo ye-inthanethi e-Atlanta, beyibiza ngokuthi i-Georgia OnLine. Bazamile ukuguqula ukuntula kwabo ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi yedatha kazwelonke kube inzuzo ngokunikeza izinsizakalo ezifanelana nemakethe yendawo, njengokukhangisa okukhethekile nolwazi lomcimbi, kodwa inkampani yehlulekile, ngakho u-Lowden wajabula ngesipho esivela ku-GEIS.
U-Louden ubize le nkonzo entsha ngokuthi i-GEnie. genie - genie] - lokhu bekuyigama elingemuva le-General Electric Network for Information Exchange [inethiwekhi yokushintshisana ngolwazi ye-GE]. Inikeze zonke izinsiza ezathuthukiswa ngaleso sikhathi ku-The Source and CompuServe - chat (CB simulator), amabhodi emiyalezo, izindaba, isimo sezulu nolwazi lwezemidlalo.
I-GEnie bekuyinsizakalo yakamuva yekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu evela embonini yekhompuyutha yokwabelana ngesikhathi kanye ne-load factor logic. Njengoba inani lamakhompyutha amancane likhula lifinyelela ezigidini, izinsizakalo zedijithali zemakethe enkulu zaqala kancane kancane zaba ibhizinisi elihehayo ngokwazo, futhi kwakungaseyona nje indlela yokwandisa imali ekhona. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, iThe Source neCompuServe kwakuyizinkampani ezincane ezikhonza ababhalisile abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngo-1980. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, izigidi zababhalisile zazikhokha imali yanyanga zonke e-US - futhi iCompuServe yayihamba phambili kule makethe, ibambe lowo owayeqhudelana naye, uMthombo. Le nqubo efanayo yenze ukufinyelela kokwabelana ngesikhathi kungathandeki emabhizinisini - kungani ukhokhela ezokuxhumana kanye nokufinyelela kukhompyutha ekude yomunye umuntu ekubeni sekulula kangaka ukuhlomisa ihhovisi lakho ngemishini enamandla? Futhi kuze kube yilapho kufika iziteshi ze-fiber optic, ezehlisa kakhulu izindleko zokuxhumana, lo mqondo awuzange ushintshe ukuqondiswa kwawo kokuphambene.
Nokho, le makethe ayizange iphele ezinkampanini ezinikeza ukufinyelela kokwabelana ngesikhathi. Esikhundleni sokuthi ziqale ngama-mainframes amakhulu futhi zithole izindlela zokuwacindezela ukuba afinyelele umkhawulo wazo, ezinye izinkampani zaqala ngemishini eyayivele isemizini eyizigidi zabantu futhi zabheka izindlela zokuyixhuma kukhompyutha.
Yini enye ongayifunda
- UMichael A. Banks, usendleleni eya kuwebhu (2008)
- UJimmy Maher, "Inethi Ngaphambi Kwewebhu," filfre.net (2017)
Source: www.habr.com