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Entwasahlobo ka-1981, ngemva kwezilingo ezimbalwa ezincane, abaphathi bezokuxhumana baseFrance (Direction générale des Télécommunications, DGT) baqala ucwaningo olukhulu lokwethula ubuchwepheshe. eBrittany, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Ille et Vilaine, eqanjwe ngemifula emibili egeleza eduze. Lokhu bekuyisandulela sokwethulwa ngokuphelele kohlelo lonke , okuhlelelwe unyaka ozayo. I-DGT ibize uhlelo olusha ngokuthi i-Télétel, kodwa ngokushesha wonke umuntu waqala ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-Minitel - kwaba njalo , lisuselwa egameni , ezasakazwa mahhala ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane kwababhalisele izingcingo zaseFrance.
Kuzo zonke izinhlelo zezinsizakalo zolwazi lwabathengi kule "nkathi yokuhlukana," i-Minitel ifanelwe ukunakwa kwethu okukhethekile-ngakho-ke isahluko sayo kule ndaba-ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu ezithile.
Zonke izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
- Inkathi Yokuhlukana
Esokuqala isisusa sokudalwa kwayo. Ezinye izinsiza zeposi, zocingo kanye nezingcingo zakhe izinhlelo ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-videotex - kodwa alikho izwe elifake umzamo omkhulu kangaka ekwenzeni lolu hlelo lube impumelelo, noma isu lokusebenzisa le mpumelelo licatshangelwe kahle kangaka. I-Minitel yayixhunyaniswe kakhulu nethemba lokuvuselelwa komnotho namasu e-France, futhi yayingahloselwe nje ukudala imali entsha yezokuxhumana noma ithrafikhi entsha, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa wonke umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe waseFrance.
Okwesibili izinga lokusatshalaliswa kwawo. I-DGT inikeze ababhalisile bocingo amatheminali mahhala ngokuphelele, futhi yaqoqa yonke imali ngokusekelwe esikhathini abasebenzise ngaso isevisi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhokha kusengaphambili ukubhalisa. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi, nakuba abaningi babo bengalusebenzisi kaningi lolu hlelo, abantu abaningi base bekwazi ukufinyelela i-Minitel ukwedlula izinsiza ze-inthanethi ezinkulu kakhulu zaseMelika ngeminyaka yawo-1980, naphezu kwenani labantu abambalwa kakhulu. Uhlelo lubukeka luhluke nakakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda se-British Prestel, esingakaze sedlule ababhalisile abangu-100.
Okwesithathu ukwakhiwa kwengxenye yeseva. Bonke abanye abahlinzeki besevisi yedijithali babeyi-monolithic, besingatha zonke izinsiza ku-hardware yabo. Ndawonye kungenzeka bakhe imakethe yokuncintisana, kodwa uhlelo lwabo ngalunye lwangaphakathi lwaluwumnotho womyalo. I-Minitel, naphezu kokuthi umbuso wawunamandla phezu kwalo mkhiqizo, okuxakayo kwaba ukuphela kwesistimu yama-1980 eyakha imakethe yamahhala yezinsizakalo zolwazi. I-DGT yayisebenza njengomthengisi wolwazi esikhundleni somphakeli, futhi yanikeza imodeli eyodwa engaba khona yokuvela esikhathini sokuhlukana.
Umdlalo wokubamba
Ukuhlolwa nge-Minitel kwaqala e-Brittany hhayi ngenhlanhla. Emashumini eminyaka alandela iMpi Yezwe II, uhulumeni waseFrance wawushintsha ngamabomu umnotho walesi sifunda, owawuthembele kakhulu kwezolimo nokudoba, waya kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezokuxhumana. Lokhu kuphinde kwasebenza ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu zocwaningo lwezokuxhumana ezitholakala lapho: i-Center Commun d'Études de Télévision et Télécommunications (CCETT) enhlokodolobha yesifunda i-René, kanye neyunithi ye-Center National d'Études des Télécommunications (CNET) e-Lannion, ugu olusenyakatho.
Ilabhorethri yeCCETT eRennes
Lezi zilabhorethri, ezasungulwa ngomzamo wokuletha isifunda esisabele enkathini yesimanje, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 azithola ebambeke emdlalweni wokubamba nozakwabo kwamanye amazwe. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960, inethiwekhi yocingo yaseFrance yayisesimweni esiyihlazo ezweni, ngaphansi kobuholi buka-de Gaulle, lalifuna ukuzibona liwumbuso womhlaba ovuka kabusha. Yayisancike kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezingcingo okwakhiwe ekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka ekhulu lama-1967, futhi ngo-75 kuphela ama-100% awo ayezisebenzela. Okunye kwakho kuncike ekutheni opharetha bashintsha izingcingo mathupha - into kokubili i-United States kanye namazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu aseyiqede nya. Kwakunezingcingo ezingu-13 kuphela kubantu abayikhulu eFrance, uma kuqhathaniswa nezingu-21 eBrithani engumakhelwane futhi ezicishe zibe ngu-50 emazweni anezimiso zokuxhumana ezithuthuke kakhulu, njengeSweden ne-United States.
Ngakho-ke, ngawo-1970, iFrance yaqala ukutshala izimali ohlelweni , okungukuthi, “ukubamba”. U-Rattrapage waqala ukuzuza umfutho ngemva kokhetho lwango-1974, lapho , futhi waqoka uGerard Thery njengenhloko entsha ye-DGT. Bobabili babethweswe iziqu esikoleni sobunjiniyela esihamba phambili saseFrance, i-l'École Polytechnique [Paris Polytechnique], futhi bobabili babekholelwa emandleni okuthuthukisa umphakathi ngobuchwepheshe. I-Théry yaqala ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka nokusabela kwe-bureaucracy ku-DGT, futhi u-Giscard wanxenxa iphalamende ngama-franc ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ukwenza inethiwekhi yocingo ibe yesimanjemanje. Le mali yasetshenziswa ukufaka izigidi zamafoni amasha futhi esikhundleni semishini emidala kwafakwa amaswishi ekhompuyutha. Ngakho, iFrance yalahla idumela layo njengezwe elisalele ngemuva kwezocingo.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwamanye amazwe aqala ukuthuthukisa ezokuxhumana ngezindlela ezintsha, kwavela ubuchwepheshe obusha - amafoni evidiyo, amafeksi kanye nengxube yezinsizakalo zekhompyutha ezinamanethiwekhi wedatha. I-DGT ibifuna ukugibela leli gagasi, futhi ingadlali ukubanjwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, iBrithani yamemezela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene ze-teletex, iletha izikrini zolwazi ezishintshayo kumasethi wethelevishini ngokusakazwa. I-CCETT, ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-DGT nomsakazi waseFrance i-Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française (ORTF), yethule amaphrojekthi amabili ukuphendula. Iphrojekthi ye-DIDON (Diffusion de données sur un réseau de television - ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi ngenethiwekhi yethelevishini) yaklanywa ngokuya ngemodeli yaseBrithani. I-ANTIOPE (Acquisition numérique et télévisualisation d'images organisées en pages d'ecriture - ukutholwa kwedijithali nokuvezwa kwezithombe eziqoqwe emakhasini ombhalo) kwakuwumzamo wokuzigqaja kakhulu wokuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukulethwa izikrini ezinombhalo ngaphandle kwesiteshi sokuxhumana.
Bernard Marty ngo-2007
Ithimba le-ANTIOPE eRennes laliholwa nguBernard Marty. Wayengomunye oneziqu ze-Polytechnic (ikilasi lika-1963), futhi wafika e-CCETT evela e-ORDF, lapho ayegxile khona kwezopopayi zekhompyutha kanye nethelevishini yedijithali. Ngo-1977, iqembu lahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa be-ANTIOPE nemibono ethathwe kuphrojekthi ye-CNET ye-TIC-TAC (terminal intégré comportant téléviseur et appel au clavier) iphrojekthi. Okwakamuva kwakuwuhlelo lokuletha izinsiza zedijithali ezisebenzisanayo ngocingo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwabizwa ngokuthi i-TITAN (Itheminali interactif de télétexte à appel par numérotation - itheminali ye-teletex esebenzisanayo nokudayela ngocingo), futhi empeleni yayilingana nohlelo lwe-British Viewdata, kamuva olwashintsha lwaba i-Prestel. Njenge-ANTIOPE, isebenzise amathelevishini ukuze ibonise amakhasi olwazi lwedijithali, kodwa ivumele abasebenzisi ukuthi baxhumane nekhompyutha kunokuba bamane bamukele idatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili imiyalo yekhompiyutha nezikrini zedatha zazidluliselwa ngezintambo zocingo kunokuba zidluliselwe emoyeni. Ngokungafani nedatha yokubuka, i-TITAN isekele ikhibhodi yezinhlamvu zamagama ezinosayizi ogcwele, kunekhibhodi yefoni nje. Ukukhombisa amakhono esistimu embukisweni wezohwebo wase-Berlin, ithimba lasebenzisa inethiwekhi yokushintsha iphakethe yesiFulentshi i-Transpac njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwamatheminali kanye nekhompyutha ye-CCETT etholakala e-Rennes.
Ilebhu kaTeri yayihlanganise ukuboniswa kobuchwepheshe okuhlaba umxhwele, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi yayingakaphumeleli ngaphandle kwelebhu, futhi zazingekho izindlela ezisobala zokuthi abantu abavamile bayisebenzise.
I-Telematique
I-Autumn 1977 umqondisi we-DGT uGerard Théry, enelisekile ngenqubekelaphambili yokwenziwa kwenethiwekhi yocingo ibe yesimanje, washintshela ekuqhudelaneni nohlelo lwe-videotex lwaseBrithani. Ukuze athuthukise impendulo yesu, uqale wafunda ulwazi lwe-CCETT ne-CNET, futhi wathola ama-prototypes asekulungele ukusetshenziswa e-TITAN ne-TIC-TAC lapho. Ulethe lezi zinto zokuhlola ezingavuthiwe ehhovisi lakhe lokuthuthukiswa kwe-DAII ukuze ziguqulwe zibe imikhiqizo enesu elicacile lokuya emakethe kanye nebhizinisi.
I-DAII yancoma ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi amabili: ukuhlola nge-videotex ukuze kuhlolwe izinsiza ezihlukahlukene edolobheni eliseduze kwaseVersailles, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kuhla lwemibhalo yocingo lwe-elekthronikhi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo incwadi yocingo. Amaphrojekthi kwakudingeka asebenzise i-Transpac njengengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi kanye nobuchwepheshe be-TITAN ohlangothini lweklayenti - ngezithombe ezinemibala, izithombe zezinhlamvu kanye nekhibhodi egcwele yokufaka.
Imodeli yokuhlola yokuqala yebhokisi le-set-top ye-Télétel, kamuva elashiywa ukuze livune itheminali ehlanganisiwe.
Isu lokusebenzisa i-videotex elakhiwe yi-DAII lahluka kwelaseBrithani ezicini ezintathu ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ngenkathi i-Prestel isingathe konke okuqukethwe ngokwayo, i-DGT ihlele ukusebenza kuphela njengendlela yokushintsha abasebenzisi abangafinyelela noma iyiphi inombolo yabahlinzeki besevisi yangasese abahlukene abasebenzisa noma imaphi amakhompyutha akwazi ukuxhuma ku-Transpac futhi alethe noma iyiphi idatha ehambisana ne-ANTIOPE. Okwesibili, banquma ukushiya i-TV njengokuqapha futhi bathembele kumatheminali ahlanganisiwe akhethekile. Abaholi be-DGT bacabange ukuthi abantu bathenga amathelevishini ukuze babukele ithelevishini, futhi ngeke bafune ukuthatha isikrini ngezinkonzo ezintsha njengencwadi yocingo esebenza ngogesi. Ukwengeza, ukusuka kumathelevishini kwasho ukuthi i-DGT ngeke kudingeke ixoxisane ngokwethulwa kohlelo nezimbangi i-Télédiffusion de France (TDF), abalandela i-ORDF (eBrithani, izingxoxo nabakhiqizi bethelevishini empeleni bezingenye yezithiyo ezinkulu ze-Prestel). Ekugcineni, iFrance isike ngesibindi ifindo likaGordian, inkinga "yenkukhu noma iqanda" (lapho inethiwekhi engenabasebenzisi ingadonsi abahlinzeki besevisi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho), ngokuhlela ukunikeza zonke lezi ziteshi zevidiyo ezihlanganisiwe mahhala.
Kodwa naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinhlelo ezinhle, i-videotex yahlala ingemuva kuTeri. Ukuqinisekisa indawo ye-DGT ehamba phambili kwezobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, wagxila ekwenzeni ifeksi ibe yinkonzo yabathengi ezweni lonke. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuthumela ngesikhahlamezi kungathatha ingxenye enkulu yemakethe yokuxhumana okubhaliwe eposini, izikhulu zayo ezazibhekwa yi-DGT njengezikhuthazi. Nokho, izinto eziza kuqala zikaTeri zase zishintshile phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa nje, ngesikhathi umbiko kahulumeni othi “The Computerization of Society” uqedwa ngo-1978. NgoMeyi, lo mbiko wasakazwa ezitolo zezincwadi futhi kwathengiswa amakhophi angu-13 ngenyanga yokuqala, namakhophi angu-500 esewonke kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, okulingana nokuthengiswa kakhulu embikweni kahulumeni. Isihloko esibonakala siyinkimbinkimbi kangaka sazithatha kanjani izingqondo zezakhamuzi?
Uhulumeni waseGiscard wathuma uSimon Nore no-Alain Minc, izikhulu ze-French Inspectorate General of Finance, ukuthi babhale lo mbiko ukuze bahlaziye izinsongo namathuba omnotho okhulayo kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko kwamakhompyutha. Ngawo-1970, ongqondongqondo abaningi be-tech-savvy base beqala ukuqonda ukuthi amandla e-computing angakwazi futhi kufanele alethwe kubantu abaningi ngendlela yezinhlobo ezintsha zezinsizakalo ezizonikezwa amandla ngamakhompyutha. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-United States ibe ngumholi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe bedijithali amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, futhi isikhundla samafemu aseMelika emakethe sasibonakala singenakunyakaziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaholi baseFrance babekholelwa ukuthi ukwenziwa ngentando yeningi kwamakhompiyutha kuzoletha amathuba amakhulu emphakathini waseFrance; ngakolunye uhlangothi, babengafuni iFrance ibe isithako sombuso wangaphandle onamandla.
Umbiko ka-Nora no-Mink unikeze ukuhlanganisa okuxazulule le nkinga futhi kwahlongoza iphrojekthi engase ifake iFrance eminyakeni yolwazi lwangemva kwesimanje ngokugxuma okukodwa. Izwe lizosuka ngokushesha endaweni elandela umkhondo liye endaweni ehamba phambili, lidale ingqalasizinda yokuqala kazwelonke yezinsizakalo zedijithali - izikhungo zamakhompiyutha, imininingwane yolwazi, amanethiwekhi ajwayelekile - okuzoba yisisekelo semakethe evulekile nentando yeningi yezinsizakalo zedijithali. Lokhu kuzophinde kugqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa kobungcweti kanye nezimboni zaseFrance emkhakheni wehardware yekhompyutha, isoftware kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi.
U-Nora no-Mink babize lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamakhompyutha nezokuxhumana ngokuthi télématique, okuhlanganisa amagama athi “izokuxhumana” kanye ne-informatique (“isayensi yekhompyutha”). “Kuze kube muva nje,” babhala,
amakhompyutha asala eyilungelo labantu abakhulu nabacebile. Kusukela manje kuya phambili, ukwakhiwa kwamakhompiyutha ngobuningi kuyagqama, okuzogqugquzela umphakathi, njengoba kwake kwenza ugesi. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nogesi, i-la télématique ngeke idlulise i-passive current, kodwa ulwazi.
Umbiko we-Nora-Mink kanye nokuzwakala okubangelwayo kuhulumeni wase-Giscard kwenza imizamo ye-TITAN yokuthengisa ibe ngenye indlela. Ngaphambilini, isu lokuthuthukisa i-videotex le-DGT laliwukusabela kwabaqhudelana nabo baseBrithani, futhi lalihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-France ayibanjwa ingalindele futhi iphoqelelwe ukuthi isebenze ngaphakathi kwezinga lobuchwepheshe le-videotex laseBrithani. Kodwa ukube yayimile lapho, imizamo yaseFrance yokuthuthukisa i-videotex ngabe ibune njengePrestel, ihlale iyisevisi ye-niche yabathandi bobuchwepheshe obusha abanelukuluku lokwazi kanye nedlanzana lamabhizinisi azoba wusizo kuwo.
Kodwa ngemva kombiko, i-videotex yayingasenakubhekwa njengenye into ngaphandle kwengxenye eyinhloko ye-télématique, isisekelo sokwakha ikusasa elisha laso sonke isizwe saseFrance, futhi ngenxa yombiko, iphrojekthi yathola ukunakwa okukhulu nemali kunaleyo ebingakwazi. benethemba. Iphrojekthi yokwethula iMinitel kuzwelonke ithole ukwesekwa kukahulumeni okungenzeka ukuthi bekungeke kube khona - njengoba kwenzeka ngephrojekthi "yefeksi" yezwe lonke kaTeri, eyagcina iholele ekwengezweni okulula kwe-Minitel ngendlela yephrinta.
Njengengxenye yokwesekwa, uhulumeni wanquma ukusabalalisa izigidi zamatheminali mahhala. I-DGT yaphikisa ngokuthi izindleko zamatheminali zizokhokhiswa kancane ngokuyekiswa kwamabhuku efoni ephepha kanye nokugcwala kwenethiwekhi okuzokhuthazwa isevisi ye-Minitel. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi empeleni babecabanga kanjalo noma cha, lezi zimpikiswano zikwazile okungenani ukuthethelela uhlelo olukhulu lokukhuthaza olwaqala nge-Alcatel (eyathola izigidigidi zama-franc ngokwenza amatheminali) futhi yasakazekela kunethiwekhi yeTranspac, abahlinzeki besevisi beMinitel, amakhompyutha athengiwe. ngalaba bahlinzeki, nezinsizakalo zesoftware ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwalo lonke ibhizinisi eliku-inthanethi.
Umlamuleli
Ngomqondo wezohwebo, uMinitel akazange alethe lutho olukhethekile. Ngokokuqala ngqá, yafinyelela ekuzineliseni konyaka ngo-1989, futhi noma zonke izindleko zayo zakhokha, kwaba kuphela ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, lapho amatheminali ekugcineni ewa. Futhi ayizange ifinyelele izinjongo zikaNora noMink zokwethula ukuvuselelwa kwemboni nomphakathi waseFrance ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bolwazi. I-Alcatel nabanye abakhiqizi benza inzuzo ngokwenza imishini yezokuxhumana, futhi inethiwekhi ye-French Transpac yenza inzuzo ngokukhuphuka kwethrafikhi, nakuba bona, ngeshwa, bathembele kubuchwepheshe bokushintsha iphakethe obungalungile ngephrothokholi yabo ye-X.25. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkulungwane zabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zeMinitel ikakhulukazi bathenga imishini yabo nesofthiwe yesistimu kubantu baseMelika. Ochwepheshe abazakhela izinsiza zabo ze-inthanethi bagweme izinsiza ze-French giant Bull kanye nenkampani enkulu, eyesabekayo yezimboni i-IBM, futhi bancamela amabhokisi anesizotha ane-Unix ngaphakathi avela kubakhiqizi abafana ne-Texas Instruments kanye ne-Hewlett-Packard.
Uma imboni yeMinitel yehlulekile ukukhula, kuthiwani ngeqhaza layo ekwenzeni intando yeningi emphakathini waseFrance ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zolwazi olusha olufinyelela yonke indawo kusukela ezifundeni zikamasipala eziphakeme kakhulu zaseParis kuya emadolobheni amancane ase-Picardy? Lapha iphrojekthi yazuza impumelelo enkulu, nakuba ixubile, impumelelo. Uhlelo lweMinitel lukhule ngokushesha, lusuka kumatheminali ayi-120 ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa okukhulu ngo-000 kuya kumatheminali ayizigidi ezi-1983 ngo-3 kanye nezigidi ezi-1987 ngo-5,6. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwemizuzu yokuqala njengencwadi yocingo lwe-elekthronikhi, ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwamatheminali kwakudingeka kukhokhwe ngomzuzu, ngakho-ke akungabazeki ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo akuzange kusatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo njengemishini ngokwayo. Izinkonzo ezidume kakhulu, okuyizingxoxo eziku-inthanethi, zingashisa kalula amahora ambalwa njalo kusihlwa ngenani eliyisisekelo lama-franc angu-1990 ngehora (cishe u-$60, ngaphezu komholo omncane wase-US wehora owawuphindwe kabili ngaleso sikhathi).
Kodwa-ke, ngo-1990, cishe ama-30% ezakhamizi zase zikwazi ukufinyelela etheminali iMinitel zisekhaya noma emsebenzini. I-France, ngokungangabazeki, yayiyizwe eliku-inthanethi kakhulu (okushoyo) emhlabeni. Ngawo lowo nyaka, abahlinzeki besevisi ababili abakhulu be-inthanethi ku-behemoth yobuchwepheshe bolwazi base-United States bahlangana baba nababhalisile abangaphezudlwana kwesigidi ezweni elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-250. Ikhathalogu yezinsizakalo ezingafinyelelwa lakhula ngokushesha njengoba inani lamatheminali - lisuka ku-142 ngo-1983 laya ku-7000 ngo-1987 kanye ne-15 ngo-000. Okuxakayo ukuthi ukuze kubhalwe zonke izinsiza ezitholakala kumatheminali, kwakudingeka incwadi yocingo yonke - yona kanye le okwakufanele bayishintshe. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, le ncwadi, i-Listel, isivele inamakhasi angama-1980.
Indoda isebenzisa itheminali iMinitel
Ngaphezu kwalokho okunikezwa i-DGT ngokuqondile, ububanzi bezinsizakalo ezinikeziwe bebubanzi kakhulu, kusukela kwezohwebo kuya kwezenhlalo, futhi zahlukaniswa cishe izigaba ezifanayo esijwayele ukuzibona ku-inthanethi namuhla: ukuthenga, izinsiza zamabhange, izinsiza zokuhamba, amagumbi okuxoxa. , izinkundla zemiyalezo, imidlalo. Ukuze uxhume kusevisi, umsebenzisi we-Minitel ushayele inombolo yokufinyelela, ngokuvamile ethi 3615, exhuma ulayini wakhe wocingo kukhompuyutha ekhethekile endaweni yakubo, iphoyinti d'accès vidéotexte, noma i-PAVI. Uma usuxhumeke ku-PAVI, umsebenzisi angafaka ikhodi ehambisana nensizakalo ayifunayo. Izinkampani zabeka amakhodi azo okufinyelela kuzibhengezo zokukhangisa ngendlela ye-mnemonic alphanumeric, njengoba nje zazizokwenza kamuva ngamakheli ewebhusayithi emashumini eminyaka alandelayo: 3615 TMK, 3615 SM, 3615 ULLA.
Ikhodi 3615 ixhume abasebenzisi ohlelweni lwe-PAVI kiosk tariff, eyethulwa ngo-1984. Ivumele i-Minitel ukuthi isebenze njengendawo yezindaba, ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlukene ethengiswayo evela kubahlinzeki abahlukahlukene endaweni eyodwa ekahle yokuthengisa. Kuma-franc angu-60 akhokhiswa ngehora lokusebenzisa izinsiza ze-kiosk, angu-40 aya ensizeni, kanti angu-20 aye ku-DGT ngokusebenzisa i-PAVI kanye nenethiwekhi yeTranspac. Futhi konke lokhu kwakusobala ngokuphelele kubasebenzisi - zonke izindleko zivele ngokuzenzakalelayo kubhili yabo yefoni elandelayo, futhi kwakungadingeki banikeze ulwazi lwabo lokukhokha kubahlinzeki ukuze bangene ebudlelwaneni bezezimali nabo.
Lapho ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi evulekile kuqala ukusabalala ngawo-1990, ongoti bezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi baqala ukuba lezi zinsizakalo zenkathi yokuhlukana - zonke lezi CompuServe, i-AOL - "zingadi ezinezindonga." Isingathekiso sibonakale siphakamisa umehluko phakathi kwabo nendawo evulekile, yasendle ye-inthanethi entsha. Ngokwaleli phuzu lokubuka, uma iCompuServe bekuyipaki enakekelwa ngokucophelela, khona-ke i-Intanethi bekuyiMvelo uqobo. Yebo, empeleni i-inthanethi ayiyona imvelo kuneCompuServe noma iMinitel. Amasevisi aku-inthanethi angakhiwa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene, zonke zisekelwe ekukhetheni kwabantu. Kodwa-ke, uma sisebenzisa lesi singathekiso sokuphikisa phakathi kwemvelo nokutshalwa, khona-ke i-Minitel iwela endaweni ethile phakathi. Ingafaniswa nepaki yesizwe. Imingcele yakhona iyagadwa, iyanakekelwa futhi ikhokhiswa imali ekhokhelwayo uma uyiwela. Kodwa-ke, ngaphakathi kwabo ungahamba ngokukhululeka futhi uvakashele noma yiziphi izindawo ozithandayo.
Isikhundla se-DGT maphakathi nemakethe, phakathi komsebenzisi nesevisi, ngokudla yedwa endaweni yokungena nayo yonke indlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabahlanganyeli ababili besevisi, ibe nezinzuzo ngaphezu kwabo bobabili abahlinzeki besevisi be-monolithic bonke-in-one njenge-CompuServe nangaphezulu kwezakhiwo ezivulekile. kamuva Internet. Ngokungafani neyokuqala, lapho ibhodlela selidlulile, uhlelo lwavula imakethe evulekile yezinsizakalo kumsebenzisi, ngokungafani nanoma yini enye eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokungafani nokwakamuva, azikho izinkinga zokwenza imali. Umsebenzisi ukhokhele ngokuzenzakalelayo isikhathi esisetshenzisiwe, ngakho-ke besingekho isidingo sobuchwepheshe bokukhangisa obuvuvukele nobuphazamisayo obusekela i-inthanethi yesimanje. I-Minitel iphinde yanikeza ukuxhumana okuphephile kokuphela- ekupheleni. Ibhithi ngalinye lalihamba kuphela kuyo yonke ihadiwe ye-DGT, inqobo nje uma uthembele i-DGT kanye nomhlinzeki wesevisi, ukuxhumana kwakho bekuvikelekile ekuhlaselweni.
Kodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-inthanethi ethathe indawo yesistimu, ibe nezinkinga ezimbalwa ezisobala. Naphezu kwakho konke ukuvuleka kwayo okuhlobene, bekungenakwenzeka ukuvele uvule iseva, uyixhume kunethiwekhi bese uqala ukusebenza. Kwakudingeka imvume yangaphambilini kahulumeni ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukufinyelela kweseva nge-PAVI. Okubi nakakhulu, uhlaka lwezobuchwepheshe lweMinitel lwalungaguquki ngendlela emangalisayo futhi luboshelwe ku-videotex protocol, eyayihamba phambili maphakathi nawo-1980 kodwa eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva kwavela ukuthi isiphelelwe yisikhathi ngokudabukisayo futhi inomkhawulo.
Izinga lokuqina kweMinitel lincike ekutheni yini ngempela esiyibheka njengeMinitel. Itheminali ngokwayo (okuyinto, uma sikhuluma nje, yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Minitel) yayikwazi ukuxhuma kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha ngenethiwekhi yocingo evamile. Kodwa-ke, mancane amathuba okuthi abasebenzisi abaningi basebenzise le ndlela - futhi empeleni ayihlukile ekusebenziseni ikhompuyutha yasekhaya enemodemu oxhuma kuyo kumasevisi afana ne-The Source noma i-CompuServe. Ibingaxhunywanga ohlelweni lokulethwa kwezinsiza (olwalubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Télétel), futhi zonke izinzuzo bezikhona ngenxa yekhiosk kanye nenethiwekhi yeTranspac.
Itheminali isekela amakhasi ombhalo, imigqa engu-24 yezinhlamvu ezingu-40 emugqeni ngamunye (enezithombe zezinhlamvu zakudala) - yilokho kuphela. Azikho izici eziphawulekayo zewebhu yama-1990s—umbhalo oskrolayo, ama-GIF, ama-JPEG, ukusakaza umsindo—okwakutholakala ku-Minitel.
I-Minitel inikeze indlela engaba khona yokuphuma esikhathini sokuhlukana, kodwa akekho noyedwa ngaphandle kwaseFrance owathatha lo mzila. Ngo-1988, i-France Télécom yathenga i-DGT futhi yazama kaningi ukuthekelisa ubuchwepheshe be-Minitel - eBelgium, Ireland kanye nase-USA (ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwaseSan Francisco olubizwa ngokuthi 101 Online). Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwesisusa sikahulumeni sokuxhasa lezi zikhungo ngezimali, awukho kule mizamo osondele empumelelweni yokuqala. Futhi njengoba i-France Télécom kanye namanye amanethiwekhi amaningi eposi, ocingo kanye nawezingcingo emhlabeni wonke ngaleso sikhathi kwakulindeleke ukuthi anciphise ukuze asebenze ngempumelelo emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe encintisanayo, sase siphelile isikhathi lapho lezi zikhuthazo zazithetheleleka ngokwezombusazwe.
Futhi nakuba uhlelo lweMinitel lwaqedwa ngokuphelele kuphela ngo-2012, ukusetshenziswa kwalo bekwehla kusukela maphakathi nawo-1990. Ekwehleni kwayo, isalokhu idume kakhulu ezinsizeni zamabhange kanye nezezimali ngenxa yokuphepha kwenethiwekhi kanye nokutholakala kwamatheminali kanye nama-peripherals akhethekile akwazi ukufunda nokudlulisa idatha evela kumakhadi asebhange. Ngaphandle kwalokho, abathanda i-inthanethi baseFrance kancane kancane bashintshela ku-inthanethi. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi sibuyele emlandweni we-inthanethi, sidinga ukumisa okukodwa ohambweni lwethu phakathi nenkathi yokuhlukana.
Okunye ongakufunda:
- UJulien Mailland noKevin Driscoll, Minitel: Siyakwamukela ku-inthanethi (2017)
- UMarie Marchand, i-Minitel Saga (1988)
Okulandelayo: >>
Source: www.habr.com