<< Ngaphambi kwalokhu:
Kusukela cishe ngo-1975 kuya ku-1995, amakhompyutha afinyeleleka ngokushesha kakhulu kunamanethiwekhi amakhompyutha. Okokuqala e-USA, bese kuthi kwamanye amazwe acebile, amakhompiyutha abe yinsakavukela emindenini ecebile, futhi avela cishe kuzo zonke izikhungo. Kodwa-ke, uma abasebenzisi bala makhompyutha befuna ukuxhuma imishini yabo - ukushintshanisa ama-imeyili, ukulanda izinhlelo, ukuthola imiphakathi ukuze baxoxe ngezinto abazithandayo - babengenazo izinketho eziningi. Abasebenzisi basekhaya bangaxhuma kumasevisi afana ne-CompuServe. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube yilapho izinkonzo zethula izimali ezikhokhwa njalo ngenyanga ekupheleni kwawo-1980, izindleko zokuxhuma zazikhokhwa ngehora, futhi amanani entengo ayengafinyeleleki kuwo wonke umuntu. Abanye abafundi basenyuvesi nobuhlakani bangaxhuma kumanethiwekhi ashintshwa ngamaphakethe, kodwa abaningi abakwazanga. Ngo-1981, amakhompyutha angu-280 kuphela ayekwazi ukufinyelela ku-ARPANET. I-CSNET kanye ne-BITNET ekugcineni zizofaka amakhulukhulu amakhompyutha, kodwa zaqala ukusebenza ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi e-United States kwakunezikhungo ezingaphezu kuka-3000 lapho abafundi bathola khona imfundo ephakeme, futhi cishe bonke babenamakhompiyutha amaningana, kusukela kuma-mainframe amakhulu kuya kuma-workstation amancane.
Imiphakathi, ama-DIYers, nososayensi abangenakho ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi baphendukele kuzixazululo ezifanayo zobuchwepheshe ukuze baxhumane. Bagqekeza uhlelo oluhle lwezingcingo oludala, inethiwekhi ye-Bell, bayenza into efana ne-telegraph, idlulisa imiyalezo yedijithali esikhundleni samazwi, futhi isekelwe kuyo - imilayezo esuka kukhompyutha iye kukhompuyutha ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Zonke izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
- Inkathi Yokuhlukana
Lawa kwakungamanye amanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha okuqala okwahlukaniswa abantu [peer-to-peer, p2p]. Ngokungafani ne-CompuServe namanye amasistimu aphakathi nendawo, axhuma amakhompyutha futhi amunca ulwazi kuwo njengamankonyane ancela ubisi, ulwazi lwasakazwa ngamanethiwekhi ahlukaniswe njengama-ripples emanzini. Ingaqala noma kuphi iphele noma kuphi. Nokho kwaqubuka izingxabano ezishisayo phakathi kwabo ngezombangazwe namandla. Lapho i-inthanethi ifika ekunakekeleni komphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1990, abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi izolinganisa ukuxhumana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ngokuvumela wonke umuntu ukuthi axhumane nawo wonke umuntu, abaphakathi kanye nezikhulu eziphethe izimpilo zethu bazonqanyulwa. Kuzoba nenkathi entsha yentando yeningi eqondile kanye nezimakethe ezivulekile, lapho wonke umuntu enezwi elilinganayo nokufinyelela okulinganayo. Abaprofethi abanjalo babengase bagweme ukwenza izithembiso ezinjalo ukube babefunde ngesiphetho sika-Usenet noFidonet ngeminyaka yawo-1980. Isakhiwo sabo sobuchwepheshe sasiyisicaba kakhulu, kodwa noma iyiphi inethiwekhi yekhompyutha iyingxenye yomphakathi wabantu. Futhi imiphakathi yabantu, noma ngabe uyixova kanjani futhi uyikhipha kanjani, isalokhu igcwele izigaxa.
Usenet
Ehlobo lika-1979, impilo ka-Tom Truscott yayifana nephupho lomshisekeli wekhompyutha osemusha. Wayesanda kuphothula iziqu ze-computer science e-Duke University, wayethanda i-chess, futhi wayefunda endlunkulu yaseBell Labs eNew Jersey. Yilapho lapho aba nethuba lokuxhumana nabadali be-Unix, inkanuko yakamuva yokushanela umhlaba wekhompuyutha yesayensi.
Umsuka we-Unix, njenge-inthanethi ngokwayo, isesithunzini senqubomgomo yezokuxhumana ye-American. и yeBell Labs ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960s yanquma ukwenza inguqulo eguquguqukayo futhi ehlutshiwe yohlelo olukhulu lwe-Multics e-MIT, ababesize ukuyidala njengabahleli bohlelo. I-OS entsha yasheshe yaduma ezindaweni zokucwaninga, yazuza ukuduma kokubili ngezidingo zayo ze-hardware ezinesizotha (ezaziyivumela ukuthi isebenze ngisho nasemishinini engabizi) kanye nokuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu. Nokho, i-AT&T ayikwazanga ukusebenzisa le mpumelelo. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sango-1956 noMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US, i-AT&T yayidingeka ukuthi inikeze ilayisense kubo bonke ubuchwepheshe obungewona ocingo ngamanani aphusile futhi ingazibandakanyi kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ngezokuxhumana.
Ngakho-ke i-AT&T yaqala ukunikeza i-Unix amalayisense emanyuvesi ukuze isetshenziswe ezifundweni ngemibandela evumayo kakhulu. Abanikazi bamalayisense bokuqala ukuthola ukufinyelela kukhodi yomthombo baqale ukudala nokudayisa okwabo okuhlukile kwe-Unix, ikakhulukazi i-Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix, edalwe kusikhungo esiphambili seNyuvesi yaseCalifornia. I-OS entsha yashanela umphakathi wezemfundo ngokushesha. Ngokungafani namanye ama-OS adumile afana ne-DEC TENEX / TOPS-20, ingasebenza ngehadiwe evela kubakhi abahlukahlukene, futhi amaningi ala makhompyutha ayengabizi kakhulu. U-Berkeley usabalalise uhlelo ngengxenye yezindleko, ngaphezu kwezindleko eziphansi zelayisensi evela kwa-AT&T. Ngeshwa, angikwazanga ukuthola izinombolo eziqondile.
Kwakubonakala kuTruscott ukuthi nguyena omthombo wazo zonke izinto. Wachitha ihlobo njengomfundi oqeqeshelwa umsebenzi ka-Ken Thompson, eqala usuku ngalunye ngemidlalo ye-volleyball embalwa, abese esebenza emini, ehlanganyela isidlo sakusihlwa se-pizza nezithombe zakhe, bese ehlala sekwephuzile ebhala ikhodi ye-Unix ngo-C. Lapho eqeda ukuqeqeshwa, akazange. 'Ngifuna ukulahlekelwa ukuthintana nalo mhlaba, ngakho-ke lapho ebuyela eNyuvesi yaseDuke ekwindla, wathola ukuthi angaxhuma kanjani ikhompyutha ye-PDP 11/70 kusukela emnyangweni wesayensi yekhompyutha kuya kumama eMurray Hill esebenzisa uhlelo olubhaliwe. nguzakwabo wangaphambili, uMike Lesk. Uhlelo lwabizwa ngokuthi uucp - ikhophi ye-Unix kuye ku-Unix - futhi lwalungenye yeqoqo lezinhlelo ze-"uu" ezifakwe kunguqulo 7 ye-Unix OS esanda kukhishwa. Uhlelo luvumele isistimu eyodwa ye-Unix ukuthi ixhumane nenye ngemodemu. Ngokukhethekile, i-uucp ivumele amafayela ukuthi akopishwe phakathi kwamakhompyutha amabili axhunywe ngemodemu, okuvumela i-Truscott ukushintshanisa ama-imeyili no-Thompson kanye no-Ritchie.
UTom Truscott
UJim Ellis, omunye umfundi oneziqu zaseTruscott Institute, ufake inguqulo entsha ye-Unix 7 kukhompyutha yaseDuke University. Kodwa-ke, isibuyekezo asilethanga izinzuzo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezingozi. Uhlelo lwe-USENIX, olusatshalaliswa yiqembu labasebenzisi be-Unix futhi oluklanyelwe ukuthumela izindaba kubo bonke abasebenzisi bohlelo oluthile lwe-Unix, luyekile ukusebenza enguqulweni entsha. UTruscott no-Ellis banqume ukulishintsha bafake uhlelo olusha lobunikazi oluhambisana ne-System 7, balunikeze izici ezithakazelisa kakhudlwana, futhi babuyisele inguqulo ethuthukisiwe emphakathini wabasebenzisi ukuze bathole ukuvelela nodumo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uTruscott wayesebenzisa i-uucp ukuze axhumane nomshini we-Unix eNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina, amakhilomitha angu-15 eningizimu-ntshonalanga e-Chapel Hill, futhi exhumana nomfundi lapho, uSteve Belovin.
Akwaziwa ukuthi uTruscott no-Belovin bahlangana kanjani, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi basondelana phezu kwe-chess. Bobabili bancintisane emqhudelwaneni we-chess waminyaka yonke we-Association for Computer Systems, nakuba kungenjalo ngasikhathi sinye.
U-Belovin naye wenza uhlelo lwakhe lokusabalalisa izindaba, okuthakazelisayo, okwakunomqondo wamaqembu ezindaba, ahlukaniswe ngezihloko umuntu angabhalisa kuzo - esikhundleni sesiteshi esisodwa lapho zonke izindaba zilahlwa khona. U-Belovin, u-Truscott, no-Ellis banqume ukujoyina amandla futhi babhale isistimu yezindaba yenethiwekhi namaqembu ezindaba azosebenzisa i-uucp ukusabalalisa izindaba kumakhompyutha ahlukene. Babefuna ukusabalalisa izindaba ezihlobene ne-Unix kubasebenzisi be-USENIX, ngakho babiza uhlelo lwabo ngokuthi Usenet.
I-Duke University izosebenza njengendawo emaphakathi yokuhlanza, futhi izosebenzisa i-autodial ne-uucp ukuze ixhume kuwo wonke ama-node kunethiwekhi ngezikhathi ezithile, ithathe izibuyekezo zezindaba, futhi iphakele amanye amalungu enethiwekhi. U-Belovin wabhala ikhodi yoqobo, kodwa yayisebenza emibhalweni yegobolondo ngakho-ke yayihamba kancane kakhulu. Khona-ke uStephen Daniel, omunye umfundi owayethweswe iziqu eDuke University, wabhala kabusha lolu hlelo enguqulweni kaC. Daniel yaziwa ngokuthi A News. U-Ellis wakhuthaza lolu hlelo ngoJanuwari 1980 engqungqutheleni yase-Usenix eBoulder, eColorado, futhi wanikela ngawo wonke amakhophi alo angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili afika nawo. Ngengqungquthela elandelayo ye-Usenix, eyabanjwa ehlobo, abahleli bayo base beyifakile kakade i-A News kuphakheji yesofthiwe esatshalaliswa kubo bonke abahlanganyeli.
Abadali bachaze lolu hlelo ngokuthi “i-ARPANET yomuntu ompofu.” Ungase ungacabangi ngoDuke njengenyuvesi esezingeni lesibili, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi yayingenalo uhlobo lwesayensi yekhompyutha eyayingayivumela ukuthi ingene kuleyo nethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha aseMelika. Kodwa ubungadingi imvume yokufinyelela ku-Usenet—obukudinga nje kwakuwuhlelo lwe-Unix, imodemu, kanye nekhono lokukhokha ibhili yefoni yakho ukuze uthole izindaba ezivamile. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, cishe zonke izikhungo ezihlinzeka ngemfundo ephakeme zazikwazi ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo.
Izinkampani ezizimele nazo zajoyina i-Usenet, eyasiza ukusheshisa ukusabalala kwenethiwekhi. I-Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) ivumile ukusebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwe-Duke University kanye ne-University of California, e-Berkeley, ukwehlisa izindleko zokushaya ucingo lwamabanga amade kanye nezikweletu zedatha phakathi kogu. Ngenxa yalokho, iBerkeley eWest Coast yaba ihabhu lesibili le-Usenet, elixhumanisa inethiwekhi kumaNyuvesi aseCalifornia eSan Francisco naseSan Diego, kanye nezinye izikhungo, kuhlanganise neSytek, enye yezinkampani zokuqala ebhizinisini le-LAN. U-Berkeley wayephinde abe yikhaya le-node ye-ARPANET, eyayivumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Usenet ne-ARPANET (ngemuva kokuthi uhlelo lokushintshisana ngezindaba luphinde lubhalwe kabusha u-Mark Horton no-Matt Glickman, belubiza ngokuthi yi-B News). Amanodi e-ARPANET aqala ukudonsa okuqukethwe ku-Usenet futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, nakuba imithetho ye-ARPA ikhuluma ngokuqinile inqatshelwe ukuxhuma kwamanye amanethiwekhi. Inethiwekhi yakhula ngokushesha, isuka ezindaweni eziyishumi nanhlanu ezicubungula izikhala eziyishumi ngosuku ngo-1980, yaya kuma-node angu-600 kanye nezikhala eziyi-120 ngo-1983, kwase kuba ama-node angu-5000 kanye nezikhala eziyi-1000 ngo-1987.
Ekuqaleni, abadali bayo babone i-Usenet njengendlela yokuthi amalungu omphakathi wabasebenzisi be-Unix axhumane futhi axoxisane ngokuthuthukiswa kwale OS. Ukwenza lokhu, badale amaqembu amabili, i-net.general ne-net.v7bugs (laba baxoxa ngezinkinga ngenguqulo entsha). Kodwa-ke, bashiye uhlelo lunwebeka ngokukhululekile. Noma ubani angakwazi ukudala iqembu elisha kuhlelo "lokunetha", futhi abasebenzisi baqala ngokushesha ukungeza izihloko okungezona ezobuchwepheshe, njenge-net.jokes. Njengoba nje noma ubani engathumela noma yini, abamukeli bangaziba amaqembu abawakhethayo. Isibonelo, isistimu ingaxhumeka ku-Usenet futhi icele idatha yeqembu le-net.v7bugs kuphela, indiva okunye okuqukethwe. Ngokungafani ne-ARPANET ehlelwe ngokucophelela, i-Usenet yayizihlelele futhi yakhula ngendlela exakile ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuvela phezulu.
Kodwa-ke, kule ndawo yentando yeningi yokwenziwa, ukuhleleka kwezikhundla kwavela ngokushesha. Isethi ethile yama-node enenani elikhulu lokuxhumana kanye nethrafikhi enkulu yaqala ukubhekwa "njengomgogodla" wesistimu. Le nqubo yathuthuka ngokwemvelo. Ngenxa yokuthi ukudluliselwa ngakunye kwedatha kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye kwenezela ukubambezeleka kokuxhumana, i-node entsha ngayinye ejoyina inethiwekhi yayifuna ukuxhumana ne-node eyayivele inenombolo enkulu yokuxhumana, ukuze kuncishiswe inani "le-hops" elidingekayo ukuze lisakaze imiyalezo kunethiwekhi yonkana. Phakathi kwama-node omgwaqo kwakukhona izinhlangano zezemfundo nezinkampani, futhi ngokuvamile i-computer yendawo ngayinye yayiqhutshwa umuntu othile onhlanhlathayo owathatha ngokuzithandela umsebenzi wokungabongi wokuqondisa yonke into edlula kuyi-computer. KwakunguGary Murakami weBell Laboratories e-Indian Hills e-Illinois, noma uJean Spafford we-Georgia Institute of Technology.
Ukuboniswa kwamandla okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabaphathi be-node kulo mgogodla kwafika ngo-1987, lapho bephusha ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-namespace yeqembu lezindaba, bethula izingxenye eziyisikhombisa ezintsha zezinga lokuqala. Bekunezigaba ezifana ne-com yezihloko zekhompyutha, kanye ne-rec ezokuzijabulisa. Izihloko ezingezansi zahlelwa ngokohlelo ngaphansi kwe-"big seven" - isibonelo, iqembu comp.lang.c lokuxoxa ngolimi C, kanye nebhodi le-rec.games.ukuxoxa ngemidlalo yebhodi. Iqembu lamavukela-mbuso, elibheke lolu shintsho njengenhlangano yokuketula umbuso ehlelwe yi-"Spine Clique", lakha igatsha labo lesigaba, inkomba eyinhloko okwakuyi-alt, kanye nomugqa wabo ohambisanayo. Yayihlanganisa izihloko ezazibhekwa njengezingafaneleki ku-Big Seven - isibonelo, ucansi nezidakamizwa ezithambile (alt.sex.pictures), kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zemiphakathi exakile abaphathi abangayithandanga ngandlela thile (ngokwesibonelo, alt.gourmand ; abalawuli bancamela amaresiphi eqembu angenabungozi we-rec.food.recipes).
Ngalesi sikhathi, isofthiwe esekela i-Usenet yayisinwebe ngaphezu kokusatshalaliswa kombhalo ongenalutho ukuze ifake phakathi ukusekela kwamafayela kanambambili (aqanjwe kanjalo ngoba aqukethe amadijithi kanambambili angafanele). Ngokuvamile, amafayela ayehlanganisa imidlalo yekhompiyutha entshontshiwe, izithombe namafilimu ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okurekhodiwe okwenziwe ngamakhonsathi nezinye izinto ezingekho emthethweni. Amaqembu esigabeni se-alt.binaries ayephakathi kwalawo avamise ukuvinjwa kumaseva e-Usenet ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwawo kwezindleko eziphakeme (izithombe namavidiyo athathe umkhawulokudonsa omkhulu kanye nesikhala sokugcina kunombhalo) kanye nesimo somthetho esiyimpikiswano.
Kodwa naphezu kwayo yonke le mpikiswano, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 i-Usenet yayisiyindawo lapho izingcweti zamakhompyutha zazingathola khona imiphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe yabantu abanomqondo ofanayo. Ku-1991 kuphela, u-Tim Berners-Lee umemezele ukudalwa kwe-World Wide Web eqenjini le-alt.hypertext; U-Linus Torvalds ucele impendulo ngephrojekthi yakhe entsha ye-Linux eqenjini le-com.os.minix; U-Peter Adkison, ngenxa yendaba emayelana nenkampani yakhe yokudlala ayithumele eqenjini le-rec.games.design, wahlangana no-Richard Garfield. Ukusebenzisana kwabo kwaholela ekwakhiweni komdlalo wamakhadi odumile othi Magic: The Gathering.
I-FidoNet
Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-ARPANET yomuntu ompofu isakazeka kancane kancane emhlabeni wonke, abathanda amakhompiyutha amancane, ababenezinsiza ezimbalwa kakhulu kunekolishi elisaphuke kakhulu, banqanyulwa kakhulu ezokuxhumana ngogesi. I-Unix OS, obekuyindlela eshibhile nejabulisayo ngamazinga emfundo, ibingatholakali kubanikazi bamakhompyutha anama-microprocessors angu-8-bit asebenzisa i-CP/M OS, engenza okuncane ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi ngamadrayivu. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha baqala isivivinyo sabo esilula sokwenza inethiwekhi eshibhile kakhulu, futhi konke kwaqala ngokwakhiwa kwamabhodi ezaziso.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ngenxa yobulula bombono kanye nenani elikhulu labathandi bekhompyutha ababekhona ngaleso sikhathi, (BBS) kungenzeka ukuthi yasungulwa izikhathi eziningana. Kodwa ngokwesiko, ubukhulu bubonwa yiphrojekthi и kusuka eChicago, abethule ngesikhathi . UChristensen noSuess babeyizingcweti zamakhompiyutha, bobabili abaneminyaka engu-30 ubudala, futhi bobabili baya eqenjini lendawo lamakhompyutha. Kade bahlela ukwakha iseva yabo ekilabhini yamakhompiyutha, lapho amalungu eqembu ayengalayisha khona izindatshana zezindaba esebenzisa isofthiwe yokudlulisa ifayela yemodemu u-Christensen ayibhalela i-CP/M, okulingana nekhaya elithi uucp. Kodwa isivunguvungu seqhwa esabahlala ezindlini izinsuku ezimbalwa sabakhuthaza ababesidinga ukuze baqale ukusebenza kuso. UChristensen wayesebenza ku-software, kanti u-Suess wayesebenza ku-hardware. Ikakhulukazi, u-Sewess wenze uhlelo olwaqalisa kabusha ikhompuyutha ngokuzenzakalelayo ibe yimodi esebenzisa uhlelo lwe-BBS njalo lapho ethola ucingo olungenayo. Lokhu kugebenga bekudingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo lusesimweni esifanele ukuthola lolu cingo - kwakuyisimo esibucayi sehardware yasekhaya kanye nesoftware ngalezo zinsuku. Babiza okusunguliwe kwabo ngokuthi i-CBBS, uhlelo lwebhodi lezaziso lekhompyutha, kodwa kamuva iningi labaqhubi besistimu (noma ama-sysops) balahla i-C okwesikhashana futhi babiza isevisi yabo ngokuthi BBS. Ekuqaleni, ama-BBS ayebizwa nangokuthi i-RCP/M, okungukuthi, i-CP/M ekude (i-CP/M ekude). Bachaza imininingwane yengqondo yabo kumagazini odumile wekhompyutha i-Byte, futhi ngokushesha balandelwa isixuku sabalingisi.
Idivayisi entsha - i-Hayes Modem - inothise indawo ye-BBS echumayo. U-Dennis Hayes wayengomunye umshisekeli wekhompyutha owayemagange ukwengeza imodemu emshinini wakhe omusha. Kodwa izibonelo zezentengiselwano ezazitholakala zawela ezigabeni ezimbili kuphela: amadivaysi ahloselwe abathengi bebhizinisi, futhi ngenxa yalokho abiza kakhulu kwabathanda ukuzilibazisa ekhaya, futhi . Ukuze uxhumane nothile usebenzisa imodemu ye-acoustic, bekufanele uqale ufinyelele othile ocingweni noma uphendule ucingo, bese uvala imodemu ukuze ikwazi ukuxhumana nemodemu ngakolunye uhlangothi. Akukwazanga ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ikholi ephumayo noma engenayo ngale ndlela. Ngakho ngo-1977, uHayes waklama, wenza, futhi waqala ukuthengisa imodemu yakhe ye-300-bit-per-second ayekwazi ukuyixhuma kukhompyutha yakhe. Ku-BBS yabo, u-Christensen no-Sewess basebenzisa enye yalezi zinhlobo zokuqala zemodemu yaseHayes. Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo wokuqala wempumelelo kaHayes kwakuyi-Smartmodem yango-1981, eyafika kwelinye icala, yayine-microprocessor yayo, futhi ixhunywe kwikhompyutha ngembobo ye-serial. Ithengiswe ngo-$299, ebithengeka kakhulu kubathandi bokuzilibazisa abavame ukuchitha amakhulu ambalwa amadola kumakhompyutha abo asekhaya.
I-Hayes Smartmodem ye-300
Omunye wabo kwaba , futhi nguye owaqala iphrojekthi eyaba into efana ne-Usenet ye-BBS. Usebenze njengomhleli we-Phoenix Software eSan Francisco, kwathi ngo-1983 wanquma ukubhala uhlelo lwakhe lwe-BBS, hhayi lwe-CP/M, kodwa lwe-OS entsha nengcono kakhulu yama-microcomputers - i-Microsoft DOS. Wamqamba ngokuthi uFido [igama lenja elivamile], ngekhompyutha ayeyisebenzisa emsebenzini, eqanjwe kanjalo ngoba yayihlanganisa i-mishmash embi yezingxenye ezihlukahlukene. UJohn Madill, ongumdayisi wakwaComputerLand eBaltimore, wezwa ngoFido wabe esefonela uJennings ezweni lonke ecela usizo lwakhe ekulungiseni uhlelo lwakhe ukuze lusebenze kukhompyutha yakhe ye-DEC Rainbow 100. Laba bobabili baqala ukusebenza ndawonye kwi-software, futhi baqala ukusebenza ndawonye, futhi wabe esejoyinwa omunye umshisekeli woThingo, uBen Baker waseSt. Laba abathathu bachithe imali eshisiwe beshayela izingcingo ezikude ngesikhathi bengena ezimotweni zabo ebusuku ukuze baxoxe.
Phakathi nazo zonke lezi zingxoxo kuma-BBS ahlukahlukene, kwaqala ukuvela umqondo ekhanda likaJennings - wayengakha yonke inethiwekhi yama-BBS ayeshintshana ngemiyalezo ebusuku, lapho izindleko zokuxhumana ibanga elide ziphansi. Lo mbono ubungemusha—iningi labathandi bokuzilibazisa bebelokhu becabanga lolu hlobo lwemiyalezo phakathi kwama-BBS kusukela ephepheni le-Byte likaChristensen noSewess. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile babecabanga ukuthi ukuze lolu hlelo lusebenze, umuntu kuzodingeka aqale afinyelele ukuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-BBS futhi akhe imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yomzila ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi zonke izingcingo zihlala zisendaweni, okungukuthi, zingabizi, ngisho nalapho ephethe imilayezo esuka ogwini iye ogwini. Kodwa-ke, uJennings wenza izibalo ezisheshayo futhi waqaphela ukuthi ngesivinini esikhulayo samamodemu (amamodemu ayizimfundamakhwela asevele asebenza ngesivinini esingu-1200 bps) kanye nokuncipha kwezindleko zebanga elide, amaqhinga anjalo ayengasadingeki. Ngisho nokwanda okukhulu kwethrafikhi yemiyalezo, bekungenzeka ukudlulisa imibhalo phakathi kwezinhlelo ngamarandi ambalwa kuphela ngobusuku.
U-Tom Jennings, osavela ku-documentary ka-2002
Wabe esefaka olunye uhlelo kuFido. Kusukela ngehora lokuqala kuya kwelesibili ekuseni, i-Fido yayivaliwe futhi i-FidoNet yethulwa. Ubehlola uhlu lwemilayezo ephumayo kufayela lohlu lwabasingathi. Umlayezo ngamunye ophumayo wawunenombolo yosokhaya, futhi into ngayinye yohlu yayikhomba umsingathi—i-Fido BBS—owayenenombolo yocingo eduze kwayo. Uma imilayezo ephumayo itholakele, i-FidoNet yayishintshana ngokudayela amafoni e-BBS ehambisana nawo ohlwini lwama-node futhi yawadlulisela ohlelweni lwe-FidoNet, obelulinde ucingo oluvela kulolo hlangothi. Kungazelelwe uMadill, uJennings, no-Baker bakwazi ukusebenza ndawonye kalula futhi kalula, nakuba ngezindleko zokusabela okubambezelekile. Abazange bayithole imiyalezo emini, imiyalezo yayihanjiswa ebusuku.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu, abathandi bezokuzilibazisa babengavamile ukuthintana nabanye abathandi bokuzilibazisa ababehlala kwezinye izindawo, njengoba babebiza ama-BBS endawo mahhala. Kodwa uma le-BBS ixhunywe ku-FidoNet, abasebenzisi-ke ngokuzumayo babe nekhono lokushintshanisa ama-imeyili nabanye abantu ezweni lonke. Lolu hlelo lwavele lwaduma ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi isibalo sabasebenzisi be-FidoNet saqala ukukhula ngokushesha, futhi phakathi nonyaka safinyelela ku-200. Mayelana nalokhu, u-Jennings wayeya ngokuya eba mubi kakhulu ekulondolozeni indawo yakhe siqu. Ngakho-ke ku-FidoCon yokuqala e-St. Louis, u-Jennings no-Baker bahlangana no-Ken Kaplan, omunye umlandeli we-DEC Rainbow owayezothatha indima enkulu yobuholi ku-FidoNet. Baqhamuke nohlelo olusha olwahlukanisa iNyakatho Melika ibe ama-subnet, ngalinye lihlanganisa ama-node endawo. Ku-subnet ngayinye, inodi eyodwa yokulawula yathatha isibopho sokuphatha uhlu lwasendaweni lwamanodi, yamukela ithrafikhi engenayo ye-subnet yayo, futhi yadlulisela imilayezo kumanodi endawo afanelekile. Ngenhla kongqimba lwamanethi angaphansi kwakunezindawo ezihlanganisa lonke izwekazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lusagcina uhlu olulodwa lomhlaba wonke lwama-node oluqukethe izinombolo zocingo zawo wonke amakhompyutha axhunywe ku-FidoNet emhlabeni, ngakho-ke ngokwembono noma iyiphi i-node ingashayela ngokuqondile noma iyiphi enye ukuthumela imilayezo.
Isakhiwo esisha savumela uhlelo ukuba luqhubeke lukhula, futhi ngo-1986 lase likhule laba ama-node angu-1000 1989, futhi ngo-5000 laya ku-100 XNUMX. Ngayinye yalezi zindawo (okwakuyi-BBS) yayinesilinganiso sabasebenzisi abasebenzayo abangu-XNUMX. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili ezazidume kakhulu kwakuwukushintshana kwe-imeyili okulula uJennings akwakha ku-FidoNet, kanye ne-Echomail, edalwe nguJeff Rush, i-sysop ye-BBS evela e-Dallas. I-Echomail ibisebenza ngokulingana namaqembu ezindaba we-Usenet, futhi yavumela izinkulungwane zabasebenzisi be-FidoNet ukuthi baqhube izingxoxo zomphakathi ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. I-Ehi, njengoba amaqembu ngamanye ayebizwa, ayenamagama angashadile, ngokungafani nesistimu ye-hierarchical ye-Usenet, kusukela ku-AD & D kuya ku-MILHISTORY kanye ne-ZYMURGY (ukwenza ubhiya ekhaya).
Imibono yefilosofi ka-Jennings yayincike esiphithiphithini, futhi wayefuna ukudala inkundla engathathi hlangothi ebuswa kuphela izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe:
Ngitshele abasebenzisi ukuthi bangenza noma yini abayifunayo. Sengibe ngale ndlela iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili manje futhi angizange ngibe nezinkinga ngokusekelwa kwe-BBS. Abantu abanokuthambekela kwe-fascist kuphela abafuna ukugcina yonke into ngaphansi kokulawula banezinkinga. Ngicabanga ukuthi uma ukwenza kucace ukuthi abafonayo bayayilandela imithetho—ngiyazonda ngisho nokusho ukuthi—uma abafonayo benquma okuqukethwe, bangakwazi ukuziphindiselela ngokumelene nezimbongolo.
Kodwa-ke, njengaku-Usenet, isakhiwo se-hierarchical se-FidoNet savumela amanye ama-sysops ukuba athole amandla amaningi kunabanye, futhi amahemuhemu aqala ukusabalala kwe-cabal enamandla (kulesi sikhathi esekelwe eSt. Louis) eyayifuna ukulawula inethiwekhi kubantu. Abaningi babesaba ukuthi u-Kaplan noma abanye abaseduze kwakhe bazozama ukuthengisa uhlelo futhi baqale ukukhokhisa imali ngokusebenzisa i-FidoNet. Izinsolo bezinamandla ikakhulukazi mayelana ne-International FidoNet Association (IFNA), inhlangano engenzi nzuzo u-Kaplan ayisungula ukuze akhokhe ingxenye yezindleko zokunakekela uhlelo (ikakhulukazi izingcingo zamabanga amade). Ngo-1989, lezi zinsolo zabonakala zibonakala ngesikhathi iqembu labaholi be-IFNA liphusha inhlolovo ukuze lenze wonke ama-sysop e-FidoNet abe yilungu le-IFNA, nokwenza le nhlangano ibe isigungu esilawulayo senethiwekhi futhi esibhekele yonke imithetho nemigomo yayo. . Umbono wehlulekile futhi i-IFNA yanyamalala. Yiqiniso, ukungabi khona kwesakhiwo sokulawula okungokomfanekiso akusho ukuthi kwakungekho amandla angempela kunethiwekhi; abalawuli bohlu lwamanodi esifunda bethula eyabo imithetho engenamthetho.
Isithunzi se-inthanethi
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 kuya phambili, i-FidoNet kanye ne-Usenet kancane kancane yaqala ukusibekela isithunzi se-inthanethi. Ngengxenye yesibili yeshumi leminyaka elilandelayo base bedliwe yikho ngokuphelele.
I-Usenet yaxhunyaniswa namawebhusayithi e-inthanethi ngokwakhiwa kwe-NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol—ekuqaleni kuka-1986. Yasungulwa abafundi abambalwa baseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia (omunye ovela egatsheni laseSan Diego, omunye waseBerkeley). I-NNTP ivumele abasingathi be-TCP/IP ku-inthanethi ukuthi bakhe amaseva ezindaba ahambisana ne-Usenet. Phakathi neminyaka embalwa, ithrafikhi eminingi ye-Usenet yayisivele idlula kulawa ma-node, kunokuba idlule kunethiwekhi yocingo endala. Inethiwekhi ezimele ye-uucp yabuna kancane kancane, futhi i-Usenet yaba olunye uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenza phezu kwe-TCP/IP. Ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kwe-inthanethi yezakhiwo ezinezendlalelo eziningi kwenze kwaba lula ukuthi imunce amanethiwekhi enzelwe uhlelo olulodwa.
Nakuba ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 kwakukhona amasango amaningana phakathi kwe-FidoNet ne-Inthanethi eyayivumela amanethiwekhi ukushintshanisa imilayezo, i-FidoNet yayingelona uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa, ngakho ithrafikhi yayo ayizange ithuthele ku-Inthanethi ngendlela efanayo ne-Usenet eyenza ngayo. Esikhundleni salokho, lapho abantu abangaphandle kwezemfundo beqala ukuhlola ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi engxenyeni yokugcina yawo-1990, ama-BBS kancane kancane athathwa yi-inthanethi noma aphelelwa amandla. Ama-BBS okuhweba kancane kancane awela esigabeni sokuqala. Lawa makhophi amancane e-CompuServes anikeze ukufinyelela kwe-BBS ngenkokhelo yanyanga zonke ezinkulungwaneni zabasebenzisi, futhi abenamamodemu amaningi okuphatha amakholi amaningi angenayo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokufika kokufinyelela ku-inthanethi yezentengiso, lawa mabhizinisi axhume i-BBS yawo engxenyeni eseduze ye-inthanethi futhi aqala ukunikeza amakhasimende awo ukufinyelela kuyo njengengxenye yokubhaliselwe. Njengoba amasayithi amaningi kanye nezinsizakalo zivela ku-World Wide Web echumayo, bambalwa abasebenzisi ababhalisele izinsizakalo zama-BBS athile, ngakho-ke lawa ma-BBS okuhweba kancane kancane aba abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi, ama-ISP. Ama-BBS amaningi ayizimfundamakhwela aphenduka amadolobha ayizipoki njengabasebenzisi abafuna ukuthuthelwa ku-inthanethi kubahlinzeki bendawo kanye nezinkampani ezisebenzisana nezinhlangano ezinkulu ezifana ne-America Online.
Konke lokhu kuhle futhi kuhle, kodwa kwenzeka kanjani ukuba i-inthanethi ibe namandla kangaka? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi uhlelo lwezemfundo olungaziwa olwabe lusakazeka emanyuvesi aphakeme iminyaka, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezifana ne-Minitel, i-CompuServe, ne-Usenet ziheha izigidi zabasebenzisi, ngokuzumayo zaqhuma phambili futhi zasakazeka njengokhula, zidla konke okwafika ngaphambi kwayo? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba i-Internet ibe amandla aqeda inkathi yokuhlukana?
Yini enye ongayifunda futhi uyibuke
- U-Ronda Hauben noMichael Hauben, I-Netizens: Emlandweni kanye Nomphumela we-Usenet kanye ne-Intanethi, (ku-inthanethi 1994, phrinta 1997)
- Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community (1993)
- Peter H. Salus, Casting the Net (1995)
- Jason Scott, BBS: The Documentary (2005)
Source: www.habr.com