Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yama-1970s, i-ecology yamanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha yasuka kukhokho wayo wokuqala we-ARPANET futhi yanda yaba izilinganiso eziningana ezahlukene. Abasebenzisi be-ARPANET bathole uhlelo olusha lokusebenza, i-imeyili, eyaba umsebenzi omkhulu kunethiwekhi. Osomabhizinisi bakhiphe okwabo okuhlukile kwe-ARPANET ukuze bakhonze abasebenzisi bezentengiselwano. Abacwaningi emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eHawaii kuya eYurophu, bebelokhu bethuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zamanethiwekhi ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo noma balungise iziphazamisi ezingabhekwanga yi-ARPANET.
Cishe wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza kule nqubo wasuka enjongweni yasekuqaleni ye-ARPANET yokuhlinzeka ngamandla ekhompuyutha abelwene nesofthiwe kuzo zonke izikhungo zocwaningo ezihlukahlukene, ngasinye sinezinsiza zaso ezizinikele. Amanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha ngokuyinhloko aba yindlela yokuxhumanisa abantu nabanye noma amasistimu akude ayesebenza njengomthombo noma ukulahlwa kolwazi olufundeka umuntu, ngokwesibonelo, nezinqolobane zolwazi noma amaphrinta.
U-Licklider no-Robert Taylor babone kusengaphambili lokhu okungenzeka, nakuba lona kwakungewona umgomo ababezama ukuwufinyelela lapho bethula izivivinyo zenethiwekhi zokuqala. Isihloko sabo sango-1968 esithi "Ikhompiyutha Njengedivayisi Yokuxhumana" ayinawo amandla kanye nekhwalithi engaphelelwa isikhathi yengqophamlando eyisiprofetho emlandweni wamakhompyutha atholakala ezihlokweni zikaVannevar Bush ""noma "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" kaTuring. Nokho, iqukethe isiqephu esingokwesiprofetho esiphathelene nendwangu yokusebenzelana komphakathi eyelukwe izinhlelo zama-computer. U-Licklider no-Taylor bachaze ikusasa eliseduze lapho:
Ngeke uthumele izincwadi noma ithelegramu; uzobe ukhomba abantu okufanele amafayela abo axhunywe kwelakho, nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye zamafayela okufanele axhunywe kuzo, futhi mhlawumbe unqume isici sokuphuthuma. Ngeke neze wenze amakholi wefoni; uzocela inethiwekhi ukuthi ixhumanise amakhonsoli akho.
Inethiwekhi izohlinzeka ngezici namasevisi ozowabhalisela kanye namanye amasevisi ozowasebenzisa uma kudingeka. Iqembu lokuqala lizofaka iseluleko sokutshalwa kwezimali nezentela, ukukhethwa kolwazi olusuka emkhakheni wakho womsebenzi, izimemezelo zemicimbi yamasiko, ezemidlalo nezokuzijabulisa ezifana nezithakazelo zakho, njll.
(Kodwa-ke, isihloko sabo siphinde sachaza ukuthi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kuzoshabalala kanjani emhlabeni, ngoba ekugcineni bonke abantu bazoba abahleli bezinhlelo abasebenzela izidingo zenethiwekhi futhi bahlanganyele ekuxazululeni amaphutha kwezinhlelo.)
Ingxenye yokuqala nebaluleke kakhulu yalelikusasa eliqhutshwa ikhompuyutha, i-imeyili, yasakazeka njengegciwane kuyo yonke i-ARPANET ngeminyaka yawo-1970, iqala ukuthatha umhlaba.
imeyili
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi i-imeyili yavela kanjani ku-ARPANET, udinga kuqala ukuqonda ushintsho olukhulu olwathatha amasistimu ekhompyutha kuyo yonke inethiwekhi ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ngenkathi i-ARPANET iqalwa okokuqala maphakathi nawo-1960, i-Hardware kanye nesofthiwe yokulawula endaweni ngayinye yayingenalutho olufana. Amaphuzu amaningi agxile ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile, eziphuma kanye, isibonelo, i-Multics e-MIT, TX-2 e-Lincoln Laboratory, i-ILLIAC IV, eyakhiwe eNyuvesi yase-Illinois.
Kodwa ngo-1973, isimo sezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha enethiwekhi sase sithole ukufana okukhulu, ngenxa yempumelelo yasendle ye-Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) kanye nokungena kwayo emakethe yekhompyutha yesayensi (kwakungungqondongqondo kaKen Olsen noHarlan Anderson, ngokususelwa kulwazi lwabo. isipiliyoni nge-TX-2 eLincoln Laboratory). I-DEC ithuthukise uhlaka oluyinhloko , eyakhishwa ngo-1968, inikeze ukwabelana kwesikhathi okuthembekile kwezinhlangano ezincane ngokuhlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi nezilimi zokuhlela ezakhelwe kuyo ukuze kube lula ukwenza uhlelo ngendlela oyifisayo ukuze luhambisane nezidingo ezithile. Yilokhu kanye okwakudingwa izikhungo zesayensi namalabhorethri ocwaningo angaleso sikhathi.
Bheka ukuthi mangaki ama-PDP akhona!
I-BBN, eyayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela i-ARPANET, yenze le khithi yathandeka nakakhulu ngokudala isistimu yokusebenza ye-Tenex, engeze inkumbulo ebonakalayo emakhasini ku-PDP-10. Lokhu kwenze kwaba lula kakhulu ukuphathwa nokusetshenziswa kwesistimu, njengoba kwakungasadingeki ukulungisa isethi yezinhlelo ezisebenzayo enanini lenkumbulo elitholakalayo. I-BNN ithumele i-Tenex mahhala kwezinye izindawo ze-ARPA, futhi ngokushesha yaba i-OS ehamba phambili kunethiwekhi.
Kodwa konke lokhu kuhlangene ngani ne-imeyili? Abasebenzisi bezinhlelo zokwabelana ngesikhathi base bejwayelene nemiyalezo ye-elekthronikhi, njengoba iningi lalezi zinhlelo lalihlinzeka ngamabhokisi eposi ohlobo oluthile ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Banikeze uhlobo lwemeyili yangaphakathi, futhi izincwadi zingashintshaniswa kuphela phakathi kwabasebenzisi besistimu efanayo. Umuntu wokuqala owasizakala ngokuba nenethiwekhi yokudlulisa i-imeyili isuka komunye umshini iye komunye kwakunguRay Tomlinson, unjiniyela e-BBN futhi omunye wababhali be-Tenex. Wayeselubhalile kakade uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-SNDMSG ukuthumela i-imeyili komunye umsebenzisi ohlelweni olufanayo lwe-Tenex, kanye nohlelo olubizwa nge-CPYNET lokuthumela amafayela ngenethiwekhi. Okwakufanele akwenze kwakuwukusebenzisa umcabango wakhe kancane, futhi wayebona indlela yokuhlanganisa lezi zinhlelo ezimbili ukuze akhe i-imeyili yenethiwekhi. Ezinhlelweni ezedlule, kwakudingeka igama lomsebenzisi kuphela ukuze kubonakale umamukeli, ngakho u-Tomlinson weza nombono wokuhlanganisa igama lomsebenzisi lendawo negama lomsingathi (lendawo noma elikude), ukuwaxhuma nophawu lwe-@, kanye nokuthola Ikheli le-imeyili lihlukile kuyo yonke inethiwekhi (ngaphambilini, uphawu luka-@ lwalungavamile ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi izinkomba zentengo: amakhekhe angu-4 @ $2 ngalinye).
URay Tomlinson eminyakeni yakhe yakamuva, nesignesha yakhe ethi @ sign ngemuva
U-Tomlinson waqala ukuhlola uhlelo lwakhe olusha endaweni ngo-1971, kwathi ngo-1972 inguqulo yakhe yenethiwekhi ye-SNDMSG yafakwa ekukhululweni okusha kwe-Tenex, okuvumela i-Tenex mail ukuthi inwebe ngaphezu kwe-node eyodwa futhi isakaze kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Ubuningi bemishini esebenzisa i-Tenex yenze uhlelo luka-Tomlinson oluyingxubevange lwafinyelela ngokushesha kubasebenzisi abaningi be-ARPANET, futhi i-imeyili yaba yimpumelelo ngokushesha. Ngokushesha, abaholi be-ARPA bafaka ukusetshenziswa kwe-imeyili ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. USteven Lukasik, umqondisi we-ARPA, waba ngowokuqala ukutholwa, njengoba kwakunjalo noLarry Roberts, owayeseyinhloko yophiko lwesayensi yamakhompyutha kule nhlangano. Lo mkhuba ngokungagwemeki wadlulela kwabangaphansi kwabo, futhi ngokushesha i-imeyili yaba ngelinye lamaqiniso ayisisekelo empilo namasiko e-ARPANET.
Uhlelo lwe-imeyili luka-Tomlinson luveze ukulingisa okuningi okuhlukahlukene kanye nentuthuko entsha njengoba abasebenzisi bebefuna izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwalo okungajwayelekile. Okuningi kokuqanjwa okusha kwakugxile ekulungiseni amaphutha omfundi wezincwadi. Njengoba imeyili idlula imingcele yekhompuyutha eyodwa, umthamo wama-imeyili atholwe abasebenzisi abasebenzayo waqala ukukhula kanye nokukhula kwenethiwekhi, futhi indlela evamile yama-imeyili angenayo njengombhalo ongenalutho yayingasasebenzi. U-Larry Roberts ngokwakhe, engakwazi ukubhekana nenqwaba yemiyalezo engenayo, wabhala uhlelo lwakhe lokusebenza nebhokisi lokungenayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-RD. Kodwa maphakathi nawo-1970, uhlelo lwe-MSG, olwabhalwa uJohn Vittal wase-University of Southern California, lwaluhamba phambili ngesilinganiso esibanzi ekudumeni. Sithatha ikhono lokugcwalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo igama nezinkambu zomamukeli zomlayezo ophumayo ngokusekelwe kulona ongenayo ngokuchofoza inkinobho. Nokho, kwakuwuhlelo lwe-MSG lwe-Vital olwaqala ukwethula leli thuba elimangalisayo “lokuphendula” incwadi ngo-1975; futhi yafakwa kusethi yezinhlelo ze-Tenex.
Izinhlobonhlobo zemizamo enjalo zidinga ukwethulwa kwamazinga. Futhi lesi bekungokokuqala, kodwa hhayi okokugcina lapho umphakathi wamakhompiyutha axhumene nenethiwekhi bekumele uthuthukise amazinga ngokubuyisela emuva. Ngokungafani nezivumelwano eziyisisekelo ze-ARPANET, ngaphambi kokuthi kuvele noma yiziphi izindinganiso ze-imeyili, kwase kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi endle. Ngokungenakugwenywa, izingxabano kanye nokungezwani kwezombangazwe kwavela, okugxile emibhalweni eyinhloko echaza izinga le-imeyili, i-RFC 680 kanye ne-720. Ikakhulukazi, abasebenzisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezona ze-Tenex bacasulwa ukuthi ukucabanga okutholakala eziphakamisweni kuhlanganiswe nezici ze-Tenex. Ukungqubuzana akuzange kushise kakhulu—bonke abasebenzisi be-ARPANET ngeminyaka yawo-1970 base beyingxenye yomphakathi ofanayo, omncane wesayensi, futhi ukungaboni ngaso linye kwakungekukhulu kangako. Nokho, lesi kwakuyisibonelo sezimpi ezizayo.
Impumelelo engalindelekile ye-imeyili kwaba isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesendlalelo sesofthiwe yenethiwekhi ngawo-1970 - isendlalelo esikhishwe kakhulu emininingwaneni ebonakalayo yenethiwekhi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye abantu banquma ukuchaza kabusha isendlalelo "sokuxhumana" esingaphansi lapho izingcezu zigeleza zisuka komunye umshini ziye komunye.
I-ALOHA
Ngo-1968, uNorma Abramson wafika eNyuvesi yaseHawaii esuka eCalifornia ukuze athathe isikhundla esihlangene njengoprofesa wobunjiniyela kagesi kanye nesayensi yekhompyutha. Inyuvesi yayo yayinekhampasi enkulu e-Oahu kanye nekhampasi yesathelayithi e-Hilo, kanye namakolishi omphakathi amaningana nezikhungo zocwaningo ezihlakazeke kuzo zonke iziqhingi zase-Oahu, eKauai, eMaui naseHawaii. Phakathi kwazo kwakunamanzi angamakhulu amakhilomitha nendawo enezintaba. Ikhempasi eyinhloko yayine-IBM 360/65 enamandla, kodwa uku-oda ulayini oqashisiwe ovela ku-AT&T ukuze uxhumeke esikhumulweni esikwelinye lamakolishi omphakathi kwakungelula njengasezweni elikhulu.
U-Abramson wayenguchwepheshe wezinhlelo ze-radar kanye nethiyori yolwazi, futhi ngesinye isikhathi wasebenza njengonjiniyela we-Hughes Aircraft eLos Angeles. Futhi indawo yakhe entsha, nazo zonke izinkinga zayo ezingokomzimba ezihlobene nokudluliswa kwedatha enezintambo, yaphefumulela u-Abramson ukuba eze nombono omusha - kuthiwani uma umsakazo uyindlela engcono yokuxhuma amakhompyutha kunohlelo lwezingcingo, okuyinto, ngemva kwakho konke, eyaklanyelwe ukuthwala izwi kunedatha?
Ukuhlola umbono wakhe nokudala uhlelo alubiza ngokuthi i-ALOHAnet, u-Abramson wathola uxhaso kuBob Taylor we-ARPA. Ngendlela yayo yasekuqaleni, bekungeyona inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha nhlobo, kodwa isikhungo sokuxhumana namatheminali akude anohlelo olulodwa lokwabelana ngesikhathi olwakhelwe ikhompuyutha ye-IBM etholakala kukhempasi yase-Oahu. Njenge-ARPANET, yayinekhompuyutha encane ezinikele ukucubungula amaphakethe atholwe futhi athunyelwa umshini we-360/65 - i-Menehune, i-Hawaiian elingana ne-IMP. Nokho, i-ALOHAnet ayizange yenze ukuphila kube nzima njenge-ARPANET ngokuhambisa amaphakethe phakathi kwamaphoyinti ahlukene. Esikhundleni salokho, itheminali ngayinye ebifuna ukuthumela umlayezo ivele iwuthumele emoyeni kumafrikhwensi azinikele.
Kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele i-ALOHAnet ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, enamakhompyutha amaningana kunethiwekhi
Indlela yobunjiniyela bendabuko yokusingatha umkhawulokudonsa ovamile wokudlulisa kwakuwukuwusika ube yizigaba ngokuhlukaniswa kwesikhathi sokusakaza noma amaza, bese unikeza isigaba kutheminali ngayinye. Kodwa ukucubungula imilayezo evela kumakhulu amatheminali usebenzisa lolu hlelo, kuzodingeka ukuthi ukhawule ngayinye yazo engxenyeni encane yomkhawulokudonsa otholakalayo, naphezu kokuthi ezimbalwa zazo zingase zisebenze ngempela. Kodwa esikhundleni salokho, u-Abramson wanquma ukungavimbeli amatheminali ukuthi athumele imiyalezo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uma imilayezo emibili noma ngaphezulu igqagqene, ikhompuyutha emaphakathi ithole lokhu ngamakhodi okulungisa amaphutha futhi ayizange iwamukele la maphakethe. Njengoba bengasitholanga isiqinisekiso sokuthi amaphakethe atholiwe, abathumeli bazame ukuwathumela futhi ngemva kokuba kudlule isikhathi esingahleliwe. U-Abramson walinganisela ukuthi uhlelo olulula olunjalo lokusebenza lungasekela amatheminali afika amakhulu ambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ngenxa yokugqagqana kwamasignali amaningi, u-15% womkhawulokudonsa uzosetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo zakhe, kwavela ukuthi ngokwanda kwenethiwekhi, lonke uhlelo luzowela esiphithiphithini somsindo.
Ihhovisi lekusasa
Umqondo ka-Abramson "wokusakaza kwephakethe" awuzange udale umsindo omkhulu ekuqaleni. Kodwa wabe esezalwa kabusha - eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, futhi kakade ezweni. Lokhu kwakungenxa yePalo Alto Research Centre entsha kaXerox (PARC), eyavulwa ngo-1970 khona kanye eduze kwaseStanford University, endaweni eyayisanda kuqanjwa ngokuthi "Silicon Valley." Amanye amagunya obunikazi e-Xerox e-xerography ayesezophelelwa yisikhathi, ngakho-ke inkampani ibe sengozini yokubanjiswa impumelelo yayo ngokungazimisele noma ukungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokukhuphuka kwamasekethe ekhompiyutha kanye nawokudidiyelwe. UJack Goldman, inhloko yomnyango wocwaningo wakwaXerox, waqinisekisa abaphathi abakhulu ukuthi ilabhorethri entsha - ehlukene nethonya lendlunkulu, esimweni sezulu esinethezekile, namaholo amahle - izoheha ithalente elidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe inkampani ihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo zolwazi. ikusasa.
I-PARC ngokuqinisekile iphumelele ukuheha ithalente elingcono kakhulu lesayensi yekhompiyutha, hhayi nje ngenxa yezimo zokusebenza namaholo avulekile, kodwa nangenxa yokuba khona kukaRobert Taylor, owasungula iphrojekthi ye-ARPANET ngo-1966 njengenhloko ye-Information Processing Technology Division ye-ARPA. , unjiniyela osemusha ovuthayo nofisa ukuvelela nososayensi wamakhompiyutha waseBrooklyn, wayengomunye walabo abalethwa e-PARC ngokuxhunyaniswa ne-ARPA. Ujoyine ilebhu ngoJuni 1972 ngemuva kokusebenza isikhathi esithile njengomfundi oneziqu ze-ARPA, wasungula i-interface yokuxhuma i-MIT kunethiwekhi. Ngemva kokuzinza e-PARC, wayesehlala "engumlamuleli" we-ARPANET - wahamba ezweni lonke, wasiza ukuxhuma amaphuzu amasha kunethiwekhi, futhi walungiselela isethulo se-ARPA eNgqungqutheleni Yokuxhumana Yekhompyutha Yamazwe Ngamazwe ngo-1972.
Phakathi kwamaphrojekthi azungeza i-PARC ngenkathi i-Metcalf ifika kwakukhona uhlelo oluhlongozwayo lukaTaylor lokuxhuma inqwaba noma amakhulu amakhompyutha amancane kunethiwekhi. Unyaka nonyaka, izindleko nobukhulu bamakhompiyutha kwehla, kuthobela intando engenakunqotshwa . Uma sibheka ikusasa, onjiniyela e-PARC babone kusengaphambili ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu, wonke umsebenzi wasehhovisi uzoba nekhompyutha yakhe. Njengengxenye yalo mbono, baklama futhi bakha ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu ye-Alto, amakhophi ayo asakazwa kubo bonke abacwaningi elabhorethri. U-Taylor, inkolelo yakhe ekusebenziseni inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha ikhule yaqina eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, futhi wayefuna ukuhlanganisa wonke lawa makhompyutha.
Alto. Ikhompyutha ngokwayo itholakala ngezansi, ekhabetheni elilingana nesiqandisi esincane.
Lapho ifika e-PARC, uMetcalf wathatha umsebenzi wokuxhuma i-PDP-10 clone yelebhu ku-ARPANET, futhi ngokushesha wathola idumela "njengomsebenzi wenethiwekhi." Ngakho lapho u-Taylor edinga inethiwekhi evela ku-Alto, abasizi bakhe baphendukela ku-Metcalf. Njengamakhompuyutha aku-ARPANET, amakhompyutha e-Alto ku-PARC akukho lutho ayengakusho komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, isicelo esithakazelisayo senethiwekhi saphinde saba umsebenzi wokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu - kulokhu, ngendlela yamagama nezithombe eziphrintiwe nge-laser.
Umbono obalulekile wephrinta ye-laser awuvelanga e-PARC, kodwa e-Eastern Shore, elabhorethri yokuqala ye-Xerox e-Webster, eNew York. Isazi sefiziksi yendawo u-Gary Starkweather ufakazele ukuthi i-laser beam ehambisanayo ingase isetshenziselwe ukuvala ukushajwa kukagesi wesigubhu se-xerographic, njengokukhanya okusabalele okusetshenziswe ekwenzeni amakhophi kuze kube yileso sikhathi. I-beam, uma ishintshwe kahle, ingapenda isithombe semininingwane engasho lutho esigubhuni, esingadluliselwa ephepheni (njengoba izingxenye zesigubhu ezingashajwa kuphela ezithatha i-toner). Umshini onjalo olawulwa yi-computer uzokwazi ukukhiqiza noma iyiphi inhlanganisela yezithombe nombhalo umuntu angacabanga ngakho, kunokumane ukhiqize kabusha amadokhumenti akhona, njengomshini wokufothokhopha. Kodwa-ke, imibono yasendle kaStarkweather ayizange isekelwe ozakwabo noma abaphathi bakhe eWebster, ngakho wathuthela e-PARC ngo-1971, lapho ahlangana khona nezilaleli ezinesithakazelo kakhulu. Ikhono lephrinta ye-laser lokukhipha izithombe ezingaqondakali iphuzu nephuzu liyenze yaba nguzakwethu ofanelekile wendawo yokusebenza ye-Alto, enezithombe zayo ze-monochrome eziyipixel. Ngokusebenzisa iphrinta ye-laser, amaphikseli ayingxenye yesigidi kusibonisi somsebenzisi angaphrintwa ngokuqondile ephepheni ngendlela ecace kahle.
Bitmap ku-Alto. Akekho owake wabona into enjengale kumakhompuyutha abonisa ngaphambilini.
Esikhathini esingangonyaka, i-Starkweather, ngosizo lwabanye onjiniyela abambalwa abavela e-PARC, yayiqede izinkinga ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe, futhi yakha i-prototype esebenzayo yephrinta ye-laser ku-chassis ye-workhorse Xerox 7000. Yakhiqiza amakhasi ngesivinini esifanayo - ikhasi elilodwa ngesekhondi - futhi ngokulungiswa kwamachashazi angama-500 iyintshi ngayinye. Ijeneretha yezinhlamvu eyakhelwe kumbhalo ophrintiwe wephrinta ngamafonti asethwe ngaphambilini. Izithombe ezingafanele (ngaphandle kwalezo ezingadalwa kusuka kumafonti) bezingakasekelwa, ngakho-ke inethiwekhi ibingadingi ukudlulisa amabhithi ayizigidi ezingama-25 ngomzuzwana kuphrinta. Nokho, ukuze kungene iphrinta ngokuphelele, bekuzodinga umkhawulokudonsa wenethiwekhi ongakholeki ngalezo zikhathi - lapho amabhithi angu-50 ngomzuzwana kwakuwumkhawulo wamakhono we-ARPANET.
Iphrinta ye-laser yesizukulwane sesibili se-PARC, i-Dover (1976)
Inethiwekhi ye-Alto Aloha
Ngakho iMetcalf yaligcwalisa kanjani leso sikhala sejubane? Ngakho-ke sibuyele ku-ALOHAnet - kuvele ukuthi uMetcalf wayekuqonda kangcono ukusakazwa kwephakethe kunomunye umuntu. Ngonyaka owandulele, phakathi nehlobo, ngenkathi ngiseWashington enoSteve Crocker ebhizinisini le-ARPA, uMetcalfe wayefunda ukuqhubeka kwengqungquthela yekhompiyutha evamile yokuwa futhi wathola umsebenzi ka-Abramson ku-ALOHAnet. Ngokushesha waqaphela ubuhlakani bombono oyisisekelo, nokuthi ukuqaliswa kwawo kwakungekuhle ngokwanele. Ngokwenza izinguquko ezithile ku-algorithm nokucatshangwa kwayo—ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza abathumeli balalele kuqala ukuze balinde ukuthi isiteshi sisule ngaphambi kokuzama ukuthumela imilayezo, futhi nokwandisa ngokuphawulekayo isikhathi sokudlulisela kabusha uma kwenzeka isiteshi sivalekile—angafinyelela umkhawulokudonsa. ukusetshenziswa kwemivimbo ngama-90%, hhayi ngo-15%, njengoba kuboniswa izibalo zika-Abramson. UMetcalfe wathatha isikhashana ukuze aye eHawaii, lapho ahlanganisa khona imibono yakhe mayelana ne-ALOHAnet enguqulweni ebuyekeziwe yethisisi yakhe yobudokotela ngemva kokuba uHarvard enqabe inguqulo yokuqala ngenxa yokuntula isisekelo sethiyori.
UMetcalfe ekuqaleni wabiza uhlelo lwakhe lokwethula ukusakazwa kwephakethe ku-PARC "inethiwekhi ye-ALTO ALOHA." Khona-ke, kumemo kaMeyi 1973, wayiqamba kabusha ngokuthi i-Ether Net, ireferensi ye-ether ekhanyayo, umbono wekhulu le-XNUMX wento ethwala imisebe ye-electromagnetic. "Lokhu kuzokhuthaza ukusabalala kwenethiwekhi," wabhala, "futhi ngubani owaziyo ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokudlulisa isignali ezizoba ngcono kunekhebula lenethiwekhi yokusakaza; mhlawumbe kuzoba amaza omsakazo, noma izintambo zocingo, noma amandla, noma ithelevishini yekhebula le-multiplex, noma ama-microwave, noma inhlanganisela yakho.”
Sketch kusuka kumemo ka-Metcalf ka-1973
Kusukela ngoJuni 1973, uMetcalf wasebenza nomunye unjiniyela we-PARC, uDavid Boggs, ukuhumusha umqondo wakhe wethiyori wenethiwekhi entsha enesivinini esikhulu ibe uhlelo lokusebenza. Esikhundleni sokudlulisa amasiginali emoyeni njenge-ALOHA, ikhawulele i-spectrum yomsakazo kukhebuli ye-coaxial, ekhulise ngokumangalisayo umthamo uma iqhathaniswa nomkhawulokudonsa wefrikhwensi yomsakazo we-Menehune. I-transmission medium ngokwayo beyingenzi lutho ngokuphelele, futhi ibingadingi noma yimaphi amarutha ukuhambisa imilayezo. Yayishibhile, ikwazi ukuxhuma kalula amakhulukhulu eziteshi zokusebenza—onjiniyela be-PARC bamane basebenzise intambo ye-coaxial esakhiweni futhi banezela ukuxhumana okudingekayo—futhi bekwazi ukuthwala amabhithi ayizigidi ezintathu ngomzuzwana.
URobert Metcalfe noDavid Boggs, 1980s, eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokuthi iMetcalfe isungule i-3Com ukuthengisa ubuchwepheshe be-Ethernet
Ekwindla ka-1974, i-prototype ephelele yehhovisi lesikhathi esizayo yayisivuliwe futhi isebenza e-Palo Alto - iqoqo lokuqala lamakhompiyutha e-Alto, anezinhlelo zokudweba, ama-imeyili namaphrosesa wegama, iphrinta ye-prototype evela ku-Starkweeather kanye nenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet ukuze inethiwekhi. konke. Iseva yefayela emaphakathi, egcine idatha ebingeke ilingane kudrayivu ye-Alto yendawo, iyona kuphela insiza eyabiwe. I-PARC ekuqaleni inikeze isilawuli se-Ethernet njengesesekeli sokuzikhethela se-Alto, kodwa lapho uhlelo luqala kwacaca ukuthi luyingxenye edingekayo; Kwakukhona uchungechunge oluqhubekayo lwemilayezo eya phansi, eminingi yayo iphuma emshinini wokunyathelisa—imibiko yobuchwepheshe, amamemo, noma amaphepha esayensi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo nentuthuko ye-Alto, enye iphrojekthi ye-PARC yazama ukusunduza imibono yokwabelana ngezinsiza ngendlela entsha. I-PARC Online Office System (POLOS), eyakhiwe futhi yasetshenziswa nguBill English kanye nabanye abaphunyuka kuphrojekthi ye-Doug Engelbart's Online System (NLS) e-Stanford Research Institute, yayihlanganisa inethiwekhi yama-microcomputer e-Data General Nova. Kodwa esikhundleni sokunikezela umshini ngamunye ezidingweni ezithile zabasebenzisi, i-POLOS yadlulisela umsebenzi phakathi kwabo ukuze ifeze izithakazelo zohlelo lulonke ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Umshini owodwa ungakhiqiza izithombe zezikrini zomsebenzisi, omunye ungacubungula ithrafikhi ye-ARPANET, kanti owesithathu ungaphatha amaphrosesa egama. Kodwa izindleko eziyinkimbinkimbi nezokuxhumanisa zale ndlela zabonakala zingaphezu kwamandla, futhi uhlelo lwawa ngaphansi kwesisindo salo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, akukho lutho olubonise ukwenqaba kukaTaylor ngokomzwelo indlela yenethiwekhi yokwabelana ngezisetshenziswa kangcono kunokwamukela kwakhe iphrojekthi ye-Alto. U-Alan Kay, u-Butler Lampson, nabanye ababhali be-Alto balethe wonke amandla ekhompyutha umsebenzisi angawadinga ekhompyutheni yakhe ezimele edeskini lakhe, okwakungadingeki abelane ngayo nanoma ubani. Umsebenzi wenethiwekhi wawungekona ukunikeza ukufinyelela kusethi ehlukahlukene yezinsiza zekhompiyutha, kodwa ukudlulisa imilayezo phakathi kwalezi ziqhingi ezizimele, noma ukuyigcina ogwini oluthile olukude - ukuphrinta noma ukugcinwa kwengobo yomlando yesikhathi eside.
Nakuba womabili ama-imeyili kanye ne-ALOHA athuthukiswa ngaphansi kwe-ARPA, ukufika kwe-Ethernet kwakungenye yezimpawu ezimbalwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970 zokuthi amanethiwekhi amakhompyutha ayesemakhulu kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene ukuze inkampani eyodwa ilawule insimu, umkhuba esizowulandelela. kuyo esihlokweni esilandelayo.
Yini enye ongayifunda
- UMichael Hiltzik, Abathengisi Bombani (1999)
- UJames Pelty, Umlando Wokuxhumana Kwekhompyutha, 1968-1988 (2007) [http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/]
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
Source: www.habr.com