Umlando We-inthanethi: Ukusebenzisana

Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:

• Umlando we-relay
  • Indlela "yokudlulisa ngokushesha ulwazi", noma umsuka wokudlulisela
  • Farscriber
  • I-Galvanism
  • Osomabhizinisi
  • Futhi ekugcineni, i-relay
  • ukukhuluma ngocingo
  • Vele uxhume
  • Isizukulwane Esikhohliwe Sokudluliswa Kwekhompyutha
  • inkathi kagesi
• Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
  • Isandulela
  • I-Kolose
  • I-ENIAC
  • Inguquko kagesi
• Umlando we-transistor
  • Ukwenza indlela yami yokuthinta ebumnyameni
  • Kusukela emvuthwandaba wempi
  • Ukuvuselela okuningi
• Umlando we-inthanethi
  • Inethiwekhi yesithenjwa
  • Ukubola, ingxenye 1
  • Ukubola, ingxenye 2
  • Ukuthola ukusebenzisana
  • Ukwandisa ukusebenzisana
  • I-ARPANET - ukuzalwa
  • I-ARPANET - iphakheji
  • I-ARPANET - i-subnet
  • Ikhompyutha njengedivaysi yokuxhumana
  • Ukusebenza kwe-inthanethi
• Inkathi Yokuhlukana
  • umthwalo factor

Ephepheni lango-1968 elithi “Ikhompyutha Njengedivayisi Yezokuxhumana,” elabhalwa ngesikhathi kuthuthukiswa i-ARPANET, J. C. R. Licklider и URobert Taylor yathi ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhompyutha ngeke kukhawulelwe ekwakhiweni kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene. Babikezela ukuthi amanethiwekhi anjalo ayezohlangana abe “inethiwekhi engapheli yamanethiwekhi” ezohlanganisa “imishini ehlukahlukene yokucubungula nokugcinwa kolwazi” ibe ingqikithi exhumene. Esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi, ukucatshangelwa kwethiyori okunjalo kwasekuqaleni kuye kwakhanga isithakazelo esingokoqobo. Maphakathi nawo-1970, amanethiwekhi amakhompyutha aqala ukusabalala ngokushesha.

Ukwanda kwamanethiwekhi

Bangene kwabezindaba, ezikhungweni nasezindaweni ezahlukene. I-ALOHAnet bekungenye yamanethiwekhi amasha ezemfundo ukuthola uxhaso lwe-ARPA ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ezinye zazihlanganisa i-PRNET, eyayixhumanisa amaloli nomsakazo wephakethe, kanye nesathelayithi SATNET. Amanye amazwe asungule awawo amanethiwekhi ocwaningo ngendlela efanayo, ikakhulukazi iBrithani neFrance. Amanethiwekhi endawo, ngenxa yesilinganiso sawo esincane nezindleko eziphansi, aphindaphindeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-Ethernet evela ku-Xerox PARC, umuntu angathola i-Octopus e-Lawrence Radiation Laboratory eBerkeley, eCalifornia; Ring at University of Cambridge; UMark II eBritish National Physical Laboratory.

Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, amabhizinisi ezentengiselwano aqala ukunikeza ukufinyelela okukhokhelwayo kumanethiwekhi amaphakethe angasese. Lokhu kwavula imakethe kazwelonke entsha yezinsiza zekhompuyutha ku-inthanethi. Ngawo-1960, izinkampani ezihlukahlukene zasungula amabhizinisi anikeza ukufinyelela kulwazi olukhethekile (lezomthetho nezezimali), noma amakhompyutha abelana ngesikhathi, kunoma ubani onetheminali. Kodwa-ke, ukufinyelela kuwo ezweni lonke ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yocingo evamile kwakubiza kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ngalawa manethiwekhi ukunwebeka ngale kwezimakethe zendawo. Amafemu amakhulu ambalwa (isibonelo, iTymshare) azakhele awawo amanethiwekhi angaphakathi, kodwa amanethiwekhi amaphakethe ezentengiselwano ehlise izindleko zokuwasebenzisa emazingeni aphusile.

Inethiwekhi yokuqala enjalo ivele ngenxa yokuhamba kochwepheshe be-ARPANET. Ngo-1972, izisebenzi ezimbalwa zashiya i-Bolt, Beranek kanye ne-Newman (BBN), eyayinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudala nokusebenza kwe-ARPANET, ukuze bakhe i-Packet Communications, Inc. Yize inkampani igcine yehlulekile, ukushaqeka okungazelelwe kwaba yimbangela yokuthi i-BBN idale inethiwekhi yayo yangasese, iTelenet. Ngomakhi we-ARPANET u-Larry Roberts ophethe, i-Telenet yasebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokutholwa yi-GTE.

Uma kubhekwa ukuvela kwamanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene kangaka, uLicklider noTaylor bangakubona kanjani kusengaphambili ukuvela kwesistimu eyodwa ebumbene? Ngisho noma kwakungenzeka ngokombono wenhlangano ukumane uxhume zonke lezi zinhlelo ku-ARPANET - okwakungenakwenzeka - ukungahambisani kwezivumelwano zabo kwenza lokhu kungenzeki. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni, wonke lawa manethiwekhi ahlukahlukene (kanye nenzalo yawo) axhumane angena ohlelweni lokuxhumana lomhlaba wonke esilwazi njenge-inthanethi. Konke akuzange kuqale nganoma yisiphi isibonelelo noma uhlelo lomhlaba wonke, kodwa ngephrojekthi yocwaningo eshiyiwe umphathi ophakathi kwe-ARPA ayesebenza kuyo. Robert Kahn.

Bob Kahn inkinga

UKahn waphothula i-PhD yakhe ekucubunguleni amasignali kagesi ePrinceton ngo-1964 ngenkathi edlala igalofu ezifundweni eziseduze nesikole sakhe. Ngemva kokusebenza kafushane njengoprofesa e-MIT, wathatha umsebenzi e-BBN, ekuqaleni enesifiso sokuthatha ikhefu ukuze agxile embonini ukuze afunde ukuthi abantu abasebenzayo banquma kanjani ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezifanele ucwaningo. Ngenhlanhla, umsebenzi wakhe e-BBN wawuhlobene nocwaningo mayelana nokuziphatha okungenzeka kwamanethiwekhi amakhompyutha - ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho i-BBN yathola i-oda le-ARPANET. U-Kahn udonswe kule phrojekthi futhi wanikeza iningi lentuthuko mayelana nokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi.

Isithombe sika-Kahn esivela ephephandabeni lango-1974

"Iholide lakhe elincane" laphenduka umsebenzi weminyaka eyisithupha lapho uKahn ayenguchwepheshe wezokuxhumana e-BBN ngenkathi eletha i-ARPANET ukuthi isebenze ngokugcwele. Ngo-1972, wayesekhathele ngesihloko, futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, ekhathele ukubhekana nokuxoxisana njalo nokulwa namakhanda e-BBN. Ngakho wamukela isipho esivela ku-Larry Roberts (ngaphambi kokuba uRoberts ngokwakhe ahambe ukuze enze i-Telenet) futhi waba ngumphathi wohlelo e-ARPA ukuze ahole ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuzenzakalelayo, obunamandla okuphatha izigidi zamaRandi ekutshalweni kwezimali. Ushiye umsebenzi ku-ARPANET futhi wanquma ukuqala phansi endaweni entsha.

Kodwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa efikile eWashington, D.C., iCongress yabulala umsebenzi wokukhiqiza ozenzakalelayo. U-Kahn wayefuna ukupakisha ngokushesha futhi abuyele e-Cambridge, kodwa u-Roberts wamqinisekisa ukuthi ahlale futhi asize ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi amasha okuxhumana e-ARPA. U-Kahn, engakwazi ukubalekela izibopho zolwazi lwakhe, wazithola ephethe i-PRNET, inethiwekhi yephakethe yomsakazo ezohlinzeka ngemisebenzi yezempi ngezinzuzo zamanethiwekhi ashintshwa ngamaphakethe.

Iphrojekthi ye-PRNET, eyethulwe ngaphansi kwe-Stanford Research Institute (SRI), yayihloselwe ukunweba umgogodla wokuthutha wephakethe we-ALOHANET ukuze usekele abaphindayo nokusebenza kweziteshi eziningi, okuhlanganisa namaveni ahambayo. Nokho, ngokushesha kwacaca kuKahn ukuthi inethiwekhi enjalo ngeke ibe usizo, ngoba kwakuyinethiwekhi yekhompyutha lapho kwakungekho khona amakhompyutha. Ngenkathi iqala ukusebenza ngo-1975, yayinekhompuyutha eyodwa ye-SRI neziphindaphinda ezine ezitholakala eduze kweSan Francisco Bay. Iziteshi zamaselula azikwazanga ukuphatha ngokuphusile usayizi namandla asetshenziswayo wamakhompyutha ozimele omkhulu wama-1970s. Zonke izinsiza ezibalulekile zekhompuyutha zihlala ngaphakathi kwe-ARPANET, esebenzisa isethi ehluke ngokuphelele yezivumelwano futhi ayikwazanga ukuhumusha umlayezo owamukelwe ku-PRNET. Wayezibuza ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuxhuma le nethiwekhi ye-embryonic nomzala wayo ovuthiwe kakhulu?

UKahn waphendukela kumngane wakudala wezinsuku zakuqala ze-ARPANET ukuze amsize ngempendulo. I-Vinton Cerf waba nesithakazelo kumakhompiyutha njengomfundi wezibalo eStanford futhi wanquma ukubuyela esikoleni sesayensi yekhompyutha eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles (UCLA), ngemva kokusebenza iminyaka eminingana ehhovisi le-IBM. Wafika ngo-1967 futhi, kanye nomngane wakhe wasesikoleni esiphakeme uSteve Crocker, bajoyina i-Len Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center, eyayiyingxenye yesigaba se-ARPANET e-UCLA. Lapho, yena noCrocker baba ochwepheshe ekwakhiweni kwephrothokholi, kanye namalungu abalulekile eqembu elisebenzayo lenethiwekhi, elakha kokubili Uhlelo Lokulawula Inethiwekhi (NCP) oluyisisekelo lokuthumela imiyalezo nge-ARPANET kanye nokudluliswa kwefayela okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezivumelwano zokungena ezikude.

Isithombe sika-Cerf esivela ephephandabeni lango-1974

U-Cerf wahlangana no-Kahn ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 lapho laba bamuva befika e-UCLA besuka e-BBN bezohlola inethiwekhi ngaphansi komthwalo. Udale ukuminyana kwenethiwekhi esebenzisa isofthiwe edalwe yi-Cerf, ekhiqize ithrafikhi yokwenziwa. Njengoba uKahn ayelindele, inethiwekhi ayikwazanga ukubhekana nomthwalo, futhi wancoma izinguquko zokuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kokuminyana. Eminyakeni eyalandela, uCerf waqhubeka nokubukeka njengomsebenzi othembisayo wezemfundo. Ngaso leso sikhathi u-Kahn wasuka e-BBN waya e-Washington, u-Cerf waya kolunye ugu ukuze athathe isikhundla sikasolwazi e-Stanford.

U-Kahn wayazi okuningi ngamanethiwekhi wekhompiyutha, kodwa wayengenaso isipiliyoni ekwakhiweni kwephrothokholi-isizinda sakhe sasisekucutshungulweni kwesignali, hhayi isayensi yekhompyutha. Wayazi ukuthi i-Cerf yayizofaneleka ukuhambisana namakhono akhe futhi yayizoba bucayi kunoma yimuphi umzamo wokuxhuma i-ARPANET ne-PRNET. UKahn waxhumana naye mayelana nokusebenza kwe-inthanethi, futhi bahlangana izikhathi ezimbalwa ngo-1973 ngaphambi kokuya ehhotela ePalo Alto ukuze bakhiqize umsebenzi wabo oyisipesheli, "A Protocol for Internetwork Packet Communications," eyanyatheliswa ngoMeyi 1974 ku-IEEE Transactions on Communications. Lapho, kwethulwa iphrojekthi yoHlelo Lokulawula Ukudlulisa (TCP) (maduze oluzoba “iphrothokholi”)—isisekelo sesofthiwe ye-inthanethi yesimanje.

Ithonya langaphandle

Akekho umuntu oyedwa noma umzuzu osondelene kakhulu nokusungulwa kwe-inthanethi kuno-Cerf no-Kahn nomsebenzi wabo wango-1974. Nokho ukudalwa kwe-inthanethi kwakungesona isenzakalo esenzeka endaweni ethile ngesikhathi - kwakuyinqubo eyenzeka eminyakeni eminingi yokuthuthuka. Iphrothokholi yasekuqaleni eyachazwa u-Cerf no-Kahn ngo-1974 iye yabuyekezwa futhi yalungiswa izikhathi eziningi eminyakeni eyalandela. Ukuxhumana kokuqala phakathi kwamanethiwekhi kwahlolwa kuphela ngo-1977; I-protocol yahlukaniswa yaba izingqimba ezimbili - i-TCP etholakala yonke indawo ne-IP namuhla - kuphela ngo-1978; I-ARPANET yaqala ukuyisebenzisela izinjongo zayo kuphela ngo-1982 (lo mugqa wesikhathi wokuvela kwe-Intanethi unganwetshwa ku-1995, lapho uhulumeni wase-US esusa i-firewall phakathi kwe-Intanethi yezemfundo exhaswa ngumphakathi kanye ne-Intanethi yezohwebo). Uhlu lwabahlanganyeli kule nqubo yokusungulwa lwanda kakhulu ngaphezu kwalawa magama amabili. Eminyakeni yokuqala, inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-International Network Working Group (INWG) yayisebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko yokusebenzisana.

I-ARPANET yangena emhlabeni obanzi wezobuchwepheshe ngo-Okthoba 1972 engqungqutheleni yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe yezokuxhumana ngekhompyutha, eyayibanjelwe eWashington Hilton ngama-twist ayo esimanjemanje. Ngaphezu kwabaseMelika abanjengoCerf noKahn, bekuhanjelwe ochwepheshe benethiwekhi abavelele abavela eYurophu, ikakhulukazi. Louis Pouzin waseFrance noDonald Davies waseBritain. Ngokugqugquzelwa kuka-Larry Roberts, banquma ukwakha iqembu elisebenzayo lamazwe ngamazwe ukuze lixoxe ngezinhlelo zokushintshwa kwephakethe kanye nezivumelwano, ezifana neqembu elisebenzayo lenethiwekhi elasungula izivumelwano ze-ARPANET. UCerf, owayesanda kuba uprofesa eStanford, wavuma ukuba usihlalo. Esinye sezihloko zabo zokuqala kwaba inkinga yokusebenza kwe-inthanethi.

Phakathi kwababambe iqhaza ababalulekile basekuqaleni kule ngxoxo kwakunguRobert Metcalfe, esasivele sihlangane naye njengomakhi we-Ethernet e-Xerox PARC. Nakuba uMetcalfe engakwazi ukutshela ozakwabo, ngesikhathi kushicilelwa umsebenzi kaCerf noKahn, wayesenesikhathi eside ezakhela eyakhe iphrothokholi ye-inthanethi, i-PARC Universal Packet, noma i-PUP.

Isidingo se-inthanethi kwa-Xerox sikhule ngokushesha nje lapho inethiwekhi ye-Ethernet e-Alto iphumelela. I-PARC yayinenye inethiwekhi yendawo yamakhompiyutha amancane eDatha General Nova, futhi kunjalo, kwakukhona ne-ARPANET. Abaholi be-PARC babheka ikusasa futhi babona ukuthi isisekelo ngasinye se-Xerox sizoba ne-Ethernet yaso, nokuthi ngandlela thize kufanele baxhunywe komunye nomunye (mhlawumbe ngokulingana kwe-ARPANET yangaphakathi ye-Xerox). Ukuze ukwazi ukuzenza umlayezo ojwayelekile, iphakethe le-PUP laligcinwe ngaphakathi kwamanye amaphakethe anoma iyiphi inethiwekhi elalihamba ngayo—yithi, PARC Ethernet. Lapho iphakethe lifinyelela ikhompuyutha yesango phakathi kwe-Ethernet nenye inethiwekhi (njenge-ARPANET), leyo khompyutha yayivula iphakethe le-PUP, ifunde ikheli layo, bese iligoqa kabusha ephaketheni le-ARPANET elinezihloko ezifanele, ilithumele ekhelini. .

Nakuba uMetcalf engakwazi ukukhuluma ngokuqondile nakwenzile e-Xerox, ulwazi lwezandla aluzuzile lwangena ezingxoxweni e-INWG. Ubufakazi bethonya lakhe bubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi emsebenzini we-1974, u-Cerf no-Kahn bayalivuma igalelo lakhe, futhi kamuva uMetcalfe uthatha icala lokungaphikeli ekubhaleni ngokubambisana. I-PUP cishe yaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwe-Intanethi yesimanje futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1970 lapho UJon Postel baphushele esinqumweni sokuhlukanisa iphrothokholi ibe yi-TCP ne-IP, ukuze kungacutshungulwa iphrothokholi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-TCP kumasango phakathi kwamanethiwekhi. I-IP (Iphrothokholi Ye-inthanethi) bekuyinguqulo eyenziwe lula yephrothokholi yekheli, ngaphandle kokucabanga okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-TCP ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke into ilethiwe. I-Xerox Network Protocol - ngaleso sikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Xerox Network Systems (XNS) - yayisivele yahlukana okufanayo.

Omunye umthombo wethonya kumaphrothokholi e-inthanethi okuqala wavela eYurophu, ikakhulukazi inethiwekhi eyakhiwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 yi-Plan Calcul, uhlelo olwaqalwa ngabakwa-Plan Calcul. Charles de Gaulle ukuthuthukisa imboni yekhompyutha yaseFrance. U-De Gaulle wayesenesikhathi eside ekhathazekile ngokubusa okukhulayo kwezombusazwe, ezentengiselwano, ezezimali namasiko e-United States eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Wanquma ukwenza i-France ibe umholi womhlaba ozimele futhi, kunokuba i-pawn ku-Cold War phakathi kwe-US ne-USSR. Maqondana nemboni yamakhompiyutha, izinsongo ezimbili ezinamandla ikakhulukazi kule nkululeko zavela ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Okokuqala, i-United States yenqaba ukukhipha amalayisense okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amakhompyutha ayo anamandla kakhulu, iFrance eyayifuna ukuwasebenzisa ekukhiqizeni amabhomu ayo e-athomu. Okwesibili, inkampani yaseMelika iGeneral Electric yaba umnikazi oyinhloko womkhiqizi wekhompyutha waseFrance okuwukuphela kwayo, iCompagnie des Machines Bull - futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho yavala imigqa eminingana yomkhiqizo kaBull (inkampani yasungulwa ngo-1919 ngumNorwegian ogama lakhe linguBull, ukukhiqiza imishini ekwazi ukukhiqiza imishini ekhiqiza imishini ekwazi ukukhiqiza imishini yokukhiqiza imishini ekwazi ukukhiqiza imishini edingekayo. yasebenza ngamakhadi apuntshiwe - ngqo njenge-IBM. Yathuthela eFrance ngeminyaka yawo-1930, ngemuva kokushona komsunguli). Kwazalwa kanjalo i-Plan Calcul, eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ikhono le-France lokuhlinzeka ngamandla ayo okwenza ikhompuyutha.

Ukuze angamele ukuqaliswa kwe-Plan Calcul, u-de Gaulle udale i-délégation à l'informatique (into efana “nethimba lezokwaziswa”), ebika ngokuqondile kundunankulu wakhe. Ekuqaleni kuka-1971, leli thimba labeka unjiniyela u-Louis Pouzin umsebenzi wokwenza inguqulo yesiFulentshi ye-ARPANET. Ithimba likholelwa ukuthi amanethiwekhi amaphakethe azodlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ikhompuyutha eminyakeni ezayo, futhi ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kule ndawo buzodingeka ukuze i-Plan Calcul ibe yimpumelelo.

Pouzin enkomfeni ngo-1976

UPouzin, owathweswa iziqu e-École Polytechnique yaseParis, isikole sikaNdunankulu wezobunjiniyela eFrance, wasebenza njengensizwa enkampanini ekhiqiza imishini yocingo yaseFrance ngaphambi kokuthuthela eBull. Lapho waqinisekisa abaqashi ukuthi kwakudingeka bazi okwengeziwe ngentuthuko yase-US ethuthukisiwe. Ngakho-ke njengomsebenzi weBull, usize ekwakheni i-Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) e-MIT iminyaka emibili nengxenye, kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-1965. Lesi sipiliyoni simenze uchwepheshe ohamba phambili kumakhompuyutha okwabelana ngesikhathi kulo lonke elase-France - futhi mhlawumbe kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

I-Cyclades Network Architecture

U-Pouzin uqambe inethiwekhi acelwa ukuba akhe ama-Cyclades, ngegama leqembu lama-Cyclades leziqhingi zaseGreece e-Aegean Sea. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, ikhompuyutha ngayinye kule nethiwekhi yayiyisiqhingi sayo. Iqhaza elikhulu lamaCyclades kubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana kwaba ngumqondo ama-datagrams - inguqulo elula yokuxhumana kwephakethe. Umbono wawunezingxenye ezimbili ezihambisanayo:

• Ama-Datagrams azimele: Ngokungafani nedatha ocingweni noma kumlayezo we-ARPANET, idathagram ngayinye ingacutshungulwa ngokuzimela. Ayincikile emilayezweni edlule, noma ekuhlelweni kwayo, noma kuphrothokholi yokusungula uxhumano (njengokudayela inombolo yocingo).
• Ama-Datagrams adluliselwa kusuka kumsingathi kuya kumsingathi - wonke umthwalo wokuthumela umlayezo ngokuthembekile ekhelini ulele kumthumeli nomamukeli, hhayi kunethiwekhi, kulokhu okumane "kuyipayipi".

Umqondo we-datagram wawubonakala njengembuka kozakwabo bakaPouzin enhlanganweni ye-French Post, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), okwathi ngeminyaka yawo-1970s yayakha inethiwekhi yayo ngokusekelwe ekuxhumekeni okufana nocingo kanye netheminali ukuya kukhompyutha (kunokuba i-computer-to-- computer) ukuxhumana. Lokhu kwenzeke ngaphansi kweso lomunye owathweswa iziqu e-Ecole Polytechnique, uRemi Despres. Umqondo wokuyeka ukuthembeka kokudluliselwa ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi wawunengeka ku-PTT, njengoba amashumi eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho wayiphoqa ukuthi yenze ucingo ne-telegraph kuthembeke ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokombono wezomnotho nezombusazwe, ukudlulisa ukulawula kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezinsizakalo zokusingatha amakhompiyutha atholakala kumngcele wenethiwekhi kusabise ngokushintsha i-PTT ibe into engavamile futhi engashintshwa. Kodwa-ke, akukho okuqinisa umbono kunokuphikisa ngokuqinile, ngakho-ke umqondo ukuxhumana okubonakalayo kusuka ku-PTT kuphela kwasiza u-Pouzin ukuthi akholiseke ngokunemba kwedathagram yakhe - indlela yokwenza izivumelwano ezisebenza ukuxhumana kusuka kumsingathi oyedwa kuya komunye.

U-Pouzin kanye nozakwabo bephrojekthi ye-Cyclades babambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo ku-INWG nasezinkomfeni ezihlukahlukene lapho imibono ngemuva kwe-TCP kwaxoxwa ngayo, futhi abazange bangabaze ukuveza imibono yabo mayelana nendlela inethiwekhi noma amanethiwekhi okufanele asebenze ngayo. NjengoMelkaf, uPouzin kanye nozakwabo u-Hubert Zimmerman bathola okukhulunywe ngabo ephepheni le-TCP lango-1974, futhi okungenani omunye uzakwabo oyedwa, unjiniyela u-Gérard le Land, naye wasiza u-Cerf ukupholisha imigomo. UCerf wakhumbula kamuva ukuthi "isilawuli sokugeleza Indlela yewindi elishelelayo ye-TCP yathathwa ngokuqondile engxoxweni yalolu daba no-Pouzin nabantu bakhe... Ngikhumbula u-Bob Metcalfe, u-Le Lan kanye nami silele ephepheni elikhulu le-Whatman phansi egumbini lami lokuphumula e-Palo Alto. , uzama ukudweba imidwebo yesimo yalezi zimiso." .

"Iwindi elislayidayo" libhekisela endleleni i-TCP ephatha ngayo ukugeleza kwedatha phakathi komthumeli nomamukeli. Iwindi lamanje liqukethe wonke amaphakethe emfudlaneni wedatha ophumayo umthumeli angakwazi ukuwuthumela. Unqenqema olungakwesokudla lwewindi luya kwesokudla uma umamukeli ebika ukukhulula isikhala sebhafa, futhi unqenqema lwesokunxele luya kwesokudla uma umamukeli ebika ngokuthola amaphakethe wangaphambilini."

Umqondo womdwebo ufanelana ngokuphelele nokuziphatha kwamanethiwekhi okusakaza afana ne-Ethernet ne-ALOHANET, abathumela imilayezo yabo emoyeni onomsindo futhi ongenandaba (ngokungafani ne-ARPANET yocingo efana ne-ARPANET, eyayidinga ukulethwa okulandelanayo kwemilayezo phakathi kwe-IMPs. phezu komugqa othembekile we-AT&T ukuze usebenze kahle). Kube nengqondo ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zokudluliselwa kwe-intranethi kumanethiwekhi angathembeki kancane, kunokuba abazala babo abayinkimbinkimbi, futhi yilokho kanye okwenziwa yi-Kahn kanye ne-Cerf's TCP protocol.

Ngingaqhubeka nendima yeBrithani ekuthuthukiseni izigaba zokuqala zokusebenza kwe-inthanethi, kodwa kufanelekile ukungangeni emininingwaneni eminingi ngokwesaba ukuphuthelwa iphuzu - amagama amabili ahlobene kakhulu nokusungulwa kwe-inthanethi kwakungewona wodwa. lokho kwakubalulekile.

I-TCP inqoba wonke umuntu

Kwenzekani kule mibono yokuqala mayelana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamazwekazi? Kungani u-Cerf no-Kahn bedunyiswa yonke indawo njengoyise be-Inthanethi, kodwa akukho okuzwakalayo ngoPouzin no-Zimmerman? Ukuze uqonde lokhu, okokuqala kudingekile ukuhlolisisa imininingwane yenqubo yeminyaka yokuqala ye-INWG.

Ngokuhambisana nomoya weqembu elisebenzayo lenethiwekhi ye-ARPA kanye nezicelo zayo zamazwana (ama-RFC), i-INWG isungule uhlelo lwayo “lwamanothi abelwe”. Njengengxenye yalo mkhuba, ngemva kwesikhathi esingangonyaka sokusebenzisana, u-Kahn no-Cerf bathumele inguqulo yokuqala ye-TCP ku-INWG njengeNothi #39 ngo-September 1973. Lona empeleni bekuwumbhalo ofanayo nabawushicilela ku-IEEE Transactions ngentwasahlobo elandelayo. Ngo-April 1974, ithimba le-Cyclades eliholwa u-Hubert Zimmermann kanye no-Michel Elie lashicilela isiphakamiso esiphikisayo, INWG 61. Umehluko wawuhlanganisa imibono ehlukene mayelana nokuhwebelana okuhlukahlukene konjiniyela, ikakhulukazi endleleni amaphakethe anqamula amanethiwekhi anamaphakethe amasayizi amancane ahlukaniswa futhi ahlanganiswe kabusha .

Ukuhlukana bekukuncane, kodwa isidingo sokuvumelana ngandlela thize sathatha ukuphuthuma okungalindelekile ngenxa yezinhlelo zokubuyekeza izindinganiso zenethiwekhi ezimenyezelwe yi-Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (I-CCITT) [IKomidi Lokubonisana Ngezingcingo Namazwe Ngamazwe]. CCITT, division I-International Telecommunication Union, ekhuluma ngokumiswa, yasebenza emjikelezweni weminyaka emine wemihlangano yomhlangano wonke. Iziphakamiso ezazizocutshungulwa emhlanganweni ka-1976 kwadingeka zilethwe ekwindla ka-1975, futhi azikho izinguquko ezazingenziwa phakathi kwalolo suku no-1980. Imihlangano ye-Feverish ngaphakathi kwe-INWG iholele ekuvoteni kokugcina lapho iphrothokholi entsha, echazwe ngabamele izinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuxhumana ngamakhompiyutha emhlabeni - Cerf of ARPANET, Zimmerman of Cyclades, Roger Scantlebury weBritish National Physical Laboratory, kanye no-Alex. UMackenzie we-BBN, uwinile. Isiphakamiso esisha, i-INWG 96, sehle ndawana thize phakathi kuka-39 no-61, futhi sibonakala sibeka indlela yokusebenza kwe-inthanethi ngekusasa elibonakalayo.

Kodwa empeleni, ukuyekethisa kusebenze njengokukhala kokugcina kokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, okuyiqiniso elandulelwa ukungabikho kuka-Bob Kahn okwesabekayo evotini le-INWG mayelana nesiphakamiso esisha. Kuvele ukuthi umphumela wevoti awuzange uhlangabezane nezinsuku zokugcina ezibekwe yi-CCITT, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Cerf wenza isimo saba sibi nakakhulu ngokuthumela incwadi ku-CCITT, lapho echaza khona ukuthi lesi siphakamiso singenakho ukuvumelana okugcwele ku-INWG. Kodwa noma isiphi isiphakamiso esivela ku-INWG cishe besingeke samukelwe, njengoba abaphathi be-telecom ababebusa i-CCITT babengenantshisekelo kumanethiwekhi anikwe amandla e-datagram asungulwe abacwaningi bekhompyutha. Babefuna ukulawula okuphelele phezu kwethrafikhi kunethiwekhi, kunokuba banikeze lawo mandla kumakhompyutha endawo ababengakwazi ukulawula kuwo. Bayiziba ngokuphelele indaba yokusebenza kwe-inthanethi, futhi bavuma ukusebenzisa iphrothokholi yokuxhumana okubonakalayo yenethiwekhi ehlukile, ebizwa X.25.

Okuxakayo ukuthi iphrothokholi ye-X.25 yasekelwa umphathi wangaphambili ka-Kahn, u-Larry Roberts. Wake waba ngumholi ocwaningweni lwenethiwekhi olusezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa izinto azithakaselayo njengomholi webhizinisi zamholela ku-CCITT ukuze agunyaze izivumelwano inkampani yakhe, iTelenet, eyayivele izisebenzisa.

AbaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kobuholi bukaZimmerman, baphinde bazama, baphendukela kwenye inhlangano yezindinganiso lapho ukubusa kokuphathwa kwe-telecom kwakungenamandla - i-International Organization for Standardization. ISO. Izinga lokuxhumana lezinhlelo ezivulekile (NOMA UMA) wayenezinzuzo ezithile ngaphezu TCP/IPIsibonelo, yayingenalo uhlelo olufanayo lokuxhumana olulinganiselwe njengolwe-IP, okwakunemikhawulo eyayidinga ukwethulwa kwama-hacks amaningana ashibhile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokukhula okukhulu kwe-inthanethi ngawo-1990 (ngawo-2010, amanethiwekhi ekugcineni aqala ukushintshela ku- Inguqulo ye-6 (iphrothokholi ye-IP, elungisa izinkinga ngemikhawulo yesikhala sekheli). Kodwa-ke, ngezizathu eziningi, le nqubo yaqhubeka, ngaphandle kokukhiqiza isofthiwe esebenzayo. Ikakhulukazi, izinqubo ze-ISO, ezifanelekela kahle ukugunyaza imikhuba yobuchwepheshe esunguliwe, zazingafaneleki kubuchwepheshe obusha. Futhi lapho okusekelwe ku-inthanethi TCP/IP Njengoba i-OSI yaqala ukuthuthuka ngawo-1990, yalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo.

Masisuke ekulweni nezindinganiso siye ezintweni ezivamile, ezingokoqobo zokwakha amanethiwekhi phansi. AbaseYurophu bakwenze ngokwethembeka ukuqaliswa kwe-INWG 96 ukuhlanganisa amaCyclades kanye nelabhorethri kazwelonke ebonakalayo njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yolwazi yaseYurophu. Kodwa u-Kahn kanye nabanye abaholi Bephrojekthi Ye-inthanethi ye-ARPA babengenanhloso yokudunga isitimela se-TCP ngenxa yokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. U-Kahn wayesevele abele imali ukuze aqalise i-TCP ku-ARPANET kanye ne-PRNET, futhi wayengafuni ukuqala phansi. U-Cerf wazama ukukhuthaza ukwesekwa kwe-US mayelana nokuyekethisa ayekusebenzele i-INWG, kodwa ekugcineni wayeka. Uphinde wanquma ukuqhela ezingcindezini zokuphila njengosolwazi osizayo futhi, elandela isibonelo sika-Kahn, waba ngumphathi wohlelo e-ARPA, eyeka ukuzibandakanya ne-INWG.

Kungani kungavelanga okuncane kangaka esifisweni saseYurophu sokusungula ibutho elibumbene kanye nendinganiso esemthethweni yamazwe ngamazwe? Ngokuyisisekelo, konke kumayelana nezikhundla ezihlukene zezinhloko zezingcingo zaseMelika naseYurophu. Abantu baseYurophu kwadingeka babhekane nengcindezi eqhubekayo yemodeli yedathagram evela kubaphathi babo bePostal and Telecom (PTT), ababesebenza njengeminyango yokuphatha yohulumeni bamazwe abo. Ngenxa yalokhu, bagqugquzeleke kakhulu ukuthola ukuvumelana ezinqubweni zokusetha amazinga. Ukwehla ngokushesha kwama-Cyclades, okwalahlekelwa intshisekelo yezombangazwe ngo-1975 kanye nalo lonke uxhaso ngo-1978, kunikeza ucwaningo oluyisibonelo emandleni e-PTT. UPouzin usole abaphathi ngokufa kwakhe UValéry Giscard d'Estaing. d'Estaing waqala ukubusa ngo-1974 futhi wahlanganisa uhulumeni kubameleli beSikole Sikazwelonke Sokuphatha (Ena), edelelekile uPouzin: uma i-École Polytechnique ingafaniswa ne-MIT, i-ENA ingafaniswa ne-Harvard Business School. Abaphathi be-d'Estaing bakhe inqubomgomo yabo yobuchwepheshe bolwazi mayelana nombono "wezingqwele zezwe", futhi inethiwekhi yekhompyutha enjalo yayidinga ukwesekwa kwe-PTT. Iphrojekthi ye-Cyclades yayingeke ithole ukwesekwa okunjalo; esikhundleni salokho, imbangi kaPouzin i-Despres yengamele ukudalwa kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana ebonakalayo esekelwe ku-X.25 ebizwa ngokuthi i-Transpac.

E-US, izinto zazihlukile. I-AT&T yayingenalo ithonya elifanayo kwezepolitiki njengozakwabo baphesheya; yayingeyona ingxenye yokuphathwa kwe-US. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uhulumeni wayeyivimbela kakhulu futhi eyenze buthaka inkampani ngaleso sikhathi, eyivimbela ekuphazamisekeni ekuthuthukisweni kwamanethiwekhi nezinsizakalo zamakhompyutha, futhi ngokushesha wayiqeda ngokuphelele. I-ARPA yayikhululekile ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwayo lwe-inthanethi ngaphansi kwesambulela esivikelayo soMnyango Wezokuvikela onamandla, ngaphandle kwengcindezi yezepolitiki. Yaxhasa ukuqaliswa kwe-TCP kumakhompyutha ahlukahlukene futhi yasebenzisa ithonya layo ukuphoqa bonke ababungazi ku-ARPANET ukuthi bashintshele kuphrothokholi entsha ngo-1983. Ngakho-ke, inethiwekhi yamakhompyutha enethonya elikhulu emhlabeni, iningi lawo elaliyizinhlangano zamakhompyutha ezinethonya kakhulu emhlabeni, laba yindawo yokuthuthukiswa. TCP/IP.

Ngale ndlela TCP/IP I-ARPA yaba yitshe lesisekelo le-inthanethi, hhayi i-inthanethi kuphela, ngenxa yenkululeko yayo yezepolitiki neyezezimali uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye inhlangano esebenza kumanethiwekhi ekhompyutha. Naphezu kwe-OSI, i-ARPA yaba yinja enyakazisa umsila wayo emphakathini wocwaningo lwenethiwekhi. Kusukela endaweni yokubukwa ka-1974, umuntu wayengabona imigqa eminingi yethonya eholela emsebenzini kaCerf noKahn ku-TCP, kanye nokusebenzisana okuningi kwamazwe ngamazwe okungenzeka ukuthi kwavela kuyo. Kodwa-ke, kusukela endaweni yokubukwa ka-1995, yonke imigwaqo iholela esikhathini esisodwa esibalulekile, inhlangano eyodwa yaseMelika, kanye namagama amabili adumile.

Yini enye ongayifunda

• UJanet Abbate, Usungula i-Intanethi (1999)
• John Day, "The Clamor Outside as INWG Debated," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (2016)
• Andrew L. Russell, Open Standards kanye Neminyaka Yedijithali (2014)
• U-Andrew L. Russell no-Valérie Schafer, “Emthunzini we-ARPANET ne-Inthanethi: uLouis Pouzin kanye ne-Cyclades Network ngeminyaka yawo-1970,” Ubuchwepheshe Namasiko (2014)

Source: www.habr.com