Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Amakhompuyutha okuqala e-elekthronikhi kwakungamadivayisi ahlukile adalelwe izinjongo zocwaningo. Kodwa lapho sezitholakala, izinhlangano zasheshe zazihlanganisa nesiko lazo ledatha elikhona—lapho yonke idatha nezinqubo zimelelwe ngezitaki. .
ithuthukise i-tabulator yokuqala ekwazi ukufunda nokubala idatha emigodini yamakhadi ephepha ye-US Census ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-0. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, i-motley menagerie yenzalo yalo mshini yangena ezinkampanini ezinkulu nezinhlangano zikahulumeni emhlabeni jikelele. Ulimi lwabo oluvamile kwakuyikhadi elinamakholomu amaningana, lapho ikholomu ngayinye (imvamisa) imelela inombolo eyodwa, eyayingashaywa endaweni eyodwa kweziyishumi ezimelela izinombolo ezisuka ku-9 kuye ku-XNUMX.
Awekho amadivayisi ayinkimbinkimbi ayedingeka ukuze abethele idatha yokufaka emakhadini, futhi inqubo ingase isatshalaliswe kuwo wonke amahhovisi amaningi enhlanganweni ekhiqize idatha. Lapho idatha idinga ukucutshungulwa—ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kubalwe imali engenayo yombiko wokuthengisa wekota—amakhadi ahambisanayo ayengase alethwe esikhungweni sedatha futhi afakwe kulayini ukuze acutshungulwe ngemishini efanelekile ekhiqiza isethi yedatha ephumayo emakhadini noma ephrintwe ephepheni. . Ngaphakathi kwemishini yokucubungula—ama-tabulators nama-calculator—kwakukhona izisetshenziswa ezihlangene zaseceleni zokubhoboza, ukukopisha, ukuhlunga, nokuhumusha amakhadi.
I-IBM 285 Tabulator, umshini wekhadi le-punch odumile ngeminyaka yawo-1930s kanye nama-'40s.
Ngengxenye yesibili yawo-1950, cishe wonke amakhompyutha asebenza esebenzisa lolu hlelo "lwe-batch processing". Ngokombono womsebenzisi wokugcina wokuthengisa, akukho okuningi okushintshile. Ulethe isitaki samakhadi abhantshiwe ukuze acutshungulwe futhi uthole ikhophi ephrintiwe noma esinye isitaki samakhadi apuntshiwe njengomphumela womsebenzi. Futhi kule nqubo, amakhadi aphenduka emigodini ephepheni ukuya kumasignali e-electronic futhi aphinde abuyele, kodwa awuzange ube nendaba kakhulu ngalokho. I-IBM yayibusa umkhakha wemishini yokucubungula amakhadi ashaywayo, futhi yahlala ingelinye lamandla avelele emkhakheni wamakhompiyutha kagesi, ingxenye enkulu ngenxa yobudlelwano bayo obumisiwe kanye nohlu olubanzi lwemishini yangaphandle. Bamane bashintshanisa amathebula nezibali eziyimishini zamakhasimende ngemishini yokucubungula idatha esheshayo, evumelana nezimo.
I-IBM 704 Punch Card Processing Kit. Ngaphambili, intombazane isebenza nomfundi.
Lolu hlelo lokucubungula amakhadi e-punch lusebenze kahle amashumi eminyaka futhi aluzange lwehle - ngokuphambene nalokho. Kodwa nokho, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, i-fringe subculture yabacwaningi bamakhompiyutha yaqala ukuphikisa ukuthi lokhu kuhamba komsebenzi kwakudingeka kuguquke - babephikisana ngokuthi ikhompuyutha yayisetshenziswa kangcono ngokuxhumana. Esikhundleni sokuwushiya nomsebenzi bese ebuya ukuzothola imiphumela, umsebenzisi kufanele axhumane ngqo nomshini futhi asebenzise amakhono awo ngokufunwa. ENhloko-dolobha, uMarx wachaza indlela imishini yezimboni—abantu abavele bayisebenzise—ithathe indawo yamathuluzi abantu ababewalawula ngokuqondile. Nokho, amakhompyutha aqala ukuba khona emshinini. Kwaba kamuva lapho abanye babasebenzisi bazo bawaguqula bawenza amathuluzi.
Futhi lolu shintsho alwenzekanga ezikhungweni zedatha ezifana ne-US Census Bureau, inkampani yomshwalense i-MetLife, noma i-United States Steel Corporation (zonke ezaziphakathi kwabokuqala ukuthenga i-UNIVAC, enye yamakhompyutha okuqala atholakala ngokuthengiswa). Akunakwenzeka ukuthi inhlangano ebheka ukukhokhelwa kwamasonto onke njengendlela ephumelela kakhulu nethembekile ingafuna ukuthi othile aphazamise lokhu kucubungula ngokudlala ngekhompyutha. Ukubaluleka kokukwazi ukuhlala phansi ku-console bese uzama okuthile kukhompuyutha kwakucace kakhudlwana kososayensi nonjiniyela, ababefuna ukutadisha inkinga, basondele kuyo ngama-engeli ahlukene kuze kutholakale iphuzu layo elibuthakathaka, futhi ngokushesha bashintshe phakathi. ukucabanga nokwenza.
Ngakho-ke, imibono enjalo yavela phakathi kwabacwaningi. Nokho imali yokukhokhela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwekhompyutha ayizange iqhamuke nezinhloko zeminyango. I-subculture entsha (umuntu angase athi ngisho nehlelo) lomsebenzi wekhompiyutha osebenzisanayo wavela ebudlelwaneni obukhiqizayo phakathi kwamanyuvesi ezempi namanyuvesi aphezulu e-United States. Lokhu kubambisana okuzuzisayo kwaqala phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Izikhali ze-athomu, i-radar, nezinye izikhali zemilingo zafundisa abaholi bezempi ukuthi imisebenzi ebonakala ingaqondakali yososayensi ingabaluleka ngendlela emangalisayo kwezempi. Lobu budlelwano obunethezekile bathatha cishe isizukulwane futhi babuye bahlukana phakathi kwezingxabano zezombangazwe kwenye impi, iVietnam. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, ososayensi baseMelika babekwazi ukuthola izizumbulu zemali, cishe babengaphazamiseki, futhi bangenza cishe noma yini eyayingase ihlotshaniswe nokude nokuvikela izwe.
Ukulungiswa kwamakhompyutha asebenzisanayo kwaqala ngebhomu.
Isivunguvungu kanye ne-SAGE
Ngo-August 29, 1949, ithimba labacwaningi baseSoviet lenza ngempumelelo on . Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, indiza yokuhlola yaseMelika eyayindiza phezu kweNyakatho yePacific yathola iminonjana yezinto ezikhipha imisebe emkhathini eyayisele ekuhlolweni. I-USSR yayinebhomu, futhi izimbangi zayo zaseMelika zathola ngakho. Ukungezwani phakathi kwalemibuso emikhulu emibili kwaqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, kusukela i-USSR yanqamula imizila yomhlaba eya ezindaweni ezilawulwa iNtshonalanga yaseBerlin ngenxa yezinhlelo zokubuyisela iJalimane ebuhleni bayo bezomnotho bangaphambili.
Ukuvinjwa kwaphela entwasahlobo ka-1949, kwaphazanyiswa umsebenzi omkhulu owasungulwa ngabaseNtshonalanga ukusekela idolobha emoyeni. Kwadamba kancane ukushuba. Kodwa-ke, ojenene baseMelika abakwazanga ukukuziba ukuba khona kwamandla angaba nobutha ngokufinyelela izikhali zenuzi, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ubukhulu obulokhu bukhula kanye nohlu lwamabhomu amaqhinga. I-United States yayinoxhaxha lweziteshi ze-radar zokutholwa kwezindiza ezasungulwa ngasogwini lwase-Atlantic nasePacific phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa-ke, basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphelelwe yisikhathi, abazange bahlanganise izindlela ezisenyakatho ngokusebenzisa iCanada, futhi abazange baxhunywe uhlelo oluphakathi lokuxhumanisa ukuzivikela emoyeni.
Ukuze kulungiswe lesi simo, i-Air Force (igatsha lezempi lase-US elizimele kusukela ngo-1947) labiza i-Air Defence Engineering Committee (ADSEC). Kukhunjulwa emlandweni njenge "Walley Committee", eqanjwe ngosihlalo wayo, uGeorge Whalley. Wayeyisazi sefiziksi se-MIT futhi engumakadebona weqembu lezempi lokucwaninga i-radar i-Rad Lab, eyaba yi-Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) ngemva kwempi. Ikomiti yahlola le nkinga unyaka, futhi umbiko wokugcina kaValli wakhululwa ngo-October 1950.
Umuntu angalindela ukuthi umbiko onjalo ungaba yingxubevange eyisicefe ye-red tape, ephethe ngesiphakamiso esibhalwe ngokuqapha nesadla ngoludala. Esikhundleni salokho, umbiko uphenduke ucezu oluthakazelisayo lwempikiswano yokudala, futhi uqukethe uhlelo lokusebenza oluqinile noluyingozi. Lokhu ukufaneleka okusobala komunye uprofesa waseMIT, , owaphikisa ngokuthi isifundo sezinto eziphilayo nemishini singahlanganiswa sibe isiyalo esisodwa . UValli kanye nababhali abakanye naye baqala ngokucabangela ukuthi isimiso sokuvikela umoya siwumzimba ophilayo, hhayi ngokomfanekiso, kodwa empeleni. Iziteshi ze-radar zisebenza njengezitho zezinzwa, ama-interceptors kanye nemicibisholo yizo ezithinta ngayo ukuxhumana nomhlaba. Basebenza ngaphansi komqondisi, osebenzisa ulwazi oluvela ezinzwa ukuze enze izinqumo mayelana nezenzo ezidingekayo. Baphinde baphikisa ngokuthi umqondisi ongumuntu wonke ngeke akwazi ukumisa amakhulukhulu ezindiza ezingenayo ngezigidi zamakhilomitha-skwele emizuzwini embalwa, ukuze imisebenzi eminingi yomqondisi izenzekele.
Okungajwayelekile kakhulu abakutholile ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza umqondisi ngokuzenzakalela kube ngamakhompiyutha edijithali angakwazi ukuthatha izinqumo ezithathwa umuntu: ukuhlaziya izinsongo ezingenayo, ukukhomba izikhali ngokumelene nalezo zinsongo (ukubala izifundo zokunqanda nokuzidlulisela fighters), futhi, mhlawumbe ngisho nokuthuthukisa isu lezindlela ezifanele zokuphendula. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungabonakali neze ukuthi amakhompyutha ayeyifanele le njongo. Kwakukhona ncamashi amakhompiyutha amathathu asebenza ngogesi kulo lonke elase-United States ngaleso sikhathi, futhi akukho neyodwa yawo eyasondela ekuhlangabezaneni nezimfuneko zokwethenjelwa zesimiso sezempi okuncike kuso izigidi zabantu. Zazimane zishesha kakhulu futhi zihleleke kahle izinombolo zokuhlanganisa izinombolo.
Kodwa-ke, uValli wayenesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukudala ikhompyutha yedijithali yesikhathi sangempela, ngoba wayazi ngale phrojekthi ["I-Vortex"]. Kwaqala ngesikhathi sempi elabhorethri ye-MIT servomechanism ngaphansi kokuqondisa komfundi osemusha owayethweswe iziqu, uJay Forrester. Umgomo wakhe wokuqala kwakuwukudala isifanisi sendiza esinenjongo evamile esingahlelwa kabusha ukuze sisekele amamodeli ezindiza amasha ngaphandle kokuthi sakhe kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni isikhathi ngasinye. Uzakwabo waqinisekisa u-Forrester ukuthi isilingisi sakhe kufanele sisebenzise i-digital electronics ukucubungula amapharamitha okokufaka kusuka kumshayeli wendiza futhi sikhiqize izimo zokuphumayo zamathuluzi. Kancane kancane, umzamo wokwenza ikhompuyutha yedijithali enesivinini esikhulu wadlula futhi wadlula umgomo wokuqala. Umshini wokulingisa indiza wawukhohliwe futhi impi eyayidale ukuthuthukiswa kwayo yayisiphelile kudala, futhi ikomidi labahloli abavela eHhovisi Lokucwaninga Ngemikhumbi Yasemanzini (i-ONR) laya ngokuya lidumala ngalo msebenzi ngenxa yesabelomali esasilokhu sikhula njalo. idethi yokugcina ehlale iphusha. Ngo-1950, i-ONR yasinquma kabi isabelomali sikaForrester sonyaka olandelayo, ihlose ukuvala iphrojekthi ngokuphelele ngemva kwalokho.
KuGeorge Valley, nokho, iWhirlwind kwakuyisambulo. Ikhompyutha ye-Whirlwind yangempela yayisekude nokusebenza. Nokho, ngemva kwalokhu, ikhompyutha kwakufanele ivele, okwakungeyona nje ingqondo engenawo umzimba. Yikhompuyutha enezitho zemizwa nezinto ezisebenzayo. Umzimba. U-Forrester ubevele ecubungula izinhlelo zokwandisa le phrojekthi ohlelweni lwesikhungo sezempi sokulawula nokulawula. Kochwepheshe bamakhompiyutha kwa-ONR, ababekholelwa ukuthi amakhompyutha afaneleka kuphela ukuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo, le ndlela yayibonakala inkulu futhi ingenangqondo. Nokho, lona yiwona kanye umqondo uValli ayewufuna, futhi wabonakala ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze asindise iWhirlwind ekukhohlweni.
Naphezu (noma mhlawumbe ngenxa) yezifiso zakhe ezinkulu, umbiko kaValli waqinisekisa i-Air Force, futhi baqala uhlelo olusha olubanzi locwaningo nokuthuthukiswa ukuze baqonde kuqala ukuthi bangakha kanjani uhlelo lokuvikela umoya olusekelwe kumakhompyutha edijithali, bese bayakha ngempela. I-Air Force yaqala ukusebenzisana ne-MIT ukwenza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo-isinqumo semvelo esinikezwe ukuba khona kwe-Whirlwind ne-RLE yesikhungo, kanye nomlando wokubambisana okuphumelelayo kwezokuvikela emoyeni kusukela ku-Rad Lab kanye neMpi Yezwe II. Babize lo mkhankaso omusha ngokuthi "i-Project Lincoln", futhi bakha i-Lincoln Research Laboratory entsha eHanscom Field, amakhilomitha angama-25 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCambridge.
I-Air Force iqambe iphrojekthi yokuvikela umoya yekhompyutha - isifinyezo esijwayelekile sephrojekthi yezempi esisho "indawo ezungezile ezenzakalelayo". I-Whirlwind bekufanele kube ikhompuyutha yokuhlola ukufakazela ukusebenza komqondo ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa okugcwele kwe-Hardware kanye nokuthunyelwa kwayo - lo msebenzi wabelwa i-IBM. Inguqulo esebenzayo yekhompyutha ye-Whirlwind, eyayizokwenziwa kwa-IBM, yanikezwa igama elingenakulibaleka kakhulu elithi AN/FSQ-7 (“Isisetshenziswa Sezinjongo Ezikhethekile Zezempi-Navy” - elenza i-SAGE ibonakale inembe kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa).
Ngesikhathi i-Air Force yenza izinhlelo ezigcwele zesistimu ye-SAGE ngo-1954, yayihlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-radar okuhlukahlukene, izisekelo zomoya, izikhali zokuvikela umoya - zonke zilawulwa kusukela ezikhungweni zokulawula ezingamashumi amabili nantathu, izinqaba ezinkulu eziklanyelwe ukumelana nokuqhuma kwamabhomu. Ukugcwalisa lezi zikhungo, i-IBM izodinga ukuhlinzeka ngamakhompyutha angamashumi amane nesithupha, kunokuba angamashumi amabili nantathu abize amasosha izigidigidi zamarandi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inkampani isasebenzisa amashubhu e-vacuum kumasekhethi anengqondo, futhi asha njengamalambu okukhanya kwe-incandescent. Noma isiphi emashumini ezinkulungwane zezibani kukhompyutha esebenzayo singacisha noma nini. Ngokusobala bekungeke kwamukeleke ukushiya wonke umkhakha wendiza yezwe ungavikelekile ngenkathi ochwepheshe belungisa, ngakho-ke indiza eyisipele bekufanele igcinwe esandleni.
Isikhungo sokulawula i-SAGE eGrand Forks Air Force Base eNyakatho Dakota, lapho kwakunamakhompyutha amabili e-AN/FSQ-7
Isikhungo ngasinye sokulawula sasinabasebenzisi abaningi ababehlezi phambi kwezikrini ze-cathode-ray, ngamunye eqapha ingxenye yendawo yomoya.
Ikhompyutha ilandelela noma yiziphi izinsongo zasemoyeni ezingaba khona futhi izidwebe njengemizila esibukweni. Umsebenzisi angasebenzisa isibhamu esilula ukuze abonise ulwazi olwengeziwe kumzila futhi akhiphe imiyalo ohlelweni lwezokuvikela, futhi ikhompuyutha izoyiguqula ibe umlayezo ophrintiwe webhethri le-missile elitholakalayo noma isisekelo se-Air Force.
Igciwane lokusebenzisana
Uma kubhekwa uhlobo lohlelo lwe-SAGE—ukusebenzelana okuqondile, kwesikhathi sangempela phakathi kwabaqhubi babantu kanye nekhompyutha ye-CRT yedijithali ngezibhamu ezilula nekhonsoli—akumangalisi ukuthi I-Lincoln Laboratory ikhulise iqoqo lokuqala labashampeli bokusebenzelana namakhompyutha. Lonke isiko lamakhompiyutha elabhorethri lalikhona kubhamuza elingalodwa, linqanyuliwe ezinkambisweni zokucubungula iqoqo ezazithuthuka ezweni lezentengiselwano. Abacwaningi basebenzisa i-Whirlwind nenzalo yayo ukuze bagcine isikhathi lapho babe nokufinyelela okukhethekile kukhompuyutha. Bajwayele ukusebenzisa izandla zabo, amehlo, nezindlebe ukuze baxhumane ngokuqondile ngamaswishi, amakhibhodi, izikrini ezikhanyayo, ngisho nezipikha, ngaphandle kwezixhumi zephepha.
Le subculture eyinqaba nencane yasakazekela ezweni elingaphandle njengegciwane, ngokuthintana ngqo ngokomzimba. Futhi uma sikubheka njengegciwane, khona-ke i-zero yesiguli kufanele ibizwe ngensizwa okuthiwa u-Wesley Clark. UClark washiya isikole se-physics eBerkeley ngo-1949 ukuze abe uchwepheshe embonini yezikhali zenuzi. Nokho, akawuthandanga umsebenzi. Ngemva kokufunda izihloko eziningana komagazini bama-computer, waqala ukufuna ithuba lokuhlolisisa lokho okwakubonakala kuyinsimu entsha nejabulisayo egcwele amandla angake asetshenziswe. Wafunda ngokuqashwa kochwepheshe bekhompyutha e-Lincoln Laboratory kusukela esikhangisweni, kwathi ngo-1951 wathuthela e-East Coast ukuze asebenze ngaphansi kukaForrester, owayesevele eyinhloko yelabhorethri yamakhompyutha edijithali.
U-Wesley Clark ekhombisa ikhompuyutha yakhe ye-LINC ye-biomedical, ngo-1962
UClark wajoyina i-Advanced Development Group, isigatshana selabhorethri esaveza isimo esikhululekile sokusebenzisana kwezempi nenyuvesi yangaleso sikhathi. Nakuba umnyango wawuyingxenye yobuchwepheshe yendawo yonke Yelabhorethri ye-Lincoln, ithimba lalikhona kuyibhamuza kwelinye ibhamuza, lihlukanisiwe nezidingo zansuku zonke zephrojekthi ye-SAGE futhi likhululekile ukulandela noma iyiphi inkundla yekhompyutha engaboshelwa ngandlela thize ukuzivikela emoyeni. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko ekuqaleni kwawo-1950 kwakuwukudala i-Memory Test Computer (MTC), eklanyelwe ukukhombisa ukusebenza kwendlela entsha, esebenza kahle kakhulu nethembekile yokugcina ulwazi lwedijithali. , engangena esikhundleni sememori esekelwe ku-CRT esetshenziswa ku-Whirlwind.
Njengoba i-MTC yayingenabo abasebenzisi ngaphandle kwabadali bayo, u-Clark wayenokufinyelela okugcwele kukhompuyutha amahora amaningi nsuku zonke. UClark waba nesithakazelo engxubeni ye-cybernetic eyayisemfashinini ngaleso sikhathi ye-physics, i-physiology kanye nethiyori yolwazi ngenxa kazakwabo u-Belmont Farley, owayexhumana neqembu lezazi ze-biophysicist zase-RLE e-Cambridge. U-Clark noFarley bachithe amahora amade kwa-MTC, benza amamodeli esofthiwe amanethiwekhi e-neural ukuze bafunde izakhiwo zezinhlelo ezizihlelayo. Kulezi zivivinyo uClark waqala ukuthola izimiso ezithile ze-axiomatic zekhompiyutha, angazange aphambuke kuzo. Ikakhulukazi, wakholelwa ukuthi "ukululaza komsebenzisi kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuklama."
Ngo-1955, uClark wahlangana no-Ken Olsen, omunye wabathuthukisi be-MTC, ukwenza uhlelo lokudala ikhompuyutha entsha engavula indlela yesizukulwane esilandelayo sezinhlelo zokulawula amasosha. Kusetshenziswa inkumbulo eyinhloko kazibuthe enkulu kakhulu yokugcina, nama-transistors ukuze kunengqondo, kungenziwa kuminyene kakhulu, kuthembeke futhi kube namandla kuneWhirlwind. Ekuqaleni, bahlongoze umklamo abawubiza ngokuthi i-TX-1 (ikhompyutha ye-Transistorized kanye ne-Experimental, “ikhompyutha ye-transistor yokuhlola” - ecace kakhulu kune-AN/FSQ-7). Kodwa-ke, abaphathi be-Lincoln Laboratory banqabe iphrojekthi njengebiza kakhulu futhi iyingozi. Ama-Transistors ayekade esemakethe eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, futhi ambalwa kakhulu amakhompyutha awakhelwe kusetshenziswa i-transistor logic. Ngakho uClark no-Olsen babuya nenguqulo encane yemoto, i-TX-0, eyavunywa.
I-TX-0
Ukusebenza kwekhompuyutha ye-TX-0 njengethuluzi lokuphatha izisekelo zamasosha, nakuba izaba zokudalwa kwayo, kwakungemnandi kangako kuClark kunethuba lokuthuthukisa imibono yakhe ekwakhiweni kwekhompyutha. Ngokubona kwakhe, ukusebenzisana kwekhompuyutha kwase kuphelile ukuba yiqiniso e-Lincoln Laboratories futhi kwase kuyindlela entsha—indlela efanele yokwakha nokusebenzisa amakhompyutha, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wesayensi. Unikeze ukufinyelela ku-TX-0 kuma-biophysicists e-MIT, nakuba umsebenzi wabo wawungahlangene nhlobo ne-PVO, futhi wabavumela ukuba basebenzise isibonisi esibonakalayo somshini ukuze bahlaziye ama-electroencephalograms avela ezifundweni zokulala. Futhi akekho owaphikisa lokhu.
I-TX-0 yaphumelela ngokwanele kangangokuthi ngo-1956 i-Lincoln Laboratories yagunyaza ikhompiyutha egcwele i-transistor, i-TX-2, enenkumbulo enkulu yezigidi ezimbili. Lo msebenzi uzothatha iminyaka emibili ukuphothulwa. Ngemuva kwalokhu, igciwane lizophuma ngaphandle kwelabhorethri. Uma i-TX-2 isiqediwe, amalebhu ngeke esadinga ukusebenzisa i-prototype yangaphambi kwesikhathi, ngakho avuma ukuboleka i-TX-0 eCambridge ku-RLE. Yafakwa esitezi sesibili, ngaphezu kwesikhungo sekhompyutha esicubungula iqoqo. Futhi ngokushesha yathelela amakhompiyutha kanye noprofesa ekhempasini ye-MIT, abaqala ukulwa izikhathi lapho bengathola khona ukulawula okugcwele kwekhompyutha.
Kwase kucacile ukuthi cishe kwakungenakwenzeka ukubhala uhlelo lwekhompiyutha ngendlela efanele okokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abafunda umsebenzi omusha ngokuvamile babengazi ekuqaleni ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanele kube yini. Futhi ukuze uthole imiphumela esikhungweni sekhompiyutha bekufanele ulinde amahora amaningi, noma kuze kube usuku olulandelayo. Kwabahleli bohlelo abaningi abasha ekhempasini, ukukwazi ukugibela isitebhisi, ukuthola isiphazamisi bese usilungisa ngokushesha, zama indlela entsha futhi ngokushesha ubone imiphumela ethuthukisiwe kwaba isambulo. Abanye basebenzise isikhathi sabo ku-TX-0 ukuze basebenze kumaphrojekthi abalulekile esayensi noma ezobunjiniyela, kodwa injabulo yokusebenzelana yaheha nemiphefumulo edlalayo eyengeziwe. Omunye umfundi wabhala uhlelo lokuhlela umbhalo alubiza ngokuthi “umshini wokubhala obizayo.” Omunye walandela okufanayo wabe esebhala "isibali sedeski esibizayo" ayesisebenzisa ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe wesikole wokubala.
U-Ivan Sutherland ukhombisa uhlelo lwakhe lwe-Sketchpad ku-TX-2
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Ken Olsen kanye nomunye unjiniyela we-TX-0, u-Harlan Anderson, bekhungathekile ngenxa yenqubekela phambili ehamba kancane yephrojekthi ye-TX-2, banquma ukumaketha ikhompuyutha encane esebenzisanayo yososayensi nonjiniyela. Bashiya ilabhorethri bayothola I-Digital Equipment Corporation, bamisa ihhovisi endaweni eyayiyimboni yezindwangu eMfuleni i-Assabet, amamayela ayishumi entshonalanga yeLincoln. Ikhompyutha yabo yokuqala, i-PDP-1 (ekhishwe ngo-1961), empeleni yayiyingxenye ye-TX-0.
I-TX-0 kanye ne-Digital Equipment Corporation baqala ukusabalalisa izindaba ezinhle zendlela entsha yokusebenzisa amakhompyutha ngale kwe-Lincoln Laboratory. Futhi nokho, kuze kube manje, igciwane lokusebenzisana selakhiwe ngokwendawo, empumalanga yeMassachusetts. Kodwa lokhu kwakuzoshintsha ngokushesha.
Okunye ongakufunda:
- U-Lars Heide, I-Punched-Card Systems kanye Nokuqhuma Kolwazi Lwangaphambili, 1880-1945 (2009)
- Joseph November, Biomedical Computing (2012)
- U-Kent C. Redmond no-Thomas M. Smith, Kusukela ku-Whirlwind kuya ku-MITER (2000)
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
Source: www.habr.com