Izimo lapho umsunguli edala idivayisi kagesi eyinkimbinkimbi kusukela ekuqaleni, encike kuphela ocwaningweni lwakhe, ayivelakancane kakhulu. Njengomthetho, amadivaysi athile azalwa ezimpambanweni zobuchwepheshe obuningana namazinga adalwe abantu abahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Isibonelo, ake sithathe i-banal flash drive. Lena indawo yokugcina ephathekayo esekelwe kumemori engaguquki ye-NAND futhi ifakwe imbobo ye-USB eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, esetshenziselwa ukuxhuma idrayivu kudivayisi yeklayenti. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqonde ukuthi idivayisi enjalo ingavela kanjani emakethe, kubalulekile ukulandelela umlando wokusungulwa kwama-memory chips ngokwawo, kodwa futhi ne-interface ehambisanayo, ngaphandle kokuthi i-flash ishayela thina. abajwayelene nje ngabe abekho. Ake sizame ukwenza lokhu.
Imishini yokugcina i-semiconductor esekela ukusula idatha erekhodiwe yavela cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule: i-EPROM yokuqala yadalwa unjiniyela wakwa-Israel u-Dov Froman emuva ngo-1971.
U-Dov Froman, unjiniyela we-EPROM
Ama-ROM, amasha ngesikhathi sawo, asetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekukhiqizeni ama-microcontrollers (isibonelo, i-Intel 8048 noma i-Freescale 68HC11), kodwa kwavela ukuthi awafaneleki nhlobo ukudala amadrayivu aphathwayo. Inkinga enkulu nge-EPROM kwakuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokusula ulwazi: ngenxa yalokhu, isifunda esihlanganisiwe kwakudingeka sifakwe imisebe ku-ultraviolet spectrum. Indlela okwasebenza ngayo ukuthi ama-photon e-UV anikeze ama-electron eqile amandla anele ukuze achithe inkokhiso esangweni elintantayo.
Ama-chips e-EPROM ayenamafasitela akhethekile okusula idatha, embozwe amapuleti e-quartz
Lokhu kwenezela iziphazamiso ezimbili ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kwakungenzeka kuphela ukusula idatha ku-chip enjalo ngesikhathi esanele usebenzisa isibani se-mercury esinamandla ngokwanele, futhi kulokhu inqubo ithathe imizuzu embalwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isibani esivamile se-fluorescent sizosusa ulwazi phakathi neminyaka embalwa, futhi uma i-chip enjalo ishiywe elangeni eliqondile, kwakuzothatha amasonto ukuyihlanza ngokuphelele. Okwesibili, noma ngabe le nqubo ingahle ithuthukiswe ngandlela thize, ukususa okukhethiwe kwefayela elithile bekungeke kwenzeke: ulwazi oluku-EPROM luzosulwa ngokuphelele.
Izinkinga ezisohlwini zaxazululwa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo sama-chips. Ngo-1977, u-Eli Harari (ngendlela, kamuva wasungula i-SanDisk, eyaba ngomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu bokugcina imidiya esekelwe kwimemori ye-flash), esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhishwa kwensimu, wadala i-prototype yokuqala ye-EEPROM - i-ROM lapho ukusula idatha, njengokwenza izinhlelo, kwenziwa ngogesi kuphela.
U-Eli Harari, umsunguli we-SanDisk, ephethe elinye lamakhadi okuqala e-SD
Umgomo wokusebenza we-EEPROM wawucishe ufane nalowo wenkumbulo yesimanje ye-NAND: isango elintantayo lalisetshenziswa njengesithwali sokushaja, futhi ama-electron adluliselwa ngezingqimba ze-dielectric ngenxa yomphumela womhubhe. Ukuhlelwa kwamaseli enkumbulo ngokwawo bekuyi-array enezinhlangothi ezimbili, osekuvele kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubhala nokususa idatha ngekheli ledatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EEPROM ibe nemajini yokuphepha enhle kakhulu: iseli ngalinye lingabhalwa ngaphezulu izikhathi ezifika kwesigidi esingu-1.
Kodwa lapha, futhi, yonke into yajika yaba kude kakhulu. Ukuze ukwazi ukusula idatha ngogesi, kwakudingeka kufakwe enye i-transistor kuseli ngalinye lenkumbulo ukuze kulawulwe inqubo yokubhala nokusula. Manje kwase kunezintambo ezingu-3 isici ngasinye sohlelo (intambo yekholomu engu-1 nezintambo zemigqa emi-2), okwenza izingxenye ze-matrix yomzila zibe nzima kakhulu futhi kwabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zokukala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudala amadivaysi amancane nanamandla bekungaphandle kombuzo.
Njengoba imodeli eyenziwe ngomumo ye-semiconductor ROM isivele ikhona, ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwesayensi lwaqhubeka ngeso lokwakha ama-microcircuits akwazi ukunikeza ukugcinwa kwedatha okuminyene kakhudlwana. Futhi bathweswa umqhele wempumelelo ngo-1984, lapho uFujio Masuoka, owayesebenza kwa-Toshiba Corporation, ethula umfanekiso wenkumbulo ye-flash engaguquki eMhlanganweni Wamadivaysi E-Electron Wamazwe Ngamazwe, owawubanjelwe ngaphakathi kwezindonga ze-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) .
UFujio Masuoka, “ubaba” wenkumbulo ekhanyayo
Ngendlela, igama ngokwalo alizange lisungulwe nguFujio, kodwa ngomunye wozakwabo, uShoji Ariizumi, lowo inqubo yokusula idatha yamkhumbuza ukukhanya okukhanyayo kombani (kusuka kwesiNgisi "flash" - "flash"). . Ngokungafani ne-EEPROM, inkumbulo ye-flash yayisekelwe kuma-MOSFET ngesango elintantayo elengeziwe eliphakathi kwe-p-layer nesango lokulawula, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqeda izinto ezingadingekile nokudala ama-chips amancane ngempela.
Amasampula okuqala okuhweba ememori ye-flash kwakungama-Intel chips enziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-NOR (Not-Or), ukukhiqizwa kwawo okwethulwa ngo-1988. Njengasendabeni ye-EEPROM, ama-matrices abo ayeyizinhlangothi ezimbili, lapho iseli ngalinye lenkumbulo lalitholakala lapho kuphambana khona umugqa nekholomu (ama-conductor ahambisanayo ayexhunywe emasangweni ahlukene e-transistor, futhi umthombo wawuxhunyiwe. ku-substrate evamile). Kodwa-ke, kakade ngo-1989, uToshiba wethula inguqulo yakhe yememori ye-flash, ebizwa ngokuthi i-NAND. Uhlu lwalunesakhiwo esifanayo, kodwa endaweni ngayinye, esikhundleni sengqamuzana elilodwa, manje kwase kuxhumene eziningana ngokulandelana kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswe ama-MOSFET amabili emgqeni ngamunye: i-transistor yokulawula etholakala phakathi komugqa omncane kanye nekholomu yamaseli, kanye ne-ground transistor.
Ukuminyana kokupakisha okuphezulu kusize ukukhulisa umthamo we-chip, kodwa i-algorithm yokufunda/yokubhala nayo yaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, engakwazi kodwa ukuthikameza isivinini sokudlulisa ulwazi. Ngalesi sizathu, i-architecture entsha ayizange ikwazi ukuthathela indawo NOR ngokuphelele, ethole isicelo ekwakhiweni kwama-ROM ashumekiwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-NAND yabonakala ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi aphathwayo okugcina idatha - amakhadi e-SD futhi, vele, ama-flash drive.
Ngendlela, ukubonakala kwalokhu kwamuva kwenzeka kuphela ngo-2000, lapho izindleko zememori ye-flash zehla ngokwanele futhi ukukhululwa kwamadivayisi anjalo emakethe yokudayisa kungakhokha. Idrayivu yokuqala ye-USB emhlabeni yaba yingqondo yenkampani yakwa-Israel i-M-Systems: i-compact flash drive DiskOnKey (engahunyushwa ngokuthi “disk-on-keychain”, njengoba idivayisi yayinendandatho yensimbi emzimbeni eyenza kube nokwenzeka phatha i-flash drive kanye nenqwaba yokhiye) yathuthukiswa ngonjiniyela u-Amir Banom, uDov Moran no-Oran Ogdan. Ukuze uthole idivayisi encane ekwazi ukugcina i-8 MB yolwazi futhi ishintshe izithende zama-floppy disks angu-3,5-intshi, ngaleso sikhathi bacela i-$ 50.
I-DiskOnKey - i-flash drive yokuqala emhlabeni evela enkampanini yakwa-Israel i-M-Systems
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: e-United States, i-DiskOnKey yayinomshicileli osemthethweni, okwakuyi-IBM. Ama-flash drives "asendaweni" ayengafani nalawo asekuqaleni, ngaphandle kwe-logo engaphambili, yingakho abaningi ngephutha bathi ukudalwa kwedrayivu yokuqala ye-USB kunhlangano yaseMelika.
I-DiskOnKey, i-IBM Edition
Ngokulandela imodeli yasekuqaleni, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, kwakhululwa ukuguqulwa okunamandla kweDiskOnKey ene-16 kanye ne-32 MB, ababevele beyicela i-$ 100 kanye ne-$ 150, ngokulandelana. Naphezu kwezindleko eziphakeme, inhlanganisela yosayizi ohlangene, umthamo kanye nesivinini esikhulu sokufunda/sokubhala (esivele saphakama cishe izikhathi eziyi-10 kunama-floppy disks avamile) kwathandeka kubathengi abaningi. Futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ama-flash drive aqala imashi yawo yokunqoba enqamula iplanethi.
Iqhawe elilodwa ensimini: impi ye-USB
Kodwa-ke, i-flash drive yayingeke ibe yi-flash drive ukube ukucaciswa kwe-Universal Serial Bus akuzange kuvele eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili - yilokhu okushiwo isifinyezo esijwayelekile se-USB. Futhi umlando wemvelaphi yalesi simiso ungabizwa ngokuthi cishe uthakazelisa ngaphezu kokusungulwa kwememori ye-flash ngokwayo.
Njengomthetho, ukuxhumana okusha nezindinganiso ku-IT kuwumphumela wokubambisana okuseduze phakathi kwamabhizinisi amakhulu, ngokuvamile ngisho nokuncintisana, kodwa aphoqelelwe ukujoyina amandla ukuze enze isisombululo esihlangene esizokwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha. Lokhu kwenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, ngamamemori khadi e-SD: inguqulo yokuqala ye-Secure Digital Memory Card yadalwa ngo-1999 ngokubamba iqhaza kweSanDisk, Toshiba kanye nePanasonic, futhi izinga elisha laba yimpumelelo kangangokuthi lanikezwa imboni. isihloko ngemva konyaka nje. Namuhla, i-SD Card Association inezinkampani ezingamalungu angaphezu kwe-1000, onjiniyela bazo abathuthukisa imininingwane emisha ekhona echaza imingcele ehlukahlukene yamakhadi.
Futhi uma uthi nhlá, umlando we-USB ufana ngokuphelele nalokho okwenzeka ngezinga le-Secure Digital. Ukwenza amakhompyutha omuntu siqu asebenziseke kalula, abakhiqizi bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha babedinga, phakathi kwezinye izinto, isixhumi esibonakalayo somhlaba wonke sokusebenza ngama-peripherals asekela ukuxhuma okushisayo futhi okungadingi ukucushwa okwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwezinga elihlanganisiwe kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukususa "zoo" yamachweba (COM, LPT, PS/2, MIDI-port, RS-232, njll.), okuzosiza esikhathini esizayo. ukwenza lula kakhulu nokunciphisa izindleko zokuthuthukisa imishini emisha, kanye nokwethulwa kokusekelwa kwemishini ethile.
Ngokumelene nokwasemuva kwalezi zidingo, inqwaba yezinkampani ezakha izingxenye zekhompiyutha, ama-peripherals kanye nesoftware, enkulu kunazo zonke okwakuyi-Intel, iMicrosoft, iPhilips kanye ne-US Robotics, zihlangene emzamweni wokuthola uhlobo olufanayo oluzofanela bonke abadlali abakhona, okwagcina sekuyi-USB . Ukwandiswa kwezinga elisha kwaba nesandla kakhulu iMicrosoft, eyengeze ukusekelwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo emuva ku-Windows 95 (isiqephu esihambisanayo safakwa ku-Service Release 2), yase yethula umshayeli odingekayo enguqulweni yokukhishwa ye-Windows 98. ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphambili kwensimbi, usizo lwaqhamuka ndawo. Walinda: ngo-1998, kwakhululwa i-iMac G3 - ikhompuyutha yokuqala ephuma ku-Apple, eyayisebenzisa amachweba we-USB kuphela ukuxhuma amadivaysi okufaka nezinye izinto ezithinta ugesi (kanye ngaphandle kwe-microphone nama-headphones). Ngezindlela eziningi, lokhu kuphenduka kwe-180-degree (ngemuva kwakho konke, ngaleso sikhathi i-Apple yayithembele ku-FireWire) kwakungenxa yokubuyiselwa kukaSteve Jobs esikhundleni sokuba yi-CEO yenkampani, okwenzeka ngonyaka odlule.
I-iMac G3 yoqobo kwaba "ikhompyutha ye-USB" yokuqala
Eqinisweni, ukuzalwa kwebhasi le-serial universal kwaba buhlungu kakhulu, futhi ukubukeka kwe-USB ngokwayo akuwona neze ukufaneleka kwama-mega-corporations noma umnyango owodwa wocwaningo osebenza njengengxenye yenkampani ethile, kodwa yomuntu othize kakhulu. - unjiniyela we-Intel odabuka eNdiya ogama lakhe lingu-Ajay Bhatt.
U-Ajay Bhatt, isazi sokucabanga esiyinhloko nomdali wokuxhumana kwe-USB
Emuva ngo-1992, u-Ajay waqala ukucabanga ukuthi “ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu” yayingahambisani negama layo. Ngisho nomsebenzi olula ekuqaleni njengokuxhuma iphrinta nokuphrinta idokhumenti wawudinga iziqu ezithile kumsebenzisi (nakuba, kubonakala sengathi, kungani isisebenzi sasehhovisi okudingeka sidale umbiko noma isitatimende siqonde ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi?) ukuthi aphendukele kochwepheshe abakhethekile . Futhi uma yonke into ishiywe njengoba injalo, i-PC ayisoze yaba umkhiqizo omningi, okusho ukuthi ukweqa inani labasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingu-10 emhlabeni jikelele akufanele ngisho nokuphupha.
Ngaleso sikhathi, bobabili i-Intel neMicrosoft baqonda isidingo sohlobo oluthile lokumiswa. Ikakhulukazi, ucwaningo kule ndawo luholele ekuveleni kwebhasi le-PCI kanye nomqondo we-Plug&Play, okusho ukuthi isinyathelo sika-Bhatt, owanquma ukugxila emizamweni yakhe ikakhulukazi ekufuneni isisombululo sendawo yonke sokuxhuma ama-peripherals, bekufanele samukelwe. kahle. Kodwa kwakungenjalo: Umphathi oseduze ka-Ajay, ngemva kokulalela unjiniyela, wathi lo msebenzi wawuyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi kwakungafaneleki ukuchitha isikhathi kuwo.
U-Ajay wabe eseqala ukufuna ukwesekwa emaqenjini afanayo futhi wakuthola kumuntu womunye wabacwaningi be-Intel abavelele (I-Intel Fellow) uFred Pollack, ngaleso sikhathi owayedume ngomsebenzi wakhe njengonjiniyela oholayo we-Intel iAPX 432 kanye nomakhi oholayo. ye-Intel i960, enikeze ukukhanya okuluhlaza kuphrojekthi. Nokho, lokhu bekuyisiqalo nje: ukuqaliswa kombono omkhulu kangaka bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabanye abadlali bemakethe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, "ubunzima" bangempela baqala, ngoba u-Ajay kwakudingeka angagcini nje ukukholisa amalungu amaqembu asebenzayo e-Intel ngesithembiso salo mbono, kodwa futhi acele ukusekelwa kwabanye abakhiqizi be-hardware.
Kuthathe cishe unyaka nesigamu izingxoxo eziningi, ukugunyazwa kanye nezikhathi zokubonisana. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Ajay wajoyinwa u-Bala Kadambi, owayehola ithimba elibhekele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PCI ne-Plug&Play futhi kamuva waba umqondisi we-Intel wezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe be-I/O, kanye noJim Pappas, uchwepheshe wezinhlelo ze-I/O. Ehlobo lika-1994, ekugcineni sakwazi ukwakha iqembu elisebenzayo futhi saqala ukusebenzelana eduze nezinye izinkampani.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Ajay nethimba lakhe bahlangana nabamele izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-50, okuhlanganisa amabhizinisi amancane, akhethekile kakhulu kanye nemidondoshiya efana neCompaq, DEC, IBM kanye neNEC. Umsebenzi wawusugcwele ngokoqobo ngo-24/7: kusukela ekuseni kakhulu laba abathathu baya emihlanganweni eminingi, futhi ebusuku babehlangana endaweni yokudlela eseduze ukuze baxoxe ngohlelo lokusebenza lwakusasa.
Mhlawumbe kwabanye lesi sitayela somsebenzi singase sibonakale siwukumosha isikhathi. Noma kunjalo, konke lokhu kwathela izithelo: ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa amaqembu amaningana ahlukene, ahlanganisa onjiniyela be-IBM ne-Compaq, abasebenza ngokukhethekile ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye zekhompiyutha, abantu abathintekayo ekuthuthukiseni ama-chips avela ku-Intel kanye ne-NEC ngokwayo, abahleli abasebenza ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza, abashayeli kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza (kuhlanganise ne-Microsoft), nabanye ochwepheshe abaningi. Bekuwumsebenzi wasikhathi sinye emikhakheni eminingana okwagcina kwasiza ukudala izinga eliguquguqukayo ngempela nelisebenza emhlabeni wonke.
U-Ajay Bhatt no-Bala Kadambi emcimbini we-European Inventor Award
Nakuba ithimba lika-Ajay likwazile ukuxazulula ngobuhlakani izinkinga zemvelo yezombangazwe (ngokuzuza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkampani ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nalezo ezaziqhudelana ngokuqondile) kanye nezobuchwepheshe (ngokuhlanganisa ochwepheshe abaningi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa), kwakusenesici esisodwa esengeziwe kwakudinga ukunakwa okuseduze - uhlangothi lwezomnotho lwendaba. Futhi lapha bekufanele senze ukuvumelana okubalulekile. Isibonelo, kwakuyisifiso sokunciphisa izindleko zocingo okuholele ekutheni i-USB Type-A evamile, esiyisebenzisayo kuze kube namuhla, yaba ohlangothini olulodwa. Phela, ukuze udale ikhebula lendawo yonke ngempela, bekungeke kudingeke ukuthi ungagcini nje ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwesixhumi, kusenze sibe ne-symmetrical, kodwa futhi ukuphinda kabili inani lama-cores conductive, okuzoholela ekuphindweni kabili kwezindleko zocingo. Kepha manje sinememe engaphelelwa isikhathi mayelana nemvelo ye-quantum ye-USB.
Abanye abahlanganyeli bephrojekthi nabo baphikelele ekwehlisweni kwezindleko. Mayelana nalokhu, uJim Pappas uthanda ukukhumbula ucingo oluvela ku-Betsy Tanner oluvela ku-Microsoft, owathi ngolunye usuku wamemezela ukuthi, ngeshwa, inkampani ihlose ukushiya ukusetshenziswa kwe-interface ye-USB ekukhiqizeni amagundane ekhompyutha. Into ewukuthi ukuphuma kwe-5 Mbit/s (leli izinga lokudluliswa kwedatha okwakuhlelelwe ekuqaleni) laliphezulu kakhulu, futhi onjiniyela besaba ukuthi ngeke bakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezincazelo zokuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic, okusho ukuthi "i-turbo" enjalo. igundane” lingaphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kokubili i-PC ngokwayo namanye amadivaysi e-peripheral.
Ephendula ingxabano enengqondo mayelana nokuvikela, u-Betsy uphendule ngokuthi ukwahlukanisa okwengeziwe kungenza ikhebuli ibize kakhulu: amasenti angu-4 phezulu ngonyawo ngalunye, noma amasenti angu-24 ngocingo olujwayelekile lwamamitha angu-1,8 (6 ft), okwenze wonke umqondo wangabaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhebula legundane kufanele lihlale livumelana nezimo ngokwanele ukuze lingavimbeli ukunyakaza kwesandla. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, kunqunywe ukwengeza ukuhlukaniswa kumodi yesivinini esikhulu (12 Mbit / s) kanye nesivinini esiphansi (1,5 Mbit / s). Indawo egciniwe engu-12 Mbit/s ivumele ukusetshenziswa kwezihlukanisi namahabhu ukuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa kuxhunywe amadivaysi amaningana echwebeni elilodwa, futhi i-1,5 Mbit/s yayilungele ukuxhuma amagundane, amakhibhodi namanye amadivaysi afanayo ku-PC.
UJim ngokwakhe ubheka le ndaba njengesikhubekiso ekugcineni esiqinisekise impumelelo yawo wonke umsebenzi. Phela, ngaphandle kokusekelwa yiMicrosoft, ukukhuthaza izinga elisha emakethe kungaba nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuyekethisa okutholakele kusize ukwenza i-USB ishibhe kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ikhange nakakhulu emehlweni abakhiqizi bemishini yocingo.
Yini egameni lami, noma ukuqamba kabusha okuhlanyayo
Futhi njengoba namuhla sixoxa ngamadrayivu e-USB, ake siphinde sicacise isimo ngezinguqulo nezici zejubane zaleli zinga. Konke lapha akulula njengoba kungase kubonakale ekuqaleni, ngoba kusukela ngo-2013, inhlangano ye-USB Implementers Forum yenze yonke imizamo yokudida ngokuphelele abathengi abajwayelekile kuphela, kodwa futhi nabachwepheshe abavela emhlabeni we-IT.
Ngaphambilini, yonke into yayilula futhi inengqondo: sine-USB 2.0 ehamba kancane enezinga eliphezulu lokuphuma kwe-480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) kanye ne-USB 10 eshesha izikhathi ezingu-3.0, isivinini sayo sokudlulisa idatha esiphezulu sifinyelela ku-5 Gbit/s (640 MB/ s). Ngenxa yokuhambisana emuva, idrayivu ye-USB 3.0 ingaxhunywa embobeni ye-USB 2.0 (noma okuphambene nalokho), kodwa isivinini sokufunda nokubhala amafayela sizokhawulelwa ku-60 MB/s, njengoba idivayisi ehamba kancane izosebenza njengebhodlela.
Ngomhla zingama-31 kuJulayi, 2013, i-USB-IF yethula inani elifanelekile lokudideka kulolu hlelo oluzacile: kwakungalolu suku lapho ukwamukelwa kwesicaciso esisha, i-USB 3.1, kwamenyezelwa khona. Futhi cha, iphuzu alikho nhlobo ekubalweni kwezinguqulo eziyingxenye, okuhlangatshezwane nakho ngaphambili (nakuba ngobulungisa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi i-USB 1.1 yayiyinguqulo eguquliwe ye-1.0, hhayi into entsha ngekhwalithi), kodwa eqinisweni lokuthi I-USB Implementers Forum ngesizathu esithile nginqume ukuqamba kabusha izinga elidala. Buka izandla zakho:
- I-USB 3.0 iguqulelwe ku-USB 3.1 Gen 1. Lokhu ukuqamba kabusha okumsulwa: akukho ntuthuko eyenziwe, futhi isivinini esiphezulu sisafana - 5 Gbps hhayi kancane.
- I-USB 3.1 Gen 2 ibe yindinganiso entsha ngempela: ukushintshela ku-128b/132b ekubhalweni ngekhodi (ngaphambilini engu-8b/10b) kumodi eyi-duplex egcwele kusivumele ukuthi siphindaphinde umkhawulokudonsa esibonakalayo futhi sizuze i-10 Gbps ehlaba umxhwele, noma i-1280 MB/s.
Kodwa lokhu kwakunganele kubafana abavela ku-USB-IF, ngakho banquma ukungeza amagama ambalwa ahlukile: I-USB 3.1 Gen 1 yaba yiSuperSpeed, kwathi i-USB 3.1 Gen 2 yaba yiSuperSpeed+. Futhi lesi sinyathelo silungile ngokuphelele: kumthengi othengisayo, kude nezwe lobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha, kulula kakhulu ukukhumbula igama elibambayo kunokulandelana kwezinhlamvu nezinombolo. Futhi lapha yonke into inembile: sine-interface "yesivinini esikhulu", okuyinto, njengoba igama liphakamisa, ishesha kakhulu, futhi kukhona "i-super-speed +" isixhumi esibonakalayo, esishesha nakakhulu. Kodwa kungani bekudingekile ukwenza "ukuguqulwa kabusha" okunjalo kwezinkomba zokukhiqiza akucaci nhlobo.
Kodwa-ke, akukho mkhawulo wokungapheleli: ngo-September 22, 2017, ngokushicilelwa kwezinga le-USB 3.2, isimo saba sibi nakakhulu. Ake siqale ngokuhle: isixhumi esibuyiseleka emuva se-USB Type-C, imininingwane yaso eyenzelwe isizukulwane esedlule sesixhumi esibonakalayo, yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphinda kabili umkhawulokudonsa webhasi omkhulu ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane eziyimpinda njengesiteshi esihlukile sokudlulisa idatha. Yavela kanje i-USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 (kungani ingeke ibizwe nge-USB 3.2 Gen 3 futhi iyimfihlakalo), isebenza ngesivinini esifika ku-20 Gbit/s (2560 MB/s), ikakhulukazi, ithole uhlelo lokusebenza ekukhiqizweni kwamadrayivu e-solid-state yangaphandle (lena ichweba elifakwe i-WD_BLACK P50 yesivinini esikhulu, eqondiswe kubadlali bamageyimu).
Futhi konke kuzolunga, kodwa, ngaphezu kokwethulwa kwezinga elisha, ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezangaphambili akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukufika: I-USB 3.1 Gen 1 iguqule i-USB 3.2 Gen 1, ne-USB 3.1 Gen 2 ibe yi-USB 3.2 Gen. 2. Ngisho namagama okumaketha ashintshile, futhi i-USB-IF yasuka emcabangweni owamukelwe ngaphambilini wokuthi “izinombolo ezinembile nezingenazo”: esikhundleni sokuqoka i-USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 njengesibonelo, iSuperSpeed++ noma i-UltraSpeed, yanquma ukungeza okuqondile. inkomba yesivinini esikhulu sokudlulisa idatha:
- I-USB 3.2 Gen 1 ibe yiSuperSpeed USB 5Gbps,
- I-USB 3.2 Gen 2 - I-SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps,
- I-USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 - I-SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps.
Futhi ungabhekana kanjani ne-zoo yezindinganiso ze-USB? Ukwenza impilo yakho ibe lula, sihlanganise isifinyezo sethebula-memo, ngosizo okungeke kube nzima ukuqhathanisa izinguqulo ezahlukene zokuhlangana.
Inguqulo evamile
Igama lokumaketha
Isivinini, Gbit/s
USB 3.0
USB 3.1
USB 3.2
Inguqulo ye-USB 3.1
Inguqulo ye-USB 3.2
USB 3.0
I-USB 3.1 Gen 1
I-USB 3.2 Gen 1
I-SuperSpeed
I-SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps
5
-
I-USB 3.1 Gen 2
I-USB 3.2 Gen 2
I-SuperSpeed+
I-SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps
10
-
-
I-USB 3.2 Gen 2 × 2
-
I-SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps
20
Izinhlobonhlobo zamadrayivu e-USB zisebenzisa isibonelo semikhiqizo ye-SanDisk
Kodwa ake sibuyele ngqo esihlokweni sengxoxo yanamuhla. Ama-flash drives abe yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu, esethole ukuguqulwa okuningi, kwesinye isikhathi okuyinqaba kakhulu. Isithombe esiphelele kakhulu samakhono wamadrayivu e-USB esimanje singatholakala kuphothifoliyo ye-SanDisk.
Wonke amamodeli amanje wamadrayivu e-SanDisk flash asekela izinga lokudluliswa kwedatha le-USB 3.0 (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-USB 3.1 Gen 1, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-USB 3.2 Gen 1, i-SuperSpeed - cishe njengakwifilimu ethi “I-Moscow Ayikholelwa Izinyembezi”). Phakathi kwabo ungathola kokubili ama-flash drives ajwayelekile kanye namadivayisi akhethekile. Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukuthola i-compact universal drive, kunengqondo ukunaka umugqa weSanDisk Ultra.
I-SanDisk Ultra
Ukuba khona kwezinguquko eziyisithupha zamakhono ahlukene (kusuka ku-16 kuya ku-512 GB) kukusiza ukuthi ukhethe inketho engcono kakhulu kuye ngezidingo zakho futhi ungakhokhi ngokweqile ngamagigabhayithi engeziwe. Isivinini sokudlulisa idatha esingafika ku-130 MB/s sikuvumela ukuthi ulande ngokushesha amafayela amakhulu, futhi ikesi elishelelayo elikahle livikela ngokuthembekile isixhumi emonakalweni.
Kubalandeli bemiklamo emihle, sincoma ulayini we-SanDisk Ultra Flair no-SanDisk Luxe wamadrayivu e-USB.
I-SanDisk Ultra Flair
Ngobuchwepheshe, lezi zishayeli ze-flash zifana ngokuphelele: zombili izichungechunge zibonakala ngesivinini sokudlulisa idatha esifinyelela ku-150 MB/s, futhi ngayinye yazo ihlanganisa amamodeli ayi-6 anamandla asuka ku-16 kuye ku-512 GB. Umehluko ulele ekwakhiweni kuphela: i-Ultra Flair ithole enye into eyengeziwe yesakhiwo eyenziwe ngepulasitiki ehlala isikhathi eside, kuyilapho umzimba wenguqulo ye-Luxe wenziwe ngokuphelele nge-aluminium alloy.
I-SanDisk Luxe
Ngaphezu kokuklama okuhlaba umxhwele kanye nesivinini sokudlulisa idatha, amadrayivu asohlwini anesinye isici esithakazelisa kakhulu: izixhumi zabo ze-USB ziwukuqhubeka okuqondile kwecala le-monolithic. Le ndlela iqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokuphepha le-flash drive: akunakwenzeka ukuphula ngephutha isixhumi esinjalo.
Ngokungeziwe kumadrayivu anosayizi ogcwele, iqoqo le-SanDisk lihlanganisa nezixazululo "zokuxhuma futhi ukhohlwe". Yebo, sikhuluma nge-Ultra-compact SanDisk Ultra Fit, ubukhulu bayo buyi-29,8 × 14,3 × 5,0 mm kuphela.
ISanDisk Ultra Fit
Le ngane ayiphumeleli ngaphezu kobuso besixhumi se-USB, okuyenza ibe yisixazululo esikahle sokwandisa indawo yokugcina idivayisi yeklayenti, kungaba i-ultrabook, isistimu yomsindo wemoto, i-Smart TV, ikhonsoli yegeyimu noma ikhompuyutha yebhodi elilodwa.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu eqoqweni le-SanDisk amadrayivu e-Dual Drive kanye namadrayivu e-USB e-iXpand. Yomibili imindeni, naphezu kokuhlukana kwayo kokuklama, ihlanganiswe nomqondo owodwa: lawa ma-flash drive anamachweba amabili ezinhlobo ezahlukene, ezivumela ukuthi zisetshenziswe ukudlulisa idatha phakathi kwe-PC noma i-laptop namagajethi eselula ngaphandle kwezintambo ezengeziwe nama-adaptha.
Umndeni we-Dual Drive wamadrayivu uklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa nama-smartphone namathebulethi asebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza ye-Android futhi esekela ubuchwepheshe be-OTG. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imigqa emithathu yama-flash drive.
I-SanDisk Dual Drive m3.0 encane, ngaphezu kwe-USB Type-A, ifakwe isixhumi se-microUSB, esiqinisekisa ukuhambisana namadivayisi eminyaka edlule, kanye nama-smartphones ezingeni lokungena.
I-SanDisk Dual Drive m3.0
I-SanDisk Ultra Dual Type-C, njengoba ungase uqagele egameni, inesixhumi sesimanje esinezinhlangothi ezimbili. I-flash drive ngokwayo isibe nkulu futhi inkulu kakhulu, kodwa lo mklamo wezindlu uhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okungcono, futhi kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ukulahlekelwa idivayisi.
I-SanDisk Ultra Dual Type-C
Uma ufuna okuthile okuhle kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi uhlole i-SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go. Lawa madrayivu asebenzisa umgomo ofanayo neSanDisk Luxe eshiwo ngaphambilini: uhlobo-A lwe-USB enosayizi ogcwele luyingxenye yomzimba we-flash drive, oluyivimbelayo ukuthi iphule ngisho nokuphatha ngokunganaki. Isixhumi se-USB Type-C, sona, sivikelwe kahle yikepisi ejikelezayo, nayo eneso le-fob yokhiye. Leli lungiselelo lenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwenza i-flash drive ibe yisitayela sangempela, icwecwe futhi ithembekile.
I-SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Go
Uchungechunge lwe-iXpand lufana ngokuphelele ne-Dual Drive, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi indawo ye-USB Type-C ithathwa yisixhumi esiphathelene ne-Apple Lightning. Idivayisi engavamile kakhulu ochungechungeni ingabizwa ngokuthi i-SanDisk iXpand: le flash drive inomklamo wangempela ngendlela ye-loop.
ISanDisk iXpand
Kubukeka kuhlaba umxhwele, futhi ungakwazi futhi ukuxhuma ibhande nge-eyelet ewumphumela futhi ugqoke idivayisi yokugcina, isibonelo, entanyeni yakho. Futhi ukusebenzisa i-flash drive enjalo nge-iPhone kulula kakhulu kuneyendabuko: uma uxhumekile, umzimba omningi ugcina ngemuva kwe-smartphone, uphumule ngokumelene nesembozo sangemuva, okusiza ukunciphisa amathuba okulimala kwesixhumi.
Uma lo mklamo ungakufanelanga ngesizathu esithile noma esinye, kunengqondo ukubheka ngaseSanDisk iXpand Mini. Ngobuchwepheshe, lena i-iXpand efanayo: uhla lwamamodeli luhlanganisa nokushayela okune kwe-32, 64, 128 noma 256 GB, futhi isivinini sokudlulisa idatha esiphezulu sifinyelela ku-90 MB/s, okwanele ngisho nokubuka ividiyo ye-4K ngokuqondile kusuka ku-flash. shayela. Umehluko kuphela ekuklanyeni: i-loop ilahlekile, kodwa i-cap yokuzivikela yesixhumi sombani ivele.
I-SanDisk iXpand Mini
Ummeleli wesithathu womndeni okhazimulayo, i-SanDisk iXpand Go, uyiwele le-Dual Drive Go: ubukhulu bayo bucishe bufane, ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili izishayeli zithole i-cap ejikelezayo, nakuba ihluke kancane ekwakhiweni. Lo mugqa uhlanganisa amamodeli angu-3: 64, 128 kanye ne-256 GB.
I-SanDisk iXpand Go
Uhlu lwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngaphansi kohlobo lwe-SanDisk alukhawulelwe neze kumadrayivu e-USB esohlwini. Ungakwazi ukujwayelana namanye amadivaysi omkhiqizo odumile ku .
Source: www.habr.com