Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
В sabona ukuthi isizukulwane sokuqala samakhompiyutha edijithali sakhiwe kanjani ngesisekelo sesizukulwane sokuqala sokushintshwa kukagesi okuzenzakalelayo - ukudluliselwa kwe-electromagnetic. Kodwa ngesikhathi la makhompuyutha edalwa, kwase kunenye inkinobho yedijithali eyayilindile ngemuva kwezigcawu. I-relay kwakuyisisetshenziswa sikazibuthe kagesi (esisebenzisa ugesi ukuze sisebenzise iswishi), futhi isigaba esisha sokushintshwa kwedijithali kwakunge-elekthronikhi - ngokusekelwe olwazini olusha mayelana ne-electron eyavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Le sayensi yabonisa ukuthi ophethe amandla kagesi wayengeyena umsinga, engeyona igagasi, engeyona insimu - kodwa inhlayiya eqinile.
Ithuluzi elazala inkathi ye-electronics esekelwe kule physics entsha yaziwa ngokuthi i-vacuum tube. Umlando wokudalwa kwawo ubandakanya abantu ababili: iNgisi kanye neMelika . Eqinisweni, imvelaphi yezinto zikagesi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, inezintambo eziningi ezinqamula i-Europe kanye ne-Atlantic, ezibuyela emuva ekuhloleni kwasekuqaleni ngezimbiza ze-Leyden maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
Kodwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesethulo sethu kuzoba lula ukuhlanganisa (i-pun ihloselwe!) lo mlando, kuqala ngo-Thomas Edison. Ngawo-1880, u-Edison wathola okuthakazelisayo ngenkathi esebenza ekukhanyeni kukagesi-ukutholakala okubeka isiteji sendaba yethu. Kusuka lapha kwavela okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwamashubhu e-vacuum, adingekayo ezinhlelweni ezimbili zobuchwepheshe: uhlobo olusha lwemiyalezo engenantambo kanye namanethiwekhi ocingo akhula njalo.
Isingeniso: Edison
U-Edison ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengomsunguli we-bulb. Lokhu kumenzela isikweletu esikhulu kakhulu futhi esincane kakhulu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Abaningi kakhulu, ngoba u-Edison wayengeyena yedwa owasungula isibani esikhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwesixuku sabasunguli abamandulele, okudaliwe kwabo akuzange kufinyelele ukusetshenziswa kwezohwebo, singabala uJoseph Swan noCharles Stern abavela eBrithani kanye no-American William Sawyer, owaletha ama-light bulb emakethe ngesikhathi esifanayo no-Edison. [Udumo lokusungulwa futhi lungowomsunguli waseRussia . U-Lodygin waba ngowokuqala owaqagela ukupompa umoya esibani sesibani sengilazi, wabe esephakamisa ukuthi le ntambo ingaveli kumalahle noma imicu eshisiwe, kodwa isuka ku-refractory tungsten / approx. ukuhumusha]. Wonke amalambu ayenesibani sengilazi esivaliwe, ngaphakathi kwakunomucu ophikisayo. Lapho isibani sixhunywe kumjikelezo, ukushisa okukhiqizwa ukumelana kwe-filament namanje kwabangela ukuba kukhanye. Umoya wawumpontshelwa ngaphandle kweflask ukuvimbela umcu ukuba ubambe umlilo. Ukukhanya kukagesi kwase kwaziwa emadolobheni amakhulu ngendlela , esetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa izindawo ezinkulu zomphakathi. Bonke laba basunguli babefuna indlela yokunciphisa inani lokukhanya ngokuthatha inhlayiyana ekhanyayo ku-arc evuthayo, encane ngokwanele ukuthi isetshenziswe ezindlini ukuze kushintshwe izibani zegesi, nokwenza umthombo wokukhanya uphephe, uhlanzeke futhi ukhanye.
Futhi lokho u-Edison akwenza ngempela - noma kunalokho, lokho elabhorethri yakhe yezimboni eyadala - kwakungekhona nje ukudala umthombo wokukhanya. Bakha uhlelo oluphelele lukagesi lokukhanyisa izindlu - amajeneretha, izintambo zokudlulisa okwamanje, ama-transformer, njll. Kukho konke lokhu, isibani sasiyingxenye esobala kakhulu nebonakalayo kuphela. Ukuba khona kwegama lika-Edison ezinkampanini zakhe zamandla kagesi kwakungeyona into elula kumsunguli omkhulu, njengoba kwakunjalo ngeBell Telephone. U-Edison wazibonakalisa hhayi nje ukuba ngumqambi, kodwa futhi nomklami wezinhlelo. Ilabhorethri yakhe yaqhubeka nokusebenza ekuthuthukiseni izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zokukhanyisa ugesi ngisho nangemva kokuphumelela kwazo kwasekuqaleni.
Isibonelo sezibani zakuqala zika-Edison
Phakathi nocwaningo cishe ngo-1883, u-Edison (futhi mhlawumbe nesinye sezisebenzi zakhe) wanquma ukufaka ipuleti lensimbi ngaphakathi kwesibani esikhanyayo kanye nomcu. Izizathu zalesi senzo azicacile. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwakuwumzamo wokuqeda ukufiphala kwesibani - ingaphakathi lengilazi ye-bulb laqongelela into emnyama engaqondakali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokusobala unjiniyela wayenethemba lokuthi lezi zinhlayiya ezimnyama zizokhangwa yipuleti elinamandla. Wamangala lapho ethola ukuthi lapho ipuleti lifakwa kumjikelezo kanye nendawo ekahle yomucu, inani lamanje eligeleza emculweni lalilingana ngokuqondile nokuqina kokukhanya komcu. Lapho uxhuma ipuleti ekugcineni okungekuhle kwentambo, akukho okufana nalokhu okwabonwa.
U-Edison wanquma ukuthi lo mphumela, kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Edison noma , ingasetshenziswa ukukala noma ngisho nokulawula “amandla kagesi,” noma i-voltage, ohlelweni lukagesi. Njengomkhuba, wafaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi kule "nkomba kagesi", wabe esebuyela emisebenzini ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kwezintambo
Masiqhubekele phambili eminyakeni engama-20 esikhathini esizayo, kuye ku-1904. Ngalesi sikhathi eNgilandi, u-John Ambrose Fleming wayesebenza ngeziyalezo ezivela eNkampanini yaseMarconi ukuze athuthukise isamukeli samaza omsakazo.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi umsakazo wawuyini futhi wawungekho yini ngalesi sikhathi, kokubili ngokwezinsimbi nokusebenza. Umsakazo wawungabizwa nange “radio” ngaleso sikhathi, wawubizwa ngokuthi “wireless”. Igama elithi "umsakazo" laqala ukwanda ngeminyaka yawo-1910. Ikakhulukazi, wayebhekisele kucingo olungenantambo - uhlelo lokudlulisa amasiginali ngendlela yamachashazi namadeshi ukusuka kumthumeli kuye kumamukeli. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kwakuwukuxhumana phakathi kwemikhumbi nezinkonzo zamachweba, futhi ngalo mqondo kwakunesithakazelo kuziphathimandla zasolwandle emhlabeni wonke.
Abanye abaqambi bangaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi, , wahlola umbono we-radiotelephone - ukuthumela imiyalezo yezwi emoyeni ngendlela yamagagasi aqhubekayo. Kodwa ukusakaza ngomqondo wesimanje akuzange kuvele kwaze kwaba yiminyaka engu-15 kamuva: ukudluliswa kwezindaba, izindaba, umculo nezinye izinhlelo zokwamukela izethameli eziningi. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, imvelo yendawo yonke yamasignali omsakazo ibonwe njengenkinga okufanele ixazululwe esikhundleni sesici esingase sisetshenziswe.
Imishini yomsakazo eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi yayifaneleka kahle ukusebenza nge-Morse code futhi yayingafaneleki kahle kukho konke okunye. Ama-transmitters adale amagagasi e-Hertzian ngokuthumela inhlansi phakathi kwegebe kusekethe. Ngakho-ke, isignali yayihambisana nokukhala kwe-static.
Abamukeli babone lesi siginali nge-coherer: amafayili ensimbi eshubhu lengilazi, ahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwethonya lamaza omsakazo abe yisisindo esiqhubekayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela aqedele ukujikeleza. Khona-ke ingilazi kwakudingeka ifakwe ukuze i-sawdust ihlakazeke futhi umamukeli alungele isignali elandelayo - ekuqaleni lokhu kwenziwa ngesandla, kodwa ngokushesha kwavela amadivaysi azenzakalelayo kulokhu.
Ngo-1905 baqala ukubonakala , eyaziwa nangokuthi "untshebe wekati". Kwavela ukuthi ngokuthinta nje ikristalu ethile ngocingo, isibonelo, i-silicon, i-iron pyrite noma , kwakungenzeka ukuhlwitha isignali yomsakazo emoyeni omncane. Abamukeli abawumphumela bebeshibhile, behlangene futhi befinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu. Bagqugquzele ukuthuthuka komsakazo wezimfundamakhwela, ikakhulukazi entsheni. Ukwanda okungazelelwe kokungena kwe-airtime okuqubuke ngenxa yalokhu kuholele ezinkingeni ngenxa yokuthi i-airtime yomsakazo ihlukene phakathi kwabo bonke abasebenzisi. Izingxoxo ezingenacala phakathi kwezimfundamakhwela zazingase ziphambane ngephutha nezingxoxo zemikhumbi yasolwandle, futhi ezinye izixhwanguxhwangu zize zikwazi nokukhipha imiyalo engamanga nokuthumela izimpawu zokuthola usizo. Nakanjani kwadingeka ukuba umbuso ungenelele. Njengoba u-Ambrose Fleming ngokwakhe ebhala, ukuvela kwama-crystal detectors
ngokushesha kuholele ekwandeni kwe-radiotelegraph engenamsebenzi ngenxa yemigilingwane kagesi nabafundi abayizimfundamakhwela, okwadinga ukungenelela okuqinile kweziphathimandla zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kugcinwe izinto ziphilile futhi ziphephile.
Kusukela ezicini ezingavamile zikagesi zalawa makristalu, isizukulwane sesithathu sokushintsha kwedijithali kuzovela ngesikhathi esifanele, kulandela ukudluliselwa kanye namalambu - amaswishi abusa umhlaba wethu. Kodwa konke kunesikhathi sakho. Sichaze isigameko, manje ake sibuyisele konke ukunaka kumlingisi osanda kuvela endaweni ekhanyayo: u-Ambrose Fleming, eNgilandi, ngo-1904.
I-Valve
Ngo-1904, uFleming wayenguprofesa wobunjiniyela bakagesi e-University College London, futhi engumeluleki we-Marconi Company. Inkampani iqale yamqasha ukuthi ahlinzeke ngobuchule ekwakhiweni kwesikhungo sikagesi, kodwa wabe esebamba iqhaza emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa isamukeli.
UFleming ngo-1890
Wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi i-coherer yayingamamukeli ompofu mayelana nokuzwela, futhi umtshina kazibuthe owakhiwe e-Macroni wawungengcono kakhulu. Ukuze athole ozongena esikhundleni, uFleming waqala wanquma ukwakha isifunda esibucayi ukuze abone amagagasi akwaHertzian. Ithuluzi elinjalo, nangaphandle kokuba umtshina ngokwalo, lingaba usizo ocwaningweni oluzayo.
Ukuze enze lokhu, kwakudingeka aqhamuke nendlela yokulinganisa ngokuqhubekayo amandla amanje adalwe amagagasi angenayo, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-discrete coherer (eyayibonisa kuphela ezifundeni - lapho i-sawdust ihlangene - noma ivaliwe). Kodwa amadivaysi aziwayo okulinganisa amandla amanje - ama-galvanometers - adingekayo njalo, okungukuthi, i-unidirectional yamanje yokusebenza. Umsinga oshintshanayo ojatshuliswa amaza omsakazo washintsha indlela ngokushesha kangangokuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke ukukala.
UFleming ukhumbule ukuthi unezinto ezimbalwa ezithakazelisayo eziqoqa uthuli ekhabetheni lakhe - izibani zezinkomba ze-Edison. Ngawo-1880 wayengumxhumanisi we-Edison Electric Lighting Company eLondon, futhi wasebenza enkingeni yokucishwa kwezibani. Ngaleso sikhathi wathola amakhophi amaningana esibonisi, okungenzeka avela kuWilliam Preece, unjiniyela omkhulu kagesi weBritish Postal Service, owayesanda kubuya embukisweni kagesi ePhiladelphia. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukulawula i-telegraph nocingo kwakuwumkhuba ovamile ngaphandle kwe-United States ngezinkonzo zeposi, ngakho kwakuyizikhungo zobuchwepheshe bogesi.
Kamuva, ngawo-1890, uFleming ngokwakhe wafunda umphumela we-Edison esebenzisa izibani ezitholakala ku-Preece. Wabonisa ukuthi umphumela wawungukuthi i-current igeleza ohlangothini olulodwa: amandla kagesi angalungile angageleza ukusuka ku-filament eshisayo kuya ku-electrode ebandayo, kodwa hhayi ngokuphambene nalokho. Kodwa kuphela ngo-1904, lapho ebhekene nomsebenzi wokuthola amaza omsakazo, lapho ebona khona ukuthi leli qiniso lingasetshenziswa ekusebenzeni. Inkomba ye-Edison izovumela kuphela indlela eyodwa ye-AC pulses ukuwela igebe phakathi kwe-filament nepuleti, okuholela ekugelezeni okuqhubekayo nokungaqondile.
UFleming wathatha isibani esisodwa, wasixhuma ngochungechunge nge-galvanometer futhi wavula isidlulisi senhlansi. I-Voila - isibuko saphenduka futhi i-beam yokukhanya yahamba esikalini. Kwasebenza. Ingakala ngokunembile isignali yomsakazo engenayo.
Ama-prototypes we-Fleming valve. I-anode iphakathi nendawo ye-filament loop (i-hot cathode)
UFleming wabiza i-valve yakhe ngokuthi "i-valve" ngoba yayivumela kuphela ugesi ukuthi uhambe ohlangothini olulodwa. Ngokwamagama ajwayelekile wobunjiniyela bakagesi, bekuyi-rectifier - indlela yokuguqula i-alternating current ibe eyamanje eqondile. Khona-ke yayibizwa ngokuthi i-diode ngoba yayinama-electrode amabili - i-cathode eshisayo (i-filament) ekhipha ugesi, ne-anode ebandayo (ipuleti) eyayithola. UFleming wethula ukuthuthukiswa okuningana ekwakhiweni, kodwa empeleni idivayisi yayingehlukile nesibani senkomba esenziwe ngu-Edison. Ukushintshela kwayo kwikhwalithi entsha kwenzeka ngenxa yoshintsho endleleni yokucabanga - sesivele sayibona le nto izikhathi eziningi. Ushintsho lwenzeka ezweni lemibono ekhanda likaFleming, hhayi ezweni lezinto ezingaphandle kwalo.
I-valve ye-Fleming ngokwayo yayiwusizo. Bekuyidivaysi yasendle engcono kakhulu yokulinganisa amasignali omsakazo, kanye nomtshina omuhle ngokwawo. Kodwa akawunyakazisanga umhlaba. Ukukhula kokuqhuma kwama-elekthronikhi kwaqala kuphela ngemva kokuba u-Lee de Forest engeze i-electrode yesithathu futhi waphendula i-valve yaba i-relay.
Ukulalela
U-Lee de Forest wakhuliswa ngendlela engavamile umfundi waseYale. Ubaba wakhe, uReverend Henry de Forest, wayengumakadebona weMpi Yombango waseNew York futhi engumfundisi. , futhi ekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi njengomshumayeli kwakufanele asakaze ukukhanya kwaphezulu kolwazi nobulungisa. Elalela ubizo lomsebenzi, wamukela isimemo sokuba umongameli weTalladega College e-Alabama. Ikolishi lasungulwa ngemuva kweMpi Yombango yi-American Missionary Association, eseNew York. Yayihloselwe ukufundisa nokweluleka izakhamuzi zendawo zabamnyama. Lapho u-Lee wazizwa ephakathi kwedwala nendawo eqinile - abantu abamnyama bendawo bamlulaza ngenxa yokungabi nangqondo kwakhe nobugwala, kanye nabamhlophe bendawo - ngokuba .
Nokho, eseyinsizwa, u-de Forest waba nomuzwa onamandla wokuzethemba. Wathola ukuthandwa koomakhenikha nokusungulwa - imodeli yakhe yesikali yesitimela yaba isimangaliso sendawo. Esemusha, ngenkathi efunda eTalladega, wanquma ukunikela impilo yakhe ekusunguleni. Khona-ke, njengensizwa futhi ehlala edolobheni laseNew Haven, indodana yomfundisi yazilahla izinkolelo zayo zokugcina ezingokwenkolo. Bahamba kancane kancane ngenxa yokujwayelana noDarwinism, base bepheshulwa umoya emva kokushona kukayise okungalindelekile. Kodwa umqondo wekusasa lakhe awuzange ushiye e-Forest - wazibheka njengongqondongqondo futhi walwela ukuba nguNikola Tesla wesibili, umthakathi ocebile, odumile futhi ongaqondakali wenkathi kagesi. Abafundi afunda nabo eYale babemthatha njengesikhwama somoya esibi. Angase abe yindoda engadumile esake sahlangana nayo emlandweni wethu.
de Forest, c.1900
Ngemva kokuphothula eNyuvesi yaseYale ngo-1899, u-de Forest wakhetha ukuba yingcweti kwezobuciko obusafufusa bokudluliswa kwamasignali okungenantambo njengendlela eya engcebweni nodumo. Emashumini eminyaka alandela, wahlasela le ndlela ngokukhulu ukuzimisela nokuzethemba, futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza. Konke kwaqala ngokubambisana kuka-de Forest nozakwabo u-Ed Smythe eChicago. U-Smythe wagcina ibhizinisi labo lisebenza ngezinkokhelo ezivamile, futhi bendawonye bakha owabo umtshina wamagagasi omsakazo, ohlanganisa izingcwecwe ezimbili zensimbi ezihlanganiswe ingcina u-de Forest ayibiza ngokuthi "namathisela" [goo]. Kodwa u-de Forest akakwazanga ukulinda isikhathi eside ukuthola imivuzo yobuhlakani bakhe. Walahla uSmythe futhi wabambisana nosozimali owayenomthunzi waseNew York okuthiwa u-Abraham White [washintsha ngokuxakayo igama lakhe kulelo elalinikezwe lapho ezalwa, uSchwartz, ukuze afihle izindaba zakhe zobumnyama. Okumhlophe/Mhlophe – (IsiNgisi) mhlophe, Schwarz/Schwarz – (isiJalimane) emnyama / cishe. ukuhumusha], evula i-De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company.
Imisebenzi yenkampani ngokwayo ibibaluleke okwesibili kuwo womabili amaqhawe ethu. UMhlophe wasizakala ngokungazi kwabantu ukuze afole emaphaketheni akhe. Uqole izigidi kubatshalizimali abadonsa kanzima ukuze bahambisane nokudlondlobala komsakazo obekulindelekile. Futhi u-de Forest, ngenxa yemali eningi evela kulaba “abancelayo,” wagxila ekuboniseni ubuhlakani bakhe ngokuthuthukiswa kohlelo olusha lwaseMelika lokudluliswa kolwazi olungenantambo (ngokungafani nolwaseYurophu olwakhiwe uMarconi nabanye).
Ngeshwa ngohlelo lwaseMelika, umtshina we-de Forest awuzange usebenze kahle kakhulu. Uxazulule le nkinga okwesikhashana ngokuboleka umklamo onelungelo lobunikazi lika-Reginald Fessenden womtshina obizwa ngokuthi "i-liquid baretter" - izintambo ezimbili zeplatinamu ezicwiliswe kubhavu we-sulfuric acid. U-Fessenden uvule icala lokwephulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi - futhi kusobala ukuthi wayezolinqoba leli cala. UDe Forest akakwazanga ukuphumula waze waqhamuka nomtshina omusha okwakungowakhe kuphela. Ekwindla ka-1906, wamemezela ukudalwa komtshina onjalo. Emihlanganweni emibili ehlukene e-American Institute of Electrical Engineering, u-de Forest wachaza umtshina wakhe omusha ongenazintambo, awubiza ngokuthi i-Audion. Kodwa umsuka wayo wangempela uyangabaza.
Okwesikhathi esithile, imizamo ka-de Forest yokwakha umtshina omusha yayizungeza ukudlula kwamandla elangabini. , okuyinto, ngokombono wakhe, ingaba umqhubi we-asymmetric. Umbono, ngokusobala, awuzange uthweswe umqhele wempumelelo. Ngesinye isikhathi ngo-1905, wafunda nge-valve yaseFleming. UDe Forest wathola ekhanda lakhe ukuthi le valve kanye nomshini wayo osekelwe ekushiseni kwakungeyona into ehlukile - uma ushintsha intambo eshisayo ngelangabi, futhi uyimboze ngesibani seglasi ukuze uvale igesi, uzothola i-valve efanayo. Wakha uchungechunge lwamalungelo obunikazi alandela umlando wokusungulwa kwamavalvu e-pre-Fleming esebenzisa imitshina yomlilo yegesi. Ngokusobala wayefuna ukuzibeka phambili ekusungulweni kwakhe, edlula ilungelo lobunikazi likaFleming, njengoba umsebenzi nomshini wokushisa waseBunsen wandulela umsebenzi kaFleming (wawuqhubeka kusukela ngo-1900).
Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukuzikhohlisa noma ukukhwabanisa, kodwa umphumela waba ilungelo lobunikazi lika-de Forest lika-August 1906 "lomkhumbi wengilazi ongenalutho oqukethe ama-electrode amabili ahlukene, phakathi kwawo okukhona i-gaseous medium okuthi, uma ishisa ngokwanele, ibe umqhubi futhi yakha isici sokuzwa." Imishini nokusebenza komshini kungenxa kaFleming, futhi incazelo yokusebenza kwayo kungenxa yeDe Forest. UDe Forest wagcina elahlekelwe yingxabano yelungelo lobunikazi, nakuba kwathatha iminyaka eyishumi.
Umfundi omagange useyazibuza ukuthi kungani sichitha isikhathi esingaka kulo mlisa obezishaya isifuba edlulisa imibono yabanye abantu ngokuthi eyakhe? Isizathu silele ekuguqulweni okwenziwe i-Audion ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule ze-1906.
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-de Forest wayengenawo umsebenzi. U-White nozakwabo bagwema isikweletu mayelana necala lika-Fessenden ngokusungula inkampani entsha, i-United Wireless, futhi bayiboleka izimpahla ze-American De Forest ngo-$1. UDe Forest ukhishwe ngesinxephezelo se-$1000 kanye namalungelo obunikazi amaningana angenamsebenzi ezandleni zakhe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lobunikazi be-Audion. Njengoba ayejwayele ukuphila okuwubukhazikhazi, wabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zezezimali futhi wazama ngamandla ukuguqula i-Audion ibe impumelelo enkulu.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kwenzekani ngokulandelayo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi u-de Forest wayekholelwa ukuthi nguyena owasungula i-relay - ngokungafani ne-Fleming rectifier. Wenza i-Audion yakhe ngokuxhuma ibhethri epuleti le-valve elibandayo, futhi ukholelwa ukuthi isignali kumjikelezo we-antenna (exhunywe ku-filament eshisayo) iguqule amandla aphezulu kumjikelezo webhethri. Wayenephutha: lawa kwakungewona amasekhethi amabili, ibhethri lamane lasusa isignali ku-antenna, kunokuba liyikhulise.
Kodwa leli phutha laba bucayi, njengoba liholele u-de Forest ekuhloleni i-electrode yesithathu ku-flask, okwakufanele iqhubeke nokunqamula izifunda ezimbili zalesi "relay". Ekuqaleni wengeza i-electrode yesibili ebandayo eduze neyokuqala, kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe ethonywe izindlela zokulawula ezisetshenziswa ochwepheshe befiziksi ukuze baqondise kabusha imishayo emishinini ye-cathode-ray, wahambisa i-electrode endaweni phakathi kwe-filament nepuleti eliyinhloko. Unqume ukuthi lesi sikhundla singaphazamisa ukuhamba kukagesi, futhi washintsha ukuma kwe-electrode yesithathu kusuka epuleti kuya ocingweni olunamagagasi olufana ne-rasp - futhi wayibiza ngokuthi "igridi".
1908 Audion triode. Intambo (ephukile) ngakwesobunxele i-cathode, i-wavy wire iyi-mesh, i-metal plate eyindilinga iyi-anode. Isenemicu efana nesibani esivamile.
Futhi ngempela kwakuyi-relay. Umsinga obuthakathaka (njengalowo okhiqizwa i-antenna yomsakazo) osetshenziswa kugridi ungalawula igagasi elinamandla kakhulu phakathi kwefilamenti nepuleti, ixoshe izinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezazama ukudlula phakathi kwazo. Lo mtshina usebenze kangcono kakhulu kune-valve ngoba awugcinanga ngokulungisa, kodwa futhi ukhulise isignali yomsakazo. Futhi, njenge-valve (futhi ngokungafani ne-coherer), ingakhiqiza isignali eqhubekayo, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala i-radiotelegraph kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-radiotelephone (futhi kamuva - ukudluliswa kwezwi nomculo).
Empeleni akusebenzanga kahle. Ama-audios e-De Forest ayeqinile, ashiswa ngokushesha, ayentula ukuvumelana ekukhiqizeni, futhi ayengasebenzi njengezikhulisi. Ukuze i-Audion ethile isebenze kahle, kwakudingeka ukulungisa imingcele kagesi yesekethe kuyo.
Noma kunjalo, u-de Forest wayekholelwa ekusungulweni kwakhe. Usungule inkampani entsha ezoyikhangisa, iDe Forest Radio Telephone Company, kodwa ukuthengiswa kwabe kuncane. Impumelelo enkulu kwaba ukudayiswa kwemishini emikhunjini yocingo lwe-intra-fleet ngesikhathi sokuzungeza umhlaba "". Nokho, umlawuli wemikhumbi, engasenaso isikhathi sokuthola imishini ehambisa imishini nezamukela i-de Forest ukuba isebenze futhi aqeqeshe izisebenzi ezizozisebenzisa, wayala ukuba zipakishwe futhi zishiywe endaweni yokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani entsha ka-De Forest, eholwa umlandeli ka-Abraham White, yayingahloniphekile kuneyangaphambili. Ukwengeza emashwa akhe, ngokushesha wazithola esesolwa ngokukhwabanisa.
Iminyaka emihlanu, u-Audion akazange azuze lutho. Nakulokhu, ucingo lwaluzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-digital relay, kulokhu kuhlenga ubuchwepheshe obuthembisayo kodwa obungahloliwe obusuzoshabalala.
Futhi futhi ifoni
Inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana yamabanga amade bekuyisistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi ye-AT&T. Ibophele ndawonye izinkampani eziningi zasendaweni futhi yanikeza inzuzo ebalulekile yokuncintisana njengoba amalungelo obunikazi kaBell aphelelwa yisikhathi. Ngokujoyina inethiwekhi ye-AT&T, ikhasimende elisha, ngokombono, lingakwazi ukufinyelela bonke abanye ababhalisile endaweni eqhele ngezinkulungwane zamamayela—yize empeleni, izingcingo zamabanga amade bezingavamile ukwenziwa. Inethiwekhi ibiphinde ibe yisisekelo esibonakalayo semibono yenkampani ebanzi "yeNqubomgomo Eyodwa, Uhlelo Olulodwa, Isevisi Yokumisa Okukodwa."
Kodwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi yesibili yekhulu lamashumi amabili, le nethiwekhi yafinyelela esiphezulu sayo ngokomzimba. Lapho izintambo zocingo zinwebeka, umsindo owawudlula kuzo wawuba buthaka futhi uba nomsindo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inkulumo yayicishe ingezwakali. Ngenxa yalokhu, empeleni bekunamanethiwekhi amabili e-AT&T e-US, ahlukaniswe umugqa wezwekazi.
Kunethiwekhi esempumalanga, iNew York yayiyisikhonkwane, kanye nabaphindayo bemishini kanye – intambo eyayinquma ukuthi izwi lomuntu lingahamba ibanga elingakanani. Kodwa lobu buchwepheshe babungewona amandla onke. Amakhoyili ashintsha izakhiwo zikagesi zesekethe yocingo, enciphisa ukuncishiswa kwamaza ezwi - kodwa ayengawanciphisa kuphela, angawaqedi. Abaphindayo bemishini (isipika socingo nje esixhunywe kumbhobho okhulisayo) bengeza umsindo ngokuphinda ngakunye. Ulayini ka-1911 osuka eNew York uya eDenver wathatha lelihhanisi lafinyelela ubude balo obukhulu. Kwakungekho nkulumo yokwelula inethiwekhi kulo lonke izwekazi. Nokho, ngo-1909, uJohn Carty, unjiniyela omkhulu wakwa-AT&T, wathembisa esidlangalaleni ukwenza lokho kanye. Uthembise ukuthi uzokwenza lokhu eminyakeni emihlanu - ngesikhathi eqala eSan Francisco ngo-1915.
Umuntu wokuqala owenza lesi senzo senzeka ngosizo lwe-amplifier entsha yocingo wayengeyena umMelika, kodwa indlalifa yomndeni ocebile waseViennese onesithakazelo kwisayensi. Ukuba mncane Ngosizo lwabazali bakhe, wathenga inkampani ekhiqiza izingcingo futhi waqala ukwenza umshini wokukhulisa izingcingo. Ngo-1906, wayenze i-relay esekelwe kumashubhu e-cathode ray, ngaleso sikhathi ayesetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwe-physics (futhi kamuva yaba isisekelo sobuchwepheshe besikrini sevidiyo esasibusa ekhulwini lama-XNUMX). Isignali engenayo engenamandla ilawule uzibuthe kagesi ogobise i-beam, ishintsha igagasi elinamandla kusekethe enkulu.
Ngo-1910, u-von Lieben nozakwabo, u-Eugene Reise no-Sigmund Strauss, bafunda nge-Audione ka-de Forest futhi bashintsha uzibuthe eshubhuni bafaka igridi elawula imisebe ye-cathode - lo mklamo wawusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi uphakeme kunanoma yini eyenziwa e-United. Amazwe ngaleso sikhathi. Inethiwekhi yocingo yaseJalimane ngokushesha yamukela isikhulisi se-von Lieben. Ngo-1914, ngenxa yakhe, umkhuzi we-East Prussian Army washaya ucingo endlunkulu yaseJalimane, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-1000, e-Koblenz. Lokhu kwaphoqa induna yabasebenzi ukuba ithumele ojenene uHindenberg noLudendorff empumalanga, enkazimulweni yaphakade futhi kube nemiphumela emibi. Kamuva ama-amplifiers afanayo axhumanisa indlunkulu yaseJalimane namabutho asezindaweni eziseningizimu nasempumalanga kuze kufike eMacedonia naseRomania.
Ikhophi ye-von Lieben ye-cathode ray relay ethuthukisiwe. I-cathode ingezansi, i-anode iyikhoyili phezulu, kanti igridi iyicwecwe lensimbi eliyindilinga phakathi.
Nokho, izithiyo zolimi nezindawo, kanye nempi, kwakusho ukuthi lo mklamo awuzange ufinyelele e-United States, futhi ezinye izenzakalo zawunqoba ngokushesha.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-de Forest washiya i-Radio Telephone Company ehlulekayo ngo-1911 futhi wabalekela eCalifornia. Lapho, wathola umsebenzi e-Federal Telegraph Company e-Palo Alto, eyasungulwa umfundi waseStanford . Ngokweqile, i-de Forest izosebenza ku-amplifier ezokwandisa ivolumu yokuphuma komsakazo wenhlangano. Eqinisweni, yena, uHerbert van Ettan (unjiniyela wezingcingo ongumakadebona) kanye noCharles Logwood (umklami owamukelayo) bazimisela ukwakha iamplifier yocingo ukuze bobathathu bawine umklomelo ovela kwa-AT&T, okwakunamahemuhemu okuba u-$1 million.
Ukuze enze lokhu, u-de Forest wathatha i-Audion e-mezzanine, kwathi ngo-1912 yena nozakwabo base benomshini olungele ukuboniswa enkampanini yocingo. Yayinama-Audions amaningana axhunywe ochungechungeni, idala ukukhuliswa ngezigaba ezimbalwa, nezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezisizayo. Idivayisi isebenzile ngempela—ingakhuphula isignali ngokwanele ukuze uzwe iduku liwa noma iwashi elisephaketheni liphawula. Kodwa kuphela kuma-currents nama-voltages aphansi kakhulu ukuthi angaba usizo kucingo. Njengoba okwamanje kwanda, ama-Audions aqala ukukhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi isignali yaphenduka yaba nomsindo. Kodwa imboni yezingcingo yayinentshisekelo eyanele yokuyisa idivayisi konjiniyela bayo futhi ibone ukuthi bangenzani ngayo. Kwenzeka ukuthi omunye wabo, isazi sesayensi yemvelo uHarold Arnold, wayazi kahle indlela yokulungisa i-amplifier evela ku-Federal Telegraph.
Isikhathi sokuxoxa ngokuthi i-valve ne-Audion zisebenze kanjani. Ukuqonda okubalulekile okudingekayo ukuchaza umsebenzi wabo kwavela eLabhorethri yaseCavendish eCambridge, ithangi lokucabanga le-electron physics entsha. Ngo-1899 lapho, u-J. J. Thomson wabonisa ekuhloleni kwamashubhu e-cathode ray ukuthi inhlayiyana enesisindo, kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi i-electron, ithwala amandla isuka ku-cathode iye kuyi-anode. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, u-Owen Richardson, uzakwabo kaThomson, wenza lesi siphakamiso saba ithiyori yezibalo ye-thermionic emission.
U-Ambrose Fleming, unjiniyela osebenza uhambo olufushane lwesitimela esuka eCambridge, wayejwayelene nale misebenzi. Kwamcacela ukuthi i-valve yakhe yasebenza ngenxa yokukhishwa kwe-thermionic kwama-electron asuka ku-filament eshisayo, ewela igebe le-vacuum ku-anode ebandayo. Kodwa i-vacuum esibani senkomba yayingajulile - lokhu kwakungadingeki ku-bulb evamile. Kwakwanele ukumpompa umoya-mpilo owanele ukuze kuvinjwe intambo ekubambeni umlilo. UFleming waqaphela ukuthi ukuze i-valve isebenze kangcono, kwakufanele ichithwe kahle ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze igesi esele ingaphazamisi ukuhamba kwama-electron.
UDe Forest akazange akuqonde lokhu. Njengoba efike ku-valve kanye ne-Audion ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo nge-bunsen burner, inkolelo yakhe yayiphambene - ukuthi igesi e-ionized eshisayo yayiwuketshezi olusebenzayo lwedivayisi, nokuthi ukususwa kwayo okuphelele kuzoholela ekumisweni kokusebenza. Yingakho i-Audion ibingazinzile futhi ingagculisi njengesamukeli somsakazo, nokuthi kungani ikhiphe ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
U-Arnold kwa-AT&T ubesesimweni esihle sokulungisa iphutha lika-de Forest. Wayeyisazi sefiziksi esasifunde ngaphansi kukaRobert Millikan eNyuvesi yaseChicago futhi waqashwa ngokukhethekile ukuze asebenzise ulwazi lwakhe lwe-electronic physics enkingeni yokwakha inethiwekhi yocingo esuka ogwini ukuya ogwini. Wayazi ukuthi ishubhu ye-Audion yayizosebenza kangcono endaweni ecishe icishe ifane, wayazi ukuthi amaphampu akamuva angafinyelela i-vacuum enjalo, wayazi ukuthi uhlobo olusha lwefilament ehlanganiswe nge-oxide, kanye nepuleti elikhudlwana kanye negridi, nakho kungatholakala. ukwandisa ukugeleza kwama-electron. Ngamafuphi, waguqula i-Audion ibe yithubhu ye-vacuum, umenzi wezimangaliso wenkathi ye-electronic.
I-AT&T ibinesikhulisamandla esinamandla esidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ulayini we-transcontinental - ibingenawo nje amalungelo wokuwusebenzisa. Abamele inkampani baziphathe ngendlela engakholeki ngesikhathi bexoxisana no-de Forest, kodwa baqala ingxoxo ehlukile ngommeli weqembu lesithathu, owakwazi ukuthenga amalungelo okusebenzisa i-Audion njenge-amplifier yocingo ngama- $ 50 (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-000 kumadola ka-1,25). Ulayini weNew York–San Francisco wavulwa ngesikhathi esifanele, kodwa kakhulu njengokunqoba kobuhle bobuchwepheshe nokukhangisa kwebhizinisi kunezindlela zokuxhumana. Izindleko zezingcingo zazilingana nezinkanyezi kangangokuthi cishe akekho owayekwazi ukuzisebenzisa.
inkathi kagesi
Ishubhu yevacuum yangempela isiyimpande yesihlahla esisha ngokuphelele sezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. Njenge-relay, ishubhu ye-vacuum yaqhubeka yandisa izinhlelo zayo zokusebenza njengoba onjiniyela bethola izindlela ezintsha zokulungisa ukwakheka kwayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezithile. Ukukhula kwesizwe "-od" akuzange kuphele ngama-diode nama-triodes. Kwaqhubeka , engeze igridi eyengeziwe esekela ukukhuliswa ngokukhula kwezakhi kusekethe. Okulandelayo kwavela , , futhi ngisho . Kwavela ama-thyratrons agcwele umhwamuko wemercury, akhazimula ngokukhanya okuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okwesabekayo. Amalambu amancane alingana nozwane oluncane noma i-acorn. Izibani ze-cathode ezingaqondile lapho i-hum yomthombo we-AC ingazange iphazamise isignali. I-Saga of the Vacuum Tube, elandisa ngokukhula kwemboni yeshubhu kuze kube ngu-1930, ibala amamodeli ahlukene angaphezu kwe-1000 ngenkomba - nakuba amaningi ayengamakhophi angekho emthethweni avela kumikhiqizo engathembekile: Ultron, Perfectron, Supertron, Voltron, njalonjalo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukwedlula ukuhlukahluka kwamafomu kwaba ukuhlukahluka kokusetshenziswa kwe-vacuum tube. Amasekhethi avuselelayo aphendule i-triode yaba isidluliseli - enza amagagasi e-sine abushelelezi futhi angashintshi, ngaphandle kwezinhlansi ezinomsindo, ezikwazi ukudlulisa umsindo kahle. Ngomuntu ohlangene kanye nezinhlansi ngo-1901, uMarconi wayengakwazi ukudlulisa ucezu oluncane lwekhodi yeMorse ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic encane. Ngo-1915, isebenzisa ishubhu yokuhlanza njengesidluliseli nomamukeli, i-AT&T yayingakwazi ukudlulisa izwi lomuntu lisuka e-Arlington, eVirginia liya e-Honolulu—ibanga eliphindwe kabili. Ngawo-1920s, bahlanganisa ucingo olude nokusakaza okulalelwayo kwekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze bakhe amanethiwekhi omsakazo okuqala. Ngakho, ngokushesha isizwe sonke sase singalalela izwi elifanayo emsakazweni, kungaba uRoosevelt noma uHitler.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokudala ama-transmitter avunywe imvamisa enembe futhi ezinzile livumele onjiniyela bezokuxhumana ukuthi bafeze iphupho elase likhona lokuphindwaphindwa kwefrikhwensi elihehe u-Alexander Bell, u-Edison nabanye eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule. Ngo-1923, i-AT&T yayinolayini wezwi weziteshi eziyishumi osuka eNew York uya ePittsburgh. Ikhono lokudlulisa amazwi amaningi ngocingo olulodwa lwethusi lehlise kakhulu izindleko zezingcingo ezikude, okwathi ngenxa yezindleko zazo eziphakeme, bezihlale zithengeka kuphela kubantu abacebe kakhulu namabhizinisi. Ngokubona ukuthi amashubhu e-vacuum angenzani, i-AT&T yathumela abameli bayo ukuthi bayothenga amalungelo engeziwe kwa-de Forest ukuze bavikele amalungelo okusebenzisa i-Audion kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezitholakalayo. Sekukonke, bamkhokhela u-$390, imali yanamuhla elingana namaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-000.
Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka okunjalo, kungani amashubhu e-vacuum engazange alawule isizukulwane sokuqala samakhompyutha ngendlela ayebusa ngayo imisakazo nezinye izinto zokuxhumana? Ngokusobala, i-triode ingaba ukushintshwa kwedijithali njenge-relay. Kusobala kakhulu kangangokuthi u-de Forest waze wakholelwa ukuthi wayedale ukudluliselwa ngaphambi kokuba awudale. Futhi i-triode ibiphendula kakhulu kunokudluliselwa kwe-electromechanical ngoba bekungadingeki ukuthi inyakaze izikhali. I-relay evamile yayidinga ama-millisecond ambalwa ukuze ishintshe, futhi ukuguqulwa kokuguquguquka kusuka ku-cathode kuya ku-anode ngenxa yoshintsho lwamandla kagesi kugridi cishe kwaba khona ngokushesha.
Kodwa izibani zazinobubi obuhlukile kuma-relay: ukuthambekela kwazo, njengabanduleli bazo, amalambu okukhanya, ukuvutha. Impilo ye-Audion de Forest yasekuqaleni yayimfushane kakhulu - cishe amahora angu-100 - kangangokuthi yayiqukethe i-filament eyisipele esibani, okwakudingeka ixhunywe ngemva kokuba eyokuqala ishile. Lokhu kwakubi kakhulu, kodwa ngisho nangemva kwalokho, ngisho nezibani zekhwalithi ezingcono kakhulu zazingenakulindelwa ukuba zihlale amahora angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Kumakhompyutha anezinkulungwane zezibani namahora okubala, lokhu kwakuyinkinga enkulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-relay, "ayethembeke ngendlela emangalisayo," ngokusho kukaGeorge Stibitz. Kangangoba waze washo lokho
Uma isethi yokudluliselwa okumise okwe-U iqale onyakeni wokuqala wenkathi yethu futhi ishintsha othintana naye kanye ngomzuzwana, zisazosebenza nanamuhla. Ukwehluleka kokuqala kokuxhumana bekungalindelwa ngaphambi kweminyaka eyinkulungwane kamuva, endaweni ethile ngonyaka we-3000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungekho okuhlangenwe nakho ngamasekhethi amakhulu kagesi afana namasekhethi e-electromechanical onjiniyela bezingcingo. Imisakazo nezinye izinto zokusebenza zingaqukatha amalambu angu-5-10, kodwa hhayi amakhulu ezinkulungwane. Akekho owayazi ukuthi kwakungenzeka yini ukwenza i-computer enezibani ezingu-5000 XNUMX isebenze. Ngokukhetha ama-relay esikhundleni samashubhu, abaklami bekhompiyutha benza ukukhetha okuphephile nokungagcini.
Engxenyeni elandelayo sizobona ukuthi kwanqotshwa kanjani lokhu kungabaza.
Source: www.habr.com