Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
Ucingo lwavela ngenhlanhla. Uma Ngenxa yocwaningo lweminyaka eyikhulu mayelana namathuba okudlulisa imiyalezo kusetshenziswa ugesi, abantu bazithela phezu kocingo befuna i-telegraph ethuthukisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kulula kakhulu ukwabela usuku oluzwakalayo, nakuba lungaqiniseki ngokuphelele, lokusungulwa kocingo - unyaka wekhulu wokusungulwa kwe-United States, ngo-1876.
Futhi ngeke kushiwo ukuthi ifoni yayingenabo abandulele. Kusukela ngo-1830, ososayensi bocwaningo bebelokhu befuna izindlela zokuguqula umsindo ube ugesi, nogesi ube umsindo.
Umsindo kagesi
In 1837 Ngonyaka , udokotela kanye nomhloli emkhakheni we-electromagnetism ovela eMassachusetts, wathola isenzakalo esiyinqaba. Wafaka ucingo oluzungezayo oluvalekile phakathi kwamaphethelo kazibuthe ongapheli, wabe esebeka ingxenye ngayinye yocingo esitsheni se-mercury esixhunywe ebhethrini. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho evula noma evala isekethe, ephakamisa ukuphela kocingo esitsheni noma ekwehlisa lapho, uzibuthe ukhipha umsindo owawuzwakala ebangeni lemitha. Ikhasi liwubize ngomculo we-galvanic, futhi laphakamisa ukuthi konke kumayelana "nokuphazamiseka kwamangqamuzana" okwenzeka kuzibuthe. Ikhasi lethule igagasi locwaningo ezicini ezimbili zalokhu kutholwa: impahla eyinqaba yezinto ezisansimbi ukuze ishintshe isimo lapho idonsa uzibuthe, kanye nesizukulwane esisobala kakhulu somsindo ngogesi.
Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile ezifundweni ezimbili. Eyokuqala yenziwa nguJohann Philipp Reis. UReis wafundisa izibalo nesayensi ezinganeni zesikole eGarnier Institute eduze naseFrankfurt, kodwa ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala wayematasa nokucwaninga ngogesi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ochwepheshe bakagesi abambalwa base bedale izinguqulo ezintsha zomculo we-galvanic, kodwa u-Reis wayengowokuqala ukuqonda i-alchemy yokuhumusha okubili komsindo kugesi futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
U-Reis waqaphela ukuthi i-diaphragm, efana ne-eardrum yomuntu, ingavala futhi ivule umjikelezo kagesi lapho idlidliza. I-prototype yokuqala yedivayisi yocingo, eyakhiwa ngo-1860, yayinendlebe eqoshwe ngokhuni enolwelwesi olwenziwe ngesinye sengulube olunwetshwe phezu kwalo. I-electrode ye-platinum yayinanyathiselwe phansi kolwelwesi, okwathi lapho idlidliza, ivule futhi ivale isekethe ngebhethri. Umamukeli kwakuyikhoyili yenxeba elizungeze inaliti yokuluka exhunywe kuyivayolini. Umzimba wevayolini ukhulise ukudlidliza kopende olushintsha umumo njengoba benziwe uzibuthe ngokushintshana futhi ungasebenzi uzibuthe.
Imodeli yakamuva yefoni ye-Reis
U-Reis uqhamuke nokuthuthuka okuningi ku-prototype yakuqala, futhi kanye nabanye abahloli bathola ukuthi uma ucula noma uhlabelelele okuthile kukho, umsindo odluliswayo uhlala ubonakala. Kwakunzima ukuhlukanisa amagama, futhi ngokuvamile ayehlanekezelwa futhi angaqondakali. Imilayezo eminingi yempumelelo yezwi isebenzisa imishwana evamile njengokuthi “sawubona” kanye nokuthi “unjani” futhi bekulula ukuqagela. Inkinga enkulu yahlala ukuthi i-transmitter kaReis yavula futhi yavala isekethe, kodwa ayizange ilawule amandla omsindo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakungadluliswa imvamisa ene-amplitude engaguquki kuphela, futhi lokhu akukwazanga ukulingisa zonke izinto ezicashile zezwi lomuntu.
U-Reis wayekholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe kufanele ubonwe yisayensi, kodwa akazange akuzuze lokhu. Umshini wayo wawuyilukuluku elidumile phakathi kwezazi zesayensi, futhi amakhophi avela ezindaweni eziningi zalaba bantu abaphezulu: eParis, eLondon, eWashington. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi wenqatshwa iphephabhuku likaProfessor Poggendorff elithi Annalen der Physik [Imibhalo Yezincwadi Zesayensi Yemvelo], elinye lamajenali esayensi amadala kanye nejenali enethonya kunawo wonke ngaleso sikhathi. Imizamo kaRace yokukhangisa ucingo ezinkampanini ezingocingo iphinde yehlule. Wayephethwe isifo sofuba, futhi ukugula kwakhe okwaba kubi kwamvimbela ukuba aqhubeke nokucwaninga okunzima. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1873, ukugula kwathatha ukuphila kwakhe kanye nezifiso zakhe. Futhi lokhu ngeke kube okokugcina lesi sifo sizophazamisa ukuthuthukiswa komlando wefoni.
Ngenkathi uRace ethuthukisa ifoni yakhe, wayephothula isifundo sakhe sokuqala se-auditory physiology: “The Doctrine of Auditory Sensations as a Physiological Basis for theory of Music” [Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik], eyanyatheliswa ngo-1862. UHelmholtz, owayenguprofesa eNyuvesi yaseHeidelberg, wayengumdondoshiya wesayensi ngekhulu le-XNUMX, esebenza nge-physiology of vision, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, njll.
Umsebenzi kaHelmholtz uhlobene kafushane nomlando wethu, kodwa kungaba lusizi ukuwugeja. Encwadini ethi The Doctrine of Auditory Sensations , uHelmholtz wenzela umculo lokho uNewton akwenza ekukhanyeni - wabonisa ukuthi inzwa ebonakala sengathi iwudwa ingahlukaniswa kanjani ibe izingxenye zayo. Wafakazela ukuthi umehluko kuma-timbres, kusukela ku-violin kuya ku-bassoon, kuvela kuphela umehluko wamandla ahlobene we-overtones yawo (amathoni aphindwe kabili, kathathu, njll. amafrikhwensi ngokuhlobene nenothi lesisekelo). Kodwa endabeni yethu, into ethakazelisa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ilele ethuluzini elimangalisayo alithuthukisele ukuboniswa:
I-Helmholtz synthesizer ehlukile
UHelmholtz wa-oda idivayisi yokuqala endaweni yokusebenzela yaseCologne. Kalula nje, kwakuyi-synthesizer ekwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwamathoni alula. Ikhono lakhe elimangalisayo laliyikhono elingaqondakali lokukhiqiza kabusha imisindo yonkamisa wonke umuntu ayejwayele ukuyizwa iphuma emlonyeni womuntu kuphela.
I-synthesizer yasebenza kusukela ekushayweni kwemfoloko yokushuna eyinhloko, eyayidlidliza kunothi lesisekelo, ivala futhi ivula isifunda, icwilisa ucingo lweplatinamu esitsheni se-mercury. Izimfoloko zokushuna zikazibuthe eziyisishiyagalombili, ngayinye idlidliza ngethoni yayo, ihlezi phakathi kwamaphethelo kazibuthe kagesi oxhunywe kwisekhethi. Ukuvalwa kwesekethe ngakunye kuvula ozibuthe kagesi futhi kugcine izimfoloko zokulungisa zisesimweni sokudlidliza. Eduze kwemfoloko yokushuna ngakunye kwakukhona i-cylindrical resonator ekwazi ukukhulisa ukuduma kwayo kube sezingeni elizwakalayo. Esimeni esijwayelekile, isivalo se-resonator sasivaliwe futhi savala umsindo wemfoloko yokulungisa. Uma uhambisa isivalo eceleni, ungakwazi ukuzwa le zwi, bese “udlala” umsindo wecilongo, upiyano, noma uhlamvu lukankamisa “o”.
Le divayisi izodlala indima encane ekudaleni uhlobo olusha lwefoni.
I-Harmonic Telegraph
Enye yezinto eziheha abasunguli bengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-1870 kwakuyi-multitelegraph. Uma amasignali etelegraph engeziwe ayengaminyana ocingweni olulodwa, kulapho ukusebenza kahle kwenethiwekhi yocingo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX, izindlela eziningana ezahlukene ze-duplex telegraphy (ukuthumela amasignali amabili ngendlela ehlukile ngesikhathi esisodwa) zaziwa. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uThomas Edison wathuthuka kuzo ngokudala i-quadruplex, ehlanganisa i-duplex ne-diplex (ukudlulisa amasignali amabili ohlangothini olulodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa), ukuze ucingo lusetshenziswe ngokuphindwe kane ngokuphumelelayo.
Kodwa ingabe inani lezimpawu lingandiswa ngokwengeziwe? Hlela uhlobo oluthile lwe-octoruplex, noma ngisho nangaphezulu? Iqiniso lokuthi amaza omsindo angashintshwa abe amandla kagesi futhi abuye anikeze ithuba elithakazelisayo. Kuthiwani uma sisebenzisa amathoni amaphimbo ahlukahlukene ukuze sakhe i-acoustic, harmonic, noma, ngokusankondlo, ithelegrafu yomculo? Uma ukudlidliza okuphathekayo kwamafrikhwensi ahlukene kungaguqulelwa ekudlidlizeni kukagesi bese kuhlanganiswe kabusha kumafrikhwensi awo asekuqaleni ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho-ke bekungenzeka ukuthi uthumele amasignali amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokuphazamisana. Khona-ke umsindo ngokwawo wawuyoba nje indlela yokufinyelela isiphetho, isisetshenziswa esimaphakathi esakha imisinga ukuze amasignali amaningana abe khona ocingweni olulodwa. Ukuze kube lula, ngizobhekisela kulo mqondo njenge-harmonic telegraph, nakuba ukuhlukahluka kwamagama kwasetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi.
Lena kwakungeyona yodwa indlela yokudala amasignali ane-multiplexed. EFrance [okungemva kwalokho iyunithi yesivinini esingokomfanekiso iqanjwe - i-baud / approx. transl.] ngo-1874 waqhamuka nomshini onomsabalalisi ojikelezayo owawuqoqa ngokushintshana amasignali kuma-transmitter amaningi etelegraph. Ezinsukwini zanamuhla lokhu singakubiza ngokuthi i-multiplex ehlukaniswa yisikhathi esikhundleni sokubiza imvamisa. Kodwa le ndlela yayine-drawback - yayingeke iholele ekudalweni kwezingcingo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-American telegraphy yayibuswa yi-Western Union, eyayakheka ngawo-1850s emzamweni wokuqeda ukuncintisana okungekuhle phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu ezimbalwa zocingo—incazelo eyayingase isetshenziswe kalula ukuze kuthethelelwe ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo ngaphambi kokufika kwemithetho yokungathembeki. Omunye wabalingiswa endabeni yethu uyichaze ngokuthi "mhlawumbe inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona." Njengoba inezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ezintambo futhi ichitha imali eshisiwe ekwakheni nasekugcineni amanethiwekhi, iWestern Union ilandele intuthuko emkhakheni we-multiplex telegraphy ngentshisekelo enkulu.
Omunye umdlali naye ubelinde impumelelo ebhizinisini le-telegraph. , ummeli waseBoston kanye nosomabhizinisi, wayengomunye wabasekeli abahamba phambili bokuletha i-telegraph yaseMelika ngaphansi kokulawulwa kukahulumeni wobumbano. U-Hubbard wayekholelwa ukuthi ama-telegrams angashibhile njengezinhlamvu, futhi wayezimisele ukubukela phansi lokho ayekubona njengombuso we-Western Union wokugxeka kanye nokukhwabanisa. Umthethosivivinywa ka-Hubbard awuzange uphakamise ukuthi izinkampani zocingo ezikhona zifakwe ezweni ngokuphelele, njengoba kwenza cishe wonke amandla aseYurophu, kodwa uzosungula isevisi ye-telegraph exhaswe nguhulumeni ngaphansi koMnyango Weposi. Kodwa umphumela cishe wawuzofana, futhi iWestern Union yayizolishiya leli bhizinisi. Maphakathi nawo-1870, inqubekelaphambili yomthetho yayimile, kodwa u-Hubbard wayeqiniseka ukuthi ukulawulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi elibucayi le-telegraph kungamnika ithuba lokuphusha isiphakamiso sakhe ngeCongress.
Gardiner Green Hubbard
Kunezici ezimbili ezihlukile e-United States: okokuqala, isikali sezwekazi le-Western Union. Ayikho inhlangano ye-telegraph yaseYurophu eyayinemigqa emide kangaka, ngakho-ke, asikho isizathu sokuthuthukisa i-multiplex telegraphy. Okwesibili, kunombuzo ovulekile wokulawula kukahulumeni phezu kwe-telegraph. Inqaba yokugcina yaseYurophu kwakuyiBrithani, eyafaka i-telegraph ezweni ngo-1870. Ngemuva kwalokhu, azikho izindawo ezishiywe noma kuphi ngaphandle kwe-United States lapho ithemba elilingayo lokwenza intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokubukela phansi ukubusa kwababodwa. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu, iningi lomsebenzi we-harmonic telegraph wenziwa e-United States.
Ikakhulukazi bebebathathu abebebanga umklomelo. Ababili babo babengabasunguli abahlonishwayo - и . Owesithathu wayenguprofesa wezinkulumo kanye nothisha wezithulu ogama lakhe linguBell.
Okumpunga
U-Elisha Gray wakhulela epulazini e-Ohio. Njengabaningi besikhathi sakhe, wayedlala ngocingo esemncane, kodwa lapho eseneminyaka engu-12, lapho uyise eshona, waqala ukufuna umsebenzi owawungamsekela. Wafundela umsebenzi wensimbi isikhathi esithile, kamuva waba umbazi womkhumbi, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-22 wafunda ukuthi angathola imfundo e-Oberlin College kuyilapho esasebenza njengombazi. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu efunda, wangena emsebenzini wokuba ngumsunguli emkhakheni we-telegraphy. I-patent yakhe yokuqala yayiyi-self-adjusting relay, okwathi, ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnet yesibili esikhundleni se-spring ukubuyisela i-armature, yaqeda isidingo sokulungisa ukuzwela kwe-relay kuye ngamandla amanje kumjikelezo.
Elisha Grey, ca. 1878
Ngo-1870, wayesevele enguzakwethu enkampanini ekhiqiza izinto zikagesi, futhi wasebenza lapho njengonjiniyela omkhulu. Ngo-1872, yena nozakwabo bathuthela inkampani eChicago futhi bayiqamba kabusha ngokuthi i-Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Ngokushesha i-Western Electric yaba umphakeli oyinhloko wemishini yocingo eWestern Union. Ngenxa yalokho, izoshiya uphawu oluphawulekayo emlandweni wocingo.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1874, uGrey wezwa umsindo ongavamile uvela endlini yakhe yokugezela. Kuzwakale njengokukhala kwe-rheotome edlidlizayo, kuphela enamandla kakhulu. I-reotome (ngokwezwi nezwi "i-stream breaker") kwakuyisisetshenziswa sikagesi esaziwayo esasisebenzisa ulimi lwensimbi ukuvula nokuvala ngokushesha isekethe. Lapho ebheka endlini yangasese, uGrey wabona indodana yakhe iphethe ikhoyili yokungeniswa exhunywe ku-rheotome esandleni esisodwa, kanti ngesinye isandla ihlikihla ucwecwe lukazinki lukabhavu, olwalukhala ngokulingana. UGrey, ehlatshwe umxhwele amathuba, washiya umsebenzi wakhe wosuku e-Western Electric ukuze abuyele ekusunguleni. Ehlobo, wayesesungule i-telegraph yomculo ene-octave egcwele, ayekwazi ukudlala ngayo imisindo ku-diaphragm eyenziwe ngesitsha sensimbi ngokucindezela izikhiye zekhibhodi.
I-Transmitter
Umamukeli
I-telegraph yomculo yayiyintsha engenalo inani elisobala lezohwebo. Kodwa uGrey waqaphela ukuthi ikhono lokudlulisa imisindo yamathoni ahlukene ngocingo olulodwa lamnika izinketho ezimbili. Nge-transmitter ye-design ehlukile, ekwazi ukucosha umsindo emoyeni, i-telegraph yezwi ingadalwa. Esinye isamukeli esikwazi ukuhlukanisa isignali ehlanganisiwe zibe izingxenye zayo, kwakungenzeka ukwenza i-harmonic telegraphy - okungukuthi, i-multiplex telegraphy esekelwe kumsindo. Wanquma ukugxila okhethweni lwesibili, njengoba imboni ye-telegraph yayinezidingo ezisobala. Waqinisekiswa ekukhetheni kwakhe ngemva kokufunda ngocingo lukaRace, olwalubonakala luyithoyizi elilula lefilosofi.
UGrey wenza isamukeli se-harmonic telegraph kusuka kusethi yezibuthe zikagesi ezihlanganiswe nemicu yensimbi. Umucu ngamunye wawushuniselwe imvamisa ethile, futhi uzwakale lapho kucindezelwa inkinobho ehambisanayo kumshini wokudlulisa umyalezo. I-transmitter yasebenza ngesimiso esifanayo ne-telegraph yomculo.
UGrey uthuthukise idivayisi yakhe eminyakeni emibili eyalandela futhi wayiyisa embukisweni. Ngokusemthethweni umcimbi ubizwe ngokuthi "". Kwakuwumbukiso wokuqala emhlabeni owawuse-United States, futhi wawuqondana nomkhosi wesizwe weminyaka eyikhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho wawubonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. "I-Centennial Exhibition" Kwenzeka ePhiladelphia ehlobo lika-1876. Lapho, uGrey wabonisa ukuxhumana kwe-"octruplex" (okungukuthi, ukudluliswa kwemiyalezo eyisishiyagalombili ngasikhathi sinye) kulayini wocingo olungiselelwe ngokukhethekile ovela eNew York. Le mpumelelo yanconywa kakhulu amajaji alo mbukiso, kodwa ngokushesha yasithwa isimangaliso esikhulu nakakhulu.
Edison
, umongameli weWestern Union, ngokushesha wezwa ngentuthuko kaGrey, okwamenza wethuka kakhulu. Okungcono kakhulu, uma uGrey ephumelela, isimo sizoholela ekunikezeni ilayisense lelungelo lobunikazi elibiza kakhulu. Okubi kakhulu, ilungelo lobunikazi likaGrey lizoba yisisekelo sokwakhiwa kwenkampani eyimbangi ezobekela inselele ukubusa kwe-Western Union.
Ngakho ngoJulayi 1875, u-Orton wakhipha i-ace emkhonweni wakhe: uThomas Edison. U-Edison wakhula nge-telegraphy, wachitha iminyaka eminingana njengomqhubi we-telegraph, wabe eseba umsunguli. Ukunqoba kwakhe okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuxhumana okuyi-quadruplex, okwadalwa ngemali ye-Western Union ngonyaka odlule. Manje u-Orton wayenethemba lokuthi uzothuthukisa ikhono lakhe lokusungula futhi adlule lokho uGrey akwazi ukukwenza. Unikeze u-Edison incazelo yocingo lukaRace; U-Edison wafunda nomsebenzi kaHelmholtz, owawusanda kuhunyushelwa esiNgisini.
U-Edison wayeseqophelweni eliphezulu lefomu lakhe, futhi imibono emisha yayiphuma kuye njengezinhlansi eziphuma ku-anvil. Ngonyaka olandelayo wabonisa izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ze-acoustic telegraphy - eyokuqala yayifana ne-telegraph kaGrey, futhi wasebenzisa izimfoloko zokulungisa noma umhlanga odlidlizayo ukuze akhe noma ezwe imvamisa oyifunayo. U-Edison akakwazanga ukuthola idivayisi enjalo ukuthi isebenze ezingeni elamukelekayo.
Indlela yesibili, ayibiza ngokuthi "i-acoustic transmitter", yayihluke ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umhlanga onyakazayo ukuze adlulise amaza ahlukahlukene, wayewusebenzisa ukuze adlulisele ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene. Ihlukanise ukusetshenziswa kwentambo phakathi kwama-transmitters ngesikhathi kunokuhlukanisa ngobuningi. Lokhu kudinga ukuvumelanisa okuphelele kokudlidliza kupheya ngayinye yesitholi-sidluliseli ukuze amasiginali angagqagqani. Ngo-August 1876, wayesene-quadruplex esebenza kulesi simiso, nakuba ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamayela ayi-100 isignali yaba yize. Ubuye waba namacebo okuthuthukisa ucingo lukaRace, alubeke eceleni okwesikhashana.
U-Edison wabe esezwa ngomuzwa owadalwa e-Centennial Exposition e-Philadelphia yindoda egama layo linguBell.
Insimbi
wazalelwa e-Edinburgh, eScotland, futhi wakhulela eLondon ngaphansi kokuqondisa okuqinile kukamkhulu wakhe. NjengoGrey no-Edison, wabonisa isithakazelo ku-telegraph njengomfana, kodwa wabe eselandela ezinyathelweni zikayise nomkhulu wakhe, ekhetha inkulumo yomuntu njengento yakhe eyinhloko. Umkhulu wakhe, u-Alexander, wazakhela udumo esiteji wabe eseqala ukufundisa ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni. Uyise, u-Alexander Melville, naye wayenguthisha, waze wasungula futhi washicilela uhlelo lwefonetiki, alubiza ngokuthi “inkulumo ebonakalayo.” U-Alexander omncane (u-Alec, njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo emkhayeni), wakhetha njengomsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa izithulu inkulumo.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1860 wayefunda i-anatomy ne-physiology e-University College London. Umfundi uMarie Eccleston wafunda naye, ayehlele ukushada naye. Kodwa wabe esekuyeka kokubili ukufunda nothando. Abafowabo ababili babulawa isifo sofuba, futhi uyise ka-Alec wafuna ukuba yena nomndeni wakhe osele bathuthele eZweni Elisha ukuze balondoloze impilo yendodana yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo. UBell wavuma, nakuba wamelana futhi wakucasula, wahamba ngomkhumbi ngo-1870.
Ngemva kokugebenga isikhashana e-Ontario, u-Alexander, esebenzisa ukuxhumana kukayise, wathola umsebenzi wokuba uthisha esikoleni sezithulu eBoston. Lapho kwaqala ukwelukwa imicu yekusasa lakhe.
Okokuqala wayenomfundi, uMabel Hubbard, owalahlekelwa ukuzwa eneminyaka emihlanu ngenxa ye-scarlet fever. U-Bell waqhubeka nokufundisa ngasese ngisho nangemva kokuba uprofesa we-vocal physiology nokukhuluma esidlangalaleni e-Boston University, kanti uMabel wayephakathi kwabafundi bakhe bokuqala. Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, wayengaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala, emncane kunoBell ngeminyaka eyishumi, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa wayesethandana nale ntombazane. Sizobuyela endabeni yakhe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngo-1872 uBell wavuselela isithakazelo sakhe ku-telegraphy. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, lapho eseseLondon, uBell wezwa ngocwaningo lukaHelmholtz. Kodwa uBell akazange aqonde impumelelo kaHelmholtz, ekholelwa ukuthi akazange nje adale, kodwa futhi wadlulisela imisindo eyinkimbinkimbi esebenzisa ugesi. Ngakho-ke uBell waba nesithakazelo ku-harmonic telegraphy - ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kocingo olunamasignali amaningana adluliselwa kumafrikhwensi amaningana. Mhlawumbe ephefumulelwe izindaba zokuthi i-Western Union ithole umbono we-telegraph oyi-duplex ku-Bostonian uJoseph Stearns, uBell waphinde wacabangela imibono yakhe futhi, njengo-Edison noGrey, waqala ukuzama ukuyisebenzisa.
Ngolunye usuku, ngenkathi evakashele uMabel, wathinta umucu wesibili wekusasa lakhe - emi eduze kwepiyano, wabonisa umndeni wakhe iqhinga alifunde ebusheni bakhe. Uma ucula inothi elihlanzekile kupiyano, iyunithi yezinhlamvu ehambisanayo izokhala futhi iphinde iyidlale kuwe. Utshele uyise kaMabel ukuthi isignali yocingo eshuniwe ingazuza umphumela ofanayo, futhi wachaza ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani ekubhaleni nge-multiplex. Futhi uBell wayengeke athole isilaleli esivumelana kangcono nendaba yakhe: wavuma ngenjabulo futhi waqonda ngaso leso sikhathi umqondo oyinhloko: "Kukhona umoya owodwa kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi kudingeka ucingo olulodwa kuphela," okungukuthi, ukusakazwa kwegagasi kwe-current in. ucingo lungakopisha ukusakazeka kwamaza omoya akhiqizwa umsindo oyinkimbinkimbi. Umlaleli kaBell kwakungu-Gardiner Hubbard.
ifoni
Futhi manje indaba isiya ngokudideka kakhulu, ngakho ngiyesaba ukuhlola isineke sabafundi. Ngizozama ukulandelela amathrendi amakhulu ngaphandle kokucwila emininingwaneni.
UBell, esekelwa uHubbard kanye noyise womunye wabafundi bakhe, wasebenza ngenkuthalo kuthelegrafu ye-harmonic ngaphandle kokumemezela intuthuko yakhe. Washintshanisa umsebenzi onolaka nezikhathi zokuphumula lapho impilo yakhe ingamphumeleli, ngenkathi ezama ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe yasenyuvesi, ethuthukisa uhlelo lukayise “lwenkulumo ebonakalayo” nokusebenza njengomfundisi. Waqasha umsizi omusha , umakhenikha onolwazi oluvela e-Boston mechanical workshop ka-Charles Williams - abantu abathanda ugesi babuthana lapho. U-Hubbard unxuse uBell ukuthi aqhubeke, futhi akazange abe namahloni ngisho nokusebenzisa isandla sendodakazi yakhe njengesikhuthazo, enqaba ukuyishada kuze kube yilapho uBell ethuthukisa ucingo lwakhe.
Ehlobo lika-1874, ngenkathi ngiseholidini eduze kwekhaya lomndeni e-Ontario, uBell waba ne-epiphany. Imicabango eminingana eyayikhona ku-subconscious yakhe yahlanganiswa yaba munye - ucingo. Imicabango yakhe yathonywa okungenani - idivayisi yokuqala yokuqopha umsindo emhlabeni eyapenda amaza omsindo engilazini ebhemayo. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa uBell ukuthi umsindo wanoma ibuphi ubunkimbinkimbi ungancishiswa ube ukunyakaza kwephuzu emkhathini, njengokuhamba kwamandla ocingweni. Ngeke sigxile emininingwaneni yezobuchwepheshe, ngoba azihlanganise lutho namafoni adalwe ngempela futhi ukuba wusizo kokusetshenziswa kwawo kuyangabazeka. Kodwa bathathela indlela entsha ukucabanga kukaBell.
Umdwebo womqondo wocingo lokuqala lwe-Bell olunama-"harmonics" (awakhiwe)
UBell ubeke lo mbono eceleni isikhashana ukuze aphishekele, njengoba abalingani bakhe belindele kuye, umgomo wokudala ucingo oluvumelanayo.
Kodwa ngokushesha wakhathala inqubo yokuhlela kahle izinsimbi, futhi inhliziyo yakhe, yakhathala yizithiyo eziningi ezingokoqobo ezimi endleleni yesibonelo esisebenzayo esimisweni esisebenzayo, ngokuya idonsela ocingweni. Izwi lomuntu laliyisifiso sakhe sokuqala. Ehlobo lika-1875, wathola ukuthi umhlanga onyakazayo wawungakwazi nje ukuvala ngokushesha futhi uvule isifunda ngendlela yokhiye we-telegraph, kodwa futhi udale umsinga oqhubekayo ofana negagasi njengoba uhamba endaweni kazibuthe. Watshela umbono wakhe wocingo ku-Watson, futhi ndawonye bakha imodeli yocingo yokuqala kulo mgomo - i-diaphragm edlidliza emkhakheni we-electromagnet yajabulisa amandla anjengamagagasi kumjikelezo kazibuthe. Lo mshini ubukwazi ukudlulisa imisindo ethile yezwi engacacile. U-Hubbard akazange ahlabeke umxhwele ngomshini futhi wayala u-Bell ukuthi abuyele ezinkingeni zangempela.
I-Bell's vestigial gallow telefoni kusukela ehlobo lika-1875
Kodwa u-Bell usaqinisekisa u-Hubbard nabanye ozakwethu ukuthi lo mbono kufanele ube nelungelo lobunikazi, njengoba ungasetshenziswa ku-multiplex telegraphy. Futhi uma ufaka isicelo selungelo lobunikazi, akekho oyokwenqabela ukuthi usho ukuthi kungenzeka usebenzise idivayisi ukuxhumana ngezwi. Kwathi ngoJanuwari, i-Bell yengeza indlela entsha yokukhiqiza igagasi lamanje kokusalungiswa kwelungelo lobunikazi: ukumelana nokuguquguquka. Wayefuna ukuxhuma i-diaphragm edlidlizayo, eyathola umsindo, ngokuthintana kwe-platinum, yehliswa futhi iphakanyiswe esitsheni esine-asidi, lapho kwakukhona khona omunye, ukuthintana okumile. Lapho othintana naye ecwila ngokujulile, indawo enkulu engaphezulu yahlangana ne-asidi, eyanciphisa ukumelana nokugeleza kwamanje phakathi koxhumana nabo - futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
Umdwebo ka-Bell womqondo wesidlulisi esinamandla sokumelana noketshezi
U-Hubbard, azi ukuthi u-Grey wayeshisa izithende zika-Bell, wathumela isicelo selungelo lobunikazi samanje ehhovisi lelungelo lobunikazi ekuseni ngo-February 14, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuqinisekiswa kokugcina okuvela ku-Bell. Futhi ntambama ngalolo suku, ummeli kaGrey wafika ne-patent yakhe. Futhi yayiqukethe isiphakamiso sokukhiqiza igagasi lamanje kusetshenziswa ukumelana nokuguquguquka kwe-liquid. Iphinde yasho ukuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziswe okusunguliwe kukho kokubili i-telegraph kanye nokudluliswa kwezwi. Kodwa wayephuze amahora ambalwa ukuze aphazamise ilungelo lobunikazi likaBell. Ukube i-oda lokufika belihlukile, bekuzoba nokulalelwa okubalulekile okude ngaphambi kokuthi kunikezwe ilungelo lobunikazi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngoMashi 7, iBell yakhishwa inombolo yelungelo lobunikazi 174, "Intuthuko kuTelegraphy," eyabeka itshe legumbi lokubusa kwesikhathi esizayo kohlelo lweBell.
Kodwa le ndaba evusa amadlingozi ayinayo indida. Ngoba ngoFebhuwari 14, 1876, akekho uBell noma uGrey ababezakhele imodeli yokusebenza yocingo. Akekho noyedwa oke wazama lokhu, ngaphandle komzamo kaBell kafushane ngoJulayi odlule, lapho bekungekho ukumelana okuguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, amalungelo obunikazi akufanele abukwe njengengqopha-mlando emlandweni wobuchwepheshe. Lesi sikhathi esibucayi ekuthuthukisweni kocingo njengebhizinisi besingahlangene kangako nocingo njengocingo.
Kwaba ngemva kokuhambisa ilungelo lobunikazi lapho uBell noWatson baba nethuba lokubuyela ocingweni, naphezu kwezidingo eziqhubekayo zika-Hubbard zokuqhubeka nomsebenzi ku-multiplex telegraph. UBell noWatson bachitha izinyanga ezimbalwa bezama ukwenza umqondo wokumelana noketshezi oluguquguqukayo usebenze, futhi ucingo olwakhiwe phezu kwalesi simiso lwasetshenziswa ukudlulisa umusho odumile: "Mnu. Watson, woza lapha, ngifuna ukukubona."
Kodwa abasunguli babehlale benezinkinga ngokuthembeka kwalaba bathumeli. Ngakho uBell noWatson baqala ukusebenzela imishini emisha esebenzisa isimiso sikamagneto ababezame ngaso ehlobo lika-1875—besebenzisa ukunyakaza kwe-diaphragm endaweni kazibuthe ukuze bavuse umsinga ngokuqondile. Izinzuzo zaziwukuba lula nokwethembeka. Okubi kwakuwukuthi amandla aphansi esignali yocingo kwakuwumphumela wokundindizela emoyeni okudalwe yizwi lesipika. Lokhu kukhawulele ibanga lokusebenza elisebenzayo le-transmitter kazibuthe. Futhi ocingweni olunokumelana okuguquguqukayo, izwi liguqule amandla amanje adalwe yibhethri, engenziwa iqine ngendlela efisa ngayo.
Ama-magnetos amasha asebenze kangcono kakhulu kunalawo avela ehlobo eledlule, futhi uGardiner wanquma ukuthi kungase kube khona okuthile emcabangweni wefoni ngemva kwakho konke. Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi, wasebenza eKomidini Lokuvezwa Kwezemfundo Nesayensi LaseMassachusetts eMbukisweni Wekhulu Leminyaka osondelayo. Wasebenzisa ithonya lakhe ukuze atholele uBell indawo embukisweni kanye nomncintiswano lapho amajaji ahlulela khona ukwakhiwa kukagesi.
I-Bell/Watson magneto transmitter. I-diaphragm yensimbi evevezelayo D ihamba endaweni kazibuthe H futhi ijabulisa umsinga kusekhethi
Umamukeli
Amajaji eza eBell ngokushesha ngemva kokufunda i-harmonic telegraph kaGrey. Wawashiya kumasamukeli waya kwelinye lama-transmitter elisendaweni eyikhulu lamamitha eduze kwegalari. Abakhulumela uBell bamangala bemuzwa ecula namagama ephuma ebhokisini elincane lensimbi. Elinye lamajaji kwakunguScot akanye noBell (owagcina enikezwe isiqu esithi Lord Kelvin). Ngenjabulo yenjabulo, wagijima wanqamula ihholo waya kuBell eyomtshela ukuthi wayewezwile amazwi akhe, futhi kamuva wamemezela ucingo “luyinto emangalisayo kakhulu ayeyibonile eMelika.” UMbusi waseBrazil naye wayekhona, owaqala wacindezela ibhokisi endlebeni yakhe, wabe esegxuma esihlalweni sakhe ememeza: “Ngiyezwa, ngiyezwa!”
Ukumenyezelwa kweBell embukisweni kwaholela u-Edison ukuthi aphishekele imibono yakhe yangaphambilini yokudlulisa ucingo. Ngokushesha wahlasela isicingo esiyinhloko sedivayisi kaBell - i-magneto transmitter ebuthakathaka. Kusukela ekuhloleni kwakhe nge-quadruplex, wayazi ukuthi ukumelana kwama-chips amalahle kwashintsha ngokushintsha kwengcindezi. Ngemva kokuhlola okuningi ngokucushwa okuhlukene, wakha isidluliseli esishintshashintshayo esisebenza ngalo mgomo. Esikhundleni sokuxhumana okuhamba oketshezini, amagagasi okucindezela ezwi lesikhulumi acindezela "inkinobho" ye-carbon, eshintsha ukumelana kwayo, ngakho-ke amandla amanje kumjikelezo. Lokhu bekuthembeke kakhulu futhi kulula ukukusebenzisa kunama-transmitter oketshezi atholwe uBell noGrey, futhi kwaba negalelo elibalulekile empumelelweni yesikhathi eside yocingo.
Kodwa uBell wayesengowokuqala ukwenza ucingo, naphezu kwezinzuzo ezisobala ekuhlangenwe nakho namakhono izimbangi zakhe ezazinazo. Ube ngowokuqala hhayi ngoba enokuqonda abanye abangakafinyeleli kubo - nabo bacabanga ngocingo, kodwa baluthatha njengento encane uma beqhathaniswa nocingo oluthuthukisiwe. UBell wayengowokuqala ngoba wayethanda izwi lomuntu ukwedlula i-telegraph, kangangokuthi wamelana nezifiso zabalingani bakhe waze wakwazi ukufakazela ukusebenza kocingo lwakhe.
Kuthiwani nge-harmonic telegraph, lapho uGrey, u-Edison noBell bachitha khona umzamo omkhulu nokucabanga? Kuze kube manje akukho osekwenzekile. Ukugcina ama-vibrator ayimishini emikhawulweni yomibili yocingo eqondaniswe kahle kube nzima kakhulu, futhi akekho owayazi indlela yokukhulisa isignali ehlanganisiwe ukuze isebenze amabanga amade. Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX kuphela, ngemuva kokuthi ubuchwepheshe bukagesi buqale ngomsakazo buvunyelwe ukushuna kwamafrikhwensi okunembile kanye nokukhulisa umsindo ophansi, lapho umqondo wokupakisha amasignali amaningi ukuze udluliselwe ocingweni olulodwa waba ngokoqobo.
Kuvalelisa uBell
Naphezu kokuphumelela kocingo embukisweni, u-Hubbard wayengenasithakazelo ekwakheni uhlelo lwezingcingo. Ngobusika obulandelayo, wahlongoza uWilliam Orton, umongameli weWestern Union, ukuba athenge wonke amalungelo ocingo ngaphansi kwelungelo lobunikazi likaBell ngamaRandi ayi-100 000. U-Orton wenqaba, ethonywe inhlanganisela yokungamthandi uHubbard namasu akhe ocingo lweposi, ukuzethemba, kanye nokuzethemba. Umsebenzi ka-Edison ocingweni kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ucingo, uma luqhathaniswa nocingo, lwalusho okuncane kakhulu. Eminye imizamo yokuthengisa umbono wefoni yehlulekile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwesaba izindleko ezinkulu zokumangalela ngamalungelo obunikazi uma kuthengiswa. Ngakho-ke, ngoJulayi 1877, uBell nabalingani bakhe basungula i-Bell Telephone Company ukuze bahlele isevisi yabo yocingo. Ngayo leyo nyanga, uBell wagcina eshade noMabel Gardiner emzini wakubo, waphumelela ngokwanele ukuze azuze isibusiso sikayise.
U-Alec nomkakhe uMabel kanye nezingane ezimbili ezisaphila - amadodana akhe amabili ashona ewusana (c. 1885)
Ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Orton washintsha umqondo wakhe ngocingo futhi wadala inkampani yakhe, i-American Talking Telephone Company, enethemba lokuthi amalungelo obunikazi ka-Edison, Gray nabanye azovikela inkampani ekuhlaselweni okusemthethweni kukaBell. Waba usongo olubulalayo ezithakazelweni zikaBell. I-Western Union yayinezinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, izinsiza ezinkulu zezimali. Inkampani kaBell ibidinga imali ngoba iqashise amakhasimende ayo imishini, okwathatha izinyanga eziningi ukuzikhokhela. Okwesibili, ukufinyelela kusidlulisi esithuthukisiwe sika-Edison. Noma ubani oqhathanise isidlulisi sakhe nesisetshenziswa sika-Bell akakwazanga ukuzibamba kodwa wabona ukucaca okungcono kanye nevolumu yezwi lalokuqala. Inkampani kaBell yayingenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokumangalela esincintisana nayo ngokwephulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi.
Ukube iWestern Union ibinamalungelo acacile okuwukuphela komthumeli wekhwalithi ephezulu otholakalayo, ibingaba namandla aqinile okufinyelela esivumelwaneni. Kodwa ithimba likaBell lithole ilungelo lobunikazi langaphambilini lethuluzi elifanayo, elitholwe umfuduki waseJalimane , wasithenga. Kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yezimpi zezomthetho lapho ilungelo lobunikazi lika-Edison lanikezwa khona kuqala. Ngokubona ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala akuphumelelanga, ngoNovemba 1879 iWestern Union yavuma ukudlulisela wonke amalungelo obunikazi ocingweni, okokusebenza, kanye nesisekelo esikhona sababhalisile (abantu abangu-55) enkampanini kaBell. Ngokushintshana, bacela u-000% kuphela wokuqashwa kwezingcingo eminyakeni engu-20 elandelayo, kanye nokuthi uBell angangeni ebhizinisini locingo.
I-Bell Company yashintsha ngokushesha amadivayisi ka-Bell ngamamodeli athuthukisiwe asuselwa kulungelo lobunikazi lika-Berliner bese kuba kumalungelo obunikazi atholwe e-Western Union. Ngesikhathi icala liphela, umsebenzi omkhulu kaBell wawufakaza emacaleni obunikazi, okwakukhona kuwo inala. Ngo-1881 wayesethathe umhlalaphansi ngokuphelele. NjengoMorse, futhi ngokungafani no-Edison, wayengeyena umdali wezinhlelo. U-Theodore Vail, imenenja ekhuthele u-Gardiner ayemyengele kude nenkonzo yeposi, waphatha inkampani wayiholela esikhundleni esiphezulu ezweni.
Ekuqaleni, inethiwekhi yocingo yakhula ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunenethiwekhi yocingo. Lesi sakamuva sathuthukiswa ngokugxuma kanye nemingcele ukusuka kwesinye isikhungo sezohwebo kuya kwesinye, esithatha amakhilomitha ayi-150 ngesikhathi, sifuna ukugxilwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwamakhasimende abalulekile, bese kuphelezelwa inethiwekhi ngokuxhuma ezimakethe ezincane zasendaweni. Amanethiwekhi ocingo akhula njengamakristalu asuka ezindaweni ezincane zokukhula, esuka kumakhasimende ambalwa atholakala kumaqoqo azimele edolobheni ngalinye nasezindaweni ezizungezile, futhi kancane kancane, phakathi namashumi eminyaka, ahlanganiswa abe izakhiwo zesifunda nezikazwelonke.
Kwakunezithiyo ezimbili ekushayeleni ucingo ngezinga elikhulu. Okokuqala, kwakunenkinga yebanga. Ngisho nama-transmitter akhulisiwe amelana nokuguquguquka asekelwe embonweni ka-Edison, uhla lokusebenza lwe-telegraph nocingo lwalungenakuqhathaniswa. Isignali yocingo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yayingenwa kalula umsindo, futhi izakhiwo zikagesi zamaza ashintshashintshayo zazingaziwa kakhulu kunalezo zamanje eziqondile ezisetshenziswa kuthelegrafu.
Okwesibili, kube nenkinga yokuxhumana. Ucingo lukaBell lwaluwumshini wokuxhumana nomuntu oyedwa; lwalukwazi ukuxhuma amaphuzu amabili ngocingo olulodwa. Nge-telegraph bekungeyona inkinga. Ihhovisi elilodwa linganikeza amakhasimende amaningi, futhi imilayezo ingahanjiswa kalula isuka ehhovisi elimaphakathi idlule komunye ulayini. Kodwa yayingekho indlela elula yokudlulisa ingxoxo yocingo. Ekusetshenzisweni kokuqala kocingo, abantu besithathu nabalandelayo bakwazi ukuxhumana nabantu ababili abakhuluma ngalokho kamuva okuzobizwa ngokuthi “ucingo olubhanqiwe.” Okusho ukuthi, uma wonke amadivaysi ababhalisile exhunywe kulayini owodwa, ngamunye wabo angakhuluma (noma alalele) nabanye.
Sizobuyela enkingeni yebanga ngesikhathi esifanele. IN Sizocubungula inkinga yokuxhumana nemiphumela yako, okube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwama-relay.
Okufundwayo
- URobert V. Bruce, uBell: u-Alexander Graham Bell kanye ne-Conquest of Solitude (1973)
- UDavid A. Hounshell, "Elisha Grey kanye Nocingo: Ngezinkinga Zokuba Isazi," Ubuchwepheshe Namasiko (1975).
- UPaul Israel, u-Edison: I-Life of Invention (1998)
- UGeorge B. Prescott, Ifoni Ekhulumayo, iPhonograph ekhulumayo, nezinye izinto ezintsha (1878)
Source: www.habr.com