Ezinye izindatshana ochungechungeni:
- Umlando we-relay
- Umlando wamakhompyutha kagesi
- Umlando we-transistor
- Umlando we-inthanethi
wasebenza ngamunye ngamunye, waxhuma ipheya elilodwa leziteshi. Kodwa kakade ngo-1877 wacabanga uhlelo oluxhumeke endaweni yonke. UBell wabhala esikhangisweni sabatshalizimali abangaba abatshalizimali ukuthi njengoba nje amanethiwekhi kamasipala egesi namanzi exhuma amakhaya namabhizinisi emadolobheni amakhulu ezindaweni zokusabalalisa,
Umuntu angacabanga ukuthi izintambo zocingo zaziyobekwa kanjani ngaphansi komhlaba noma zilengiswe ngenhla, futhi amagatsha awo ayengena ezindlini zabantu, ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ezitolo, ezimbonini, njll., njll., ezixhuma ngentambo enkulu enehhovisi eliphakathi lapho izintambo zingena khona. ingaxhunywa njengokufisayo, isungula ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwanoma yiziphi izindawo ezimbili edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngikholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo izintambo zizoxhuma amahhovisi amakhulu eNkampani Yocingo emadolobheni ahlukene, futhi umuntu engxenyeni eyodwa yezwe uzokwazi ukuxhumana nomunye umuntu endaweni ekude.
Kodwa yena noma abantu besikhathi sakhe babengenalo ikhono lobuchwepheshe lokufeza lezi zibikezelo. Kwakuyothatha amashumi eminyaka kanye nobuhlakani obukhulu nokuzikhandla ukwenza ucingo lube umshini obanzi noyinkimbinkimbi kunawo wonke owaziwa umuntu, owawuzonqamula amazwekazi futhi ekugcineni izilwandle uxhumanise zonke izingcingo emhlabeni kuzo zonke ezinye.
Lolu shintsho lwenziwe lwaba nokwenzeka, phakathi kokunye, ukuthuthukiswa koshintsho - ihhovisi elimaphakathi elinemishini ekwazi ukuqondisa kabusha ucingo olusuka kulayini womshayi ucingo luye kulayini wofonayo. Ukushintsha i-automation kuholele ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwenkimbinkimbi yama-relay circuits, okube nomthelela omkhulu kumakhompyutha.
Amaswishi okuqala
Ezinsukwini zokuqala zezingcingo, akekho owayekwazi ukusho ukuthi zazingewani. Ukudluliswa kwemilayezo erekhodiwe emabangeni amade sekuvele kwenziwa kahle futhi kubonise ukuba wusizo kwakho ezinhlelweni zezohwebo nezempi. Kodwa azikho izethulo zokudlulisa umsindo kumabanga amade. Ingabe kwakuyithuluzi lebhizinisi elifana ne-telegraph? Idivayisi yokuxhumana nomphakathi? Indlela yokuzijabulisa nokuziphatha, njengokusakaza umculo nezinkulumo zezepolitiki?
U-Gardiner Greene Hubbard, omunye wabasekeli abakhulu baka-Bell, uthole isifaniso esiwusizo. Osomabhizinisi be-Telegraph bakhe izinkampani eziningi ze-telegraph zasendaweni emashumini eminyaka adlule. Abantu abacebile noma amabhizinisi amancane baqashe ulayini wefoni ozinikele obaxhuma ehhovisi elimaphakathi lenkampani. Ngemva kokuthumela incwadi yocingo, babengashayela itekisi, bathumele izithunywa ezinomyalezo ekhasimendeni noma kumngane, noma bashayele amaphoyisa. U-Hubbard wayekholelwa ukuthi ucingo lungangena esikhundleni se-telegraph ezindabeni ezinjalo. Kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa, futhi ikhono lokugcina ukuthintana ngezwi lisheshisa isevisi futhi kunciphisa ukungezwani. Ngakho-ke wakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwenkampani enjalo nje, ethembisa ukuqashisa izingcingo ezihlobene nezinkampani zezingcingo zendawo, zombili ezazisanda kwakhiwa futhi zaguqulwa kusukela ekuhwebeni ngetelegraph.
Umphathi wenye yalezi zinkampani zocingo angase abone ukuthi udinga izingcingo ezingamashumi amabili ukuze akhulume namakhasimende angamashumi amabili. Futhi kwezinye izimo, ikhasimende elilodwa lalifuna ukuthumela umlayezo kwelinye—ngokwesibonelo, udokotela ethumela incwadi kadokotela kusokhemisi. Kungani ungamane uzinike ithuba lokukhulumisana?
Naye uBell wayengaqhamuka nombono onjalo. Uchithe ingxenye enkulu ye-1877 ohambweni lokukhuluma ekhuthaza ucingo. UGeorge Coy waya kwenye yalezi zinkulumo eNew Haven, Connecticut, lapho uBell echaza ngombono wakhe wehhovisi lezingcingo eliphakathi. U-Coy ugqugquzelwe yilo mbono, wahlela Inkampani Yocingo Yesifunda YaseNew Haven, wathenga ilayisense e-Bell Company futhi wathola ababhalisile bakhe bokuqala. NgoJanuwari 1878, wayesexhume ababhalisile abangu-21 esebenzisa inkinobho yokuqala yocingo yomphakathi, eyenziwe ngezintambo ezilahliwe nezibambo zeketela.
Phakathi nonyaka, imishini yesikhashana efanayo yokuxhuma ababhalisele izingcingo zendawo yaqala ukubonakala ezweni lonke. Imodeli yezenhlalo eqagelayo yokusetshenziswa kocingo yaqala ukugqama kulezi zindawo zokuxhumana zendawo—phakathi kwabathengisi nabaphakeli, osomabhizinisi namakhasimende, odokotela nosokhemisi. Ngisho naphakathi kwabangane nabajwayelene nabo ababecebe ngokwanele ukuba bathole ukunethezeka okunjalo. Ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa ucingo (isibonelo, njengendlela yokusakaza) zaqala ukushabalala kancane kancane.
Phakathi neminyaka embalwa, amahhovisi ocingo ayesehlangane edizayini evamile yokushintsha ihadiwe eyayizohlala amashumi amaningi eminyaka: uxhaxha lwamasokhethi u-opharetha angaluxhuma esebenzisa izintambo zokuxhuma. Baphinde bavumelana ngomkhakha ofanele umqhubi. Ekuqaleni, izinkampani zezingcingo, eziningi zazo ezakhula ezinkampanini zocingo, zaqashwa izisebenzi ezazikhona—omabhalane babafana nezithunywa. Kodwa amakhasimende akhononda ngokudelela kwawo, futhi abaphathi bahlushwa ukuziphatha kwabo kobudlova. Ngokushesha bathathelwa indawo amantombazane anesizotha, ahloniphekile.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwalezi zinguquko ezimaphakathi kuzonquma ukuncintisana kokubusa kocingo phakathi kwekilasi likaGoliyathi likaBell kanye nezimbangi ezizimele ezisafufusa.
Bell kanye nezinkampani ezizimele
I-American Bell Telephone Company, ephethe inombolo yelungelo lobunikazi lika-Bell's 1876 174 "yokuthuthukiswa kwetelegraph", yayisesimweni esihle kakhulu ngenxa yobubanzi obubanzi belungelo lobunikazi. Inkantolo inqume ukuthi leli lungelo lobunikazi alihlanganisi amathuluzi athile achazwe lapho kuphela, kodwa futhi nomgomo wokudlulisa umsindo ngokusebenzisa igagasi lamagagasi, okunikeza uBell igunya lokusebenzisa ucingo e-United States kuze kube ngu-465, lapho ilungelo lobunikazi leminyaka engu-1893 liphelelwa yisikhathi.
Izinkampani zabaphathi zisebenzise lesi sikhathi ngobuhlakani. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela uMongameli и . I-Forbes yayiyizicukuthwane zaseBoston futhi iphambili ohlwini lwabatshalizimali abalawula inkampani lapho ozakwethu bokuqala bakaBell bephelelwa yimali. U-Vail, umshana womlingani wakhe uSamuel Morse, , wayengumongameli wezinkampani ezibaluleke kakhulu zeBell, iMetropolitan Telephone, ezinze eNew York, futhi wayeyisikhulu esiphezulu se-American Bell. U-Vail ukhombise ubuhlakani bakhe bokuphatha njengenhloko ye-Railway Mail Service, ehlela ama-imeyili ezinqoleni eziya ezindaweni eziya kuzo, okubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zesikhathi sayo.
I-Forbes ne-Vail zigxile ekungeniseni i-Bell kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu ezweni nokuxhuma wonke lawo madolobha ngolayini bebanga elide. Ngenxa yokuthi impahla enkulu yenkampani bekuyisisekelo sayo sababhalisele abakhona, bakholelwa ukuthi ukufinyelela okungenakuqhathaniswa kwenethiwekhi ye-Bell kumakhasimende akhona kuzobanikeza inzuzo engenakunqotshwa yokuncintisana ekuqasheni amakhasimende amasha ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwelungelo lobunikazi.
I-Bell ingene emadolobheni amasha hhayi ngaphansi kwegama le-American Bell, kodwa ngokunikeza ilayisense isethi yamalungelo obunikazi ku-opharetha wendawo kanye nokuthenga ingxenye enkulu kuleyo nkampani esivumelwaneni. Ukuze baqhubeke bakhuthaze futhi banwebe imigqa exhuma amahhovisi edolobha, basungula enye inkampani, i-American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) ngo-1885. UWeil wengeze ubumongameli bale nkampani ohlwini lwakhe oluhlaba umxhwele lwezikhundla. Kodwa mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu okungeziwe kuphothifoliyo yenkampani kwaba ukutholwa ngo-1881 kwentshisekelo elawulayo enkampanini yempahla kagesi yaseChicago iWestern Electric. Yasungulwa ekuqaleni imbangi yeBell u-Elisha Gray, yabe isiba ngumphakeli omkhulu wemishini yeWestern Union ukuze ekugcineni ibe ngumkhiqizi ngaphakathi kweBell.
Kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1890, ngasekupheleni kokubusa okusemthethweni kukaBell, lapho izinkampani zocingo ezizimele zaqala ukukhasa ziphuma emagumbini lapho uBell ayezihlanganise khona ne-U.S. Patent No. 174. Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili eyalandela, abazimele. izinkampani zenze usongo olukhulu ku-Bell, futhi zombili Izinhlangothi zakhula ngokushesha emzabalazweni wezindawo nababhalisile. Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukwanda, i-Bell iguqule isakhiwo sayo senhlangano ngaphakathi, yaguqula i-AT&T isuka enkampanini ezimele yaba inkampani ephethe. I-American Bell yabhaliswa ngokwemithetho yezwe. IMassachusetts, eyalandela umqondo wakudala wenhlangano njengomqulu womphakathi olinganiselwe—ngakho u-American Bell kwadingeka anxuse izishayamthetho zezwe ukuthi zingene edolobheni elisha. Kepha i-AT&T, ehlelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yebhizinisi yenkululeko yaseNew York, yayingenaso leso sidingo.
I-AT&T yandisa amanethiwekhi futhi yasungula noma yathola izinkampani ukuze ihlanganise futhi ivikele izimangalo zayo ezikhungweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, inwebe inethiwekhi ehlala ikhula yolayini bamabanga amade ezweni lonke. Izinkampani ezizimele bezithatha izindawo ezintsha ngokushesha okukhulu, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amancane lapho i-AT&T yayingakafinyeleli khona.
Phakathi nalo mqhudelwano oshubile, inani lezingcingo ezisetshenziswayo landa ngezinga elimangalisayo. Ngo-1900, kakade kwase kunezingcingo eziyizigidi ezingu-1,4 e-United States, uma kuqhathaniswa nezingu-800 eYurophu neziyi-000 emhlabeni wonke. Kwakukhona idivayisi eyodwa yawo wonke amaMelika angama-100. Ngaphandle kwe-United States, iSweden neSwitzerland kuphela ezisondelana nokuminyana okunjalo. Kolayini bezingcingo abangu-000 million, abangu-60 bebengabanikazi beBell kanti abanye bebengabanikazi bezinkampani ezizimele. Eminyakeni emithathu nje, lezi zinombolo zikhule zaba yizigidi ezi-1,4 kanye nezigidi ezingu-800, ngokulandelana, futhi inani lokushintshwa lisondela emashumini ezinkulungwane.
Inani lokushintshwa, cishe. 1910
Inani elikhulayo lamaswishi lifake ingcindezi enkulu ekuhwebeni kwezingcingo okumaphakathi. Ukuphendula, imboni yezingcingo yakha ubuchwepheshe obusha bokushintshwa obuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: eyodwa, ethandwa nguBell, eqhutshwa abathwali. Enye, eyamukelwa izinkampani ezizimele, yasebenzisa amadivaysi e-electromechanical ukuqeda ngokuphelele opharetha.
Ukuze kube lula, lokhu sizokubiza ngokuthi umugqa wephutha wemanuwali/ukushintsha okuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa ungavumeli leli gama lamagama likukhohlise. Njengoba nje ngemigqa yokukhokha “ezenzakalelayo” ezitolo ezinkulu, amaswishi e-electromechanical, ikakhulukazi izinguqulo zawo zangaphambili, abeka ingcindezi eyengeziwe kumakhasimende. Ngokombono wenkampani yocingo, i-automation yanciphisa izindleko zomsebenzi, kodwa ngokombono wezinhlelo, badlulisela umsebenzi okhokhelwayo womqhubi kumsebenzisi.
I-opharetha kokubekwe eceleni
Ngalesi sikhathi sokuncintisana, iChicago yayiyisikhungo esiyinhloko seBell System sokusungula izinto ezintsha. U-Angus Hibbard, oyi-CEO ye-Chicago Telephone, wayephusha imingcele yocingo ukuze andise amakhono anikezwa kubasebenzisi ababanzi—futhi lokho akuzange kuhlale kahle endlunkulu ye-AT&T. Kodwa njengoba bekungekho ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwe-AT&T nezinkampani ezisebenzayo, akakwazanga ukumlawula ngokuqondile - wayekwazi ukubuka kuphela futhi anciphe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iningi lamakhasimende e-Bell kwakungabathengisi, abaholi bebhizinisi, odokotela, noma abameli ababekhokha imali encane ngokusebenzisa ucingo olungenamkhawulo. Bambalwa abantu ababesakwazi ukukhokha u-$125 ngonyaka, okulingana nezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi namuhla. Ukwandisa insizakalo kumakhasimende amaningi, I-Chicago Telephone yethula iminikelo emisha emithathu ngeminyaka yawo-1890s enikeza kokubili izindleko eziphansi kanye namazinga wesevisi ancishisiwe. Ekuqaleni kwakukhona isevisi enekhawunta yesikhathi emgqeni onokufinyelela kubantu abambalwa, izindleko zazo ezazihlanganisa umzuzu ngamunye kanye nemali encane kakhulu yokubhalisa (ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa komugqa owodwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi abambalwa). Umsebenzisi urekhode ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi kwekhasimende ephepheni - imitha yokuqala ezenzakalelayo e-Chicago ayizange ivele kwaze kwaba ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Khona-ke kwakukhona isevisi yokuhwebelana kwendawo, enezingcingo ezingenamkhawulo zamabhulokhi amaningana nxazonke, kodwa ngenani elincishisiwe labaqhubi ngekhasimende ngalinye (ngakho-ke izikhathi zokuxhuma zanda). Futhi ekugcineni, kwakukhona nocingo olukhokhelwayo, olufakwe ekhaya noma ehhovisi leklayenti. I-nickel yayanele ukwenza ucingo oluthatha imizuzu emihlanu ukuya kunoma iyiphi indawo edolobheni. Kwakuyinsizakalo yocingo yokuqala etholakalayo ekilasini eliphakathi, futhi ngo-1906, izingcingo ezingu-40 kwezingu-000 zaseChicago zaziyizingcingo ezikhokhelwayo.
Ukuze ahambisane nesizinda sakhe sokubhalisela esikhula ngokushesha, u-Hibbard usebenze eduze ne-Western Electric, imboni yayo enkulu nayo yayise-Chicago, futhi ikakhulukazi noCharles Scribner, unjiniyela wayo omkhulu. Manje akekho owazi nge-Scribner, kodwa-ke yena, umbhali wamalungelo obunikazi angamakhulu amaningana, wayebhekwa njengomqambi odumile nonjiniyela. Phakathi kwezimpumelelo zakhe zokuqala kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kokushintsha okujwayelekile kohlelo lwe-Bell, okuhlanganisa nesixhumi socingo luka-opharetha, olubizwa ngokuthi "ummese ka-jack" ngokufana kwawo nommese ogoqa ephaketheni [jackknife]. Leli gama kamuva lafushaniswa kwaba “ujeke”.
I-Scribner, i-Hibbard kanye namaqembu abo bahlele kabusha i-central switching circuit ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle komsebenzisi. Izimpawu ezimatasa kanye nethoni yensimbi (okubonisa ukuthi ihendisethi ithathiwe) kukhulula opharetha ekutsheleni abafonayo ukuthi kube nephutha. Amalambu kagesi amancane abonisa izingcingo ezisebenzayo ashintsha amasango okwakudingeka u-opharetha awaphushele endaweni ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukubingelela komsebenzisi othi “sawubona”, okumeme ingxoxo, kwathathelwa indawo “inombolo, ngicela”, esho impendulo eyodwa kuphela. Ngenxa yoshintsho olunjalo, isikhathi esimaphakathi sokushaya izingcingo zendawo e-Chicago sehle sisuka kumasekhondi angu-45 ngo-1887 saya kumasekhondi angu-6,2 ngo-1900.
Ukushintsha okujwayelekile ngama-opharetha, cishe. 1910
Ngenkathi i-Chicago Telephone, i-Western Electric, namanye amatende e-Bell asebenza ukwenza ukuxhumana kwenkampani yenethiwekhi kusheshe futhi kuphumelele, abanye bazama ukuqeda abathwali ngokuphelele.
I-Almon Brown Strowger
Amadivayisi okuxhuma izingcingo ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu anikezwe ilungelo lobunikazi, aboniswa futhi asetshenziswa kusukela ngo-1879 ngabasunguli abavela e-USA, France, Britain, Sweden, Italy, Russia naseHungary. E-United States kuphela, ngo-1889, kwabhaliswa amalungelo obunikazi angu-27 okushintshwa kocingo okuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa, njengoba sekwenzekile kaningi kuwo wonke umlando wethu, isikweletu sokusungula iswishi esizenzakalelayo siye endodeni eyodwa: Almon Strowger. Lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele, njengoba abantu ngaphambi kwakhe bakhe izinto ezilahlwayo, baziphatha njenge-gizmos, abakwazanga ukuphuma ezimakethe zezingcingo ezikhula kancane, noma abakwazanga nje ukusebenzisa umqondo. Umshini ka-Strowger wawungowokuqala ukuqaliswa esikalini sezimboni. Kodwa futhi akunakwenzeka ukuyibiza ngokuthi "umshini we-Strouger," ngoba akazange azakhele ngokwakhe.
UStrowger, uthisha waseKansas City oneminyaka engu-50 owaphenduka usomabhizinisi, wayengafani neze nomsunguli wenkathi yokwanda kobuchwepheshe. Izindaba zokusungulwa kwakhe i-switchboard zitshelwe izikhathi eziningi, futhi kubonakala sengathi zingezezinganekwane kunokuba zibe amaqiniso aqinile. Kodwa zonke zisuka ekunganeliseki kukaStrowger ngodaba lokuthi abashintshi bezingcingo bendawo bebephambukisa amakhasimende kumbangi wakhe. Akusenakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi uzungu olunjalo lwenzeka ngempela, noma ukuthi u-Strowger wayeyisisulu salo. Ngokunokwenzeka, yena ngokwakhe wayengeyena usomabhizinisi omuhle njengoba ayezicabangela yena. Kunoma yikuphi, umqondo wefoni "ngaphandle kwamantombazane" wavela kulesi simo.
Ilungelo lakhe lobunikazi lango-1889 lichaza ukubukeka kwensiza lapho ingalo yensimbi eqinile ithatha indawo yesibambo esintekenteke somuntu osebenza ngocingo. Esikhundleni socingo lukajeke, yayibambe ukuxhumana kwensimbi okungahamba ku-arc bese ikhetha ulayini owodwa kwengamaklayenti ayi-100 ahlukene (kungaba endizeni eyodwa, noma, enguqulweni ye-"dual-motor", ezindizeni eziyishumi ezinemigqa eyishumi ngayinye) .
Oshaya ucingo wayelawula isandla esebenzisa izikhiye ezimbili ze-telegraph, eyodwa ingamashumi, enye ngeyeyunithi. Ukuze uxhume kumuntu obhalisile 57, ofonayo ucindezele inkinobho yeshumi izikhathi ezinhlanu ukuhambisa isandla eqenjini elifunayo lamakhasimende ayishumi, wabe esecindezela okhiye kasikhombisa ukuze afinyelele obhalisile owayefuna eqenjini, wabe esecindezela ukhiye wokugcina ukuze uxhume. Ocingweni oluno-opharetha, oshaya ucingo kwadingeka nje alubambe ucingo, alinde ophendulayo ukuthi aphendule, athi “57” bese ulinda uxhumano.
Isistimu yayingeyona nje into eyisicefe ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa futhi yayidinga imishini engadingekile: izintambo ezinhlanu ezivela kobhalisile kuya ekushintsheni kanye namabhethri amabili ocingo (elilodwa lokulawula ukushintshwa, elilodwa lokukhuluma). Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Bell yayisivele ithuthela ohlelweni lwebhethri oluphakathi nendawo, futhi iziteshi zabo ezintsha zazingenawo amabhethri nezintambo ezimbili kuphela.
Kuthiwa u-Strowger wakhe imodeli yokuqala yokushintsha izikhonkwane ezinamathele esitakini samakholomu anesitashi. Ukuze asebenzise idivayisi esiwusizo, wayedinga usizo lwezezimali kanye lobuchwepheshe abalingani eziningana ezibalulekile: ikakhulukazi, usomabhizinisi Joseph Harris kanye nonjiniyela Alexander Keith. U-Harris unikeze u-Strowger ngezimali futhi wengamela ukudalwa kwe-Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company, eyakha amaswishi. Ngokuhlakanipha wanquma ukuyithola le nkampani hhayi e-Kansas City, kodwa emzini wakhe e-Chicago. Ngenxa yobukhona bayo, iWestern Electric yayisesikhungweni sobunjiniyela bezingcingo. Phakathi konjiniyela bokuqala abaqashwa kwakukhona uKeith, owafika enkampanini evela emhlabeni wokuphehla ugesi futhi waba umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe we-Strowger Automatic. Ngosizo lwabanye onjiniyela abanolwazi, uthuthukise umqondo ongahluziwe we-Strowger waba ithuluzi elinembayo elilungele ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa ngobuningi, futhi wengamela konke ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe okukhulu kwethuluzi eminyakeni engu-20 elandelayo.
Kulolu chungechunge lwentuthuko, ezimbili zazibaluleke kakhulu. Esokuqala kwaba ukushintshwa kokhiye abaningi ngokudayela okukodwa, okukhiqize ngokuzenzakalelayo womabili ama-pulses ahambise iswishi endaweni oyifunayo kanye nesignali yokuxhuma. Lokhu kwenze kwaba lula kakhulu okokusebenza kwababhalisile futhi kwaba indlela ezenzakalelayo yokulawula ukushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Bell ethula ukudayela kwethoni yokuthinta emhlabeni ngeminyaka yawo-1960. Ifoni ezenzakalelayo isifana nefoni ejikelezayo. Okwesibili kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokushintsha yokuxhumana okubili, eyavumela abasebenzisi bokuqala abangu-1000 bese kuba ngu-10 ukuthi baxhumane ngokudayela amadijithi angu-000 noma angu-3. Iswishi yeleveli yokuqala ikhethe ukushintsha kweleveli eyodwa kweziyishumi noma eziyikhulu, futhi leyo swishi yakhetha efiselekayo kwababhalisile abayi-4. Lokhu kuvumele ukushintshwa okuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kube nokuncintisana emadolobheni amakhulu lapho kwakuhlala izinkulungwane zababhalisile.
I-Strowger Automatic yafaka iswishi yokuqala yezohwebo e-LaPorte, e-Indiana, ngo-1892, isebenzela ababhalisile abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili beNkampani ezimele yocingo yaseCushman. Inkampani yangaphambili engaphansi kwe-Bell esebenza edolobheni yaphuma ngempumelelo ngemva kokulahlekelwa ingxabano yelungelo lobunikazi ne-AT&T, yanikeza uCushman noStrowger ithuba elihle lokuthatha indawo yakhe futhi bazingele amakhasimende akhe. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, uKeith waqondisa ukufakwa kokuqala kweswishi enamazinga amabili e-Augusta, eGeorgia, esebenzisa imigqa engu-900.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uStrowger wayesethathe umhlalaphansi futhi ehlala eFlorida, lapho ashonela khona eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Igama lakhe lahoxiswa egameni le-Automatic Telephone Company, yase yaziwa nge-Autelco. I-Autelco yayingumphakeli omkhulu wokushintshwa kwe-electromechanical e-United States nasengxenyeni enkulu ye-Europe. Ngo-1910, ukushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kwanikeza ababhalisile baseMelika abangu-200 eziteshini zocingo ezingu-000, cishe zonke ezakhiwe yi-Autelco. Ngamunye kwakungeyenkampani yocingo ezimele. Kodwa abangu-131 babeyingxenye encane yezigidi zaseMelika ababhalisele izingcingo. Ngisho nezinkampani eziningi ezizimele bezilandela ezinyathelweni zikaBell, futhi iBell ngokwayo ibingakacabangi ngokujulile ukufaka esikhundleni sabaqhubi bayo.
Ukuphatha jikelele
Abamelene nohlelo lweBell bazamile ukuchaza ukuzibophezela kwenkampani ekusebenziseni ama-opharetha njengokunenhloso embi, kodwa kunzima ukukukholwa izinsolo zabo. Kwakukhona izizathu ezimbalwa ezinhle zalokhu kanye nesisodwa esasibonakala sinengqondo ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa uma sibheka emuva sibukeka singalungile.
UBell wayedinga ukuthuthukisa eyakhe iswishi kuqala. I-AT&T ibingenanhloso yokukhokhela i-Autelco ngokushintshana kwayo ngocingo. Ngenhlanhla, ngo-1903, wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lomshini owakhiwa abazalwane bakwaLorimer baseBrantford, e-Ontario. Kuleli dolobha lapho abazali baka-Alexander Bell bazinza khona ngemva kokushiya iScotland, futhi lapho umqondo wocingo waqala ukufika engqondweni yakhe lapho evakashele khona ngo-1874. Ngokungafani neswishi ye-Strowger, idivayisi ye-Lorimers yasebenzisa ama-pulses ahlehlayo ukuze ihambise isilinganisi esikhethi-okungukuthi, ama-pulses kagesi aphuma kuswishi, ngalinye lishintsha i-relay emshinini wokubhalisa, okubangela ukuba libale phansi linani elibekwe obhalisile. i-lever kuya ku-zero.
Ngo-1906, i-Western Electric yabela amaqembu amabili ahlukene ukuthi athuthukise amaswishi ngokusekelwe embonweni we-Lorimers, futhi amasistimu abawadalile-iphaneli kanye ne-rotary-akha isizukulwane sesibili sokushintshwa okuzenzakalelayo. Womabili ashintsha isibambo ngomshini wokudayela ovamile, ehambisa isamukeli sokushaya kwenhliziyo ngaphakathi kwesiteshi esimaphakathi.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu ngezinjongo zethu, oomakhenikha bemishini yokushintsha ye-Western Electric—echazwe ngokucophelela ngokuningiliziwe izazi-mlando zocingo—zaziyiziyingi ezidluliswayo ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukushintsha. Kodwa izazi-mlando zakusho lokhu nje ngokudlula.
Lokhu kuyadabukisa, njengoba ukuvela kwamasekhethi okudluliselwa kokulawula kunemiphumela emibili ebalulekile emlandweni wethu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bagqugquzele umbono wokuthi inhlanganisela yokushintsha ingase isetshenziselwe ukumela izibalo kanye nokusebenza okunengqondo. Ukuqaliswa kwale mibono kuzoba isihloko sesihloko esilandelayo. Futhi baqale bashiya inselele yokugcina enkulu yobunjiniyela yokushintsha okuzenzakalelayo—ikhono lokukala ukuze kusetshenziswe izindawo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni lapho i-Bell yayinezinkulungwane zababhalisile.
Indlela amaswishi e-Strowger alinganiswa ngayo, asetshenziswa u-Alexander Keith ukushintsha phakathi kwemigqa engu-10, ayikwazanga ukukalwa kakhulu. Uma siqhubeka nokwandisa inani lezendlalelo, ucingo ngalunye ludinga okokusebenza okuningi kakhulu ukuze lunikezelwe kulo. Onjiniyela bensimbi babize enye indlela yokukala umthumeli. Igcine inombolo eshayelwe ucingo kurejista, yase ihumusha leyo nombolo kumakhodi angenasizathu (ngokuvamile okungewona awezinombolo) alawula amaswishi. Lokhu kuvumele ukushintsha ukuthi kulungiselelwe ngendlela evumelana nezimo kakhulu - isibonelo, izingcingo phakathi kwama-switchboards zingaqondiswa kabusha ngesiteshi esimaphakathi (esingahambisani nedijithi eyodwa enombolweni edayiliwe), kunokuxhuma wonke ama-switchboard edolobheni kuwo wonke amanye. .
Ngokusobala , unjiniyela wocwaningo ku-AT&T Traffic Division, ube ngowokuqala ukuqhamuka "nomthumeli". U-Molina waphawulwa ngocwaningo lwakhe olusha olwasebenzisa amathuba ezibalo ocwaningweni lwethrafikhi yocingo. Lezi zifundo zamholela cishe ngo-1905 emcabangweni wokuthi uma ukudluliselwa kwezingcingo kunqanyulwa kwinombolo yedesimali eshayelwe umsebenzisi, khona-ke imishini ingasebenzisa imigqa kahle kakhulu.
U-Molina ubonise ngokwezibalo ukuthi ukusabalalisa izingcingo phezu kwamaqembu amakhulu emigqa kuvumele iswishi ukuthi ibambe ivolumu yocingo ngenkathi igcina amathuba esiginali ematasa efanayo. Kodwa ukushintshwa kukaStrowger kwakunqunyelwe emigqeni eyikhulu, ekhethwe kusetshenziswa amadijithi amabili. Ukushintsha kwemigqa engu-1000 okusekelwe kumadijithi amathathu kutholwe kungasebenzi. Kodwa ukunyakaza kwesikhethi, okulawulwa umthumeli, bekungadingeki ukuthi kuhambisane nezinombolo ezishayelwe ucingo. Isikhethi esinjalo singakhetha emigqeni engu-200 noma engu-500 etholakala kumasistimu ajikelezayo namaphaneli, ngokulandelana. U-Molina uhlongoze umklamo werejista yezingcingo kanye nedivayisi yokudlulisa eyakhiwe ngengxube yokudluliselwa kanye nama-ratchet, kodwa ngesikhathi i-AT&T isilungele ukusebenzisa amaphaneli namasistimu ajikelezayo, abanye onjiniyela base bevele beqhamuke "nabathumeli" abasheshayo ngokusekelwe ekusakazweni kuphela.
Idivayisi yokudlulisa ucingo ka-Molina, i-patent No. 1 (ithunyelwe ngo-083, yavunywa ngo-456)
Kwakusele isinyathelo esincane kuphela ukusuka "kumthumeli" kuya ekulawuleni okuhlangene. Amaqembu e-Western Electric aqaphela ukuthi kwakungadingeki abiyele umthumeli ngocingo kubo bonke ababhalisile noma zonke izingcingo ezisebenzayo. Inani elincane lamadivayisi okulawula angabelwa phakathi kwayo yonke imigqa. Uma kungena ucingo, umthumeli wayevula isikhashana bese aqopha izinombolo ezidayeliwe, asebenze neswishi ukuze aqondise kabusha ucingo, bese eluvala bese elinda elandelayo. Ngokushintsha kwephaneli, umthumeli, nokulawula okwabiwe, i-AT&T yayinohlelo oluguquguqukayo nolukakayo olungaphatha ngisho namanethiwekhi amakhulu eNew York naseChicago.
Dlulisela ekushintsheni kwephaneli
Kodwa noma ngabe onjiniyela benkampani bekuchithile konke ukuphikisa kwezobuchwepheshe ngocingo olungasebenzi, abaphathi be-AT&T basenokungabaza. Babengenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi abasebenzisi bangakwazi yini ukuphatha ukudayela izinombolo ezinamadijithi ayisithupha nesikhombisa ezidingekayo ukuze ushayele ngokuzenzakalelayo emadolobheni amakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, abafonayo babedayela kubabhalisi beswitch bendawo ngokunikeza u-opharetha imininingwane emibili - igama leswishi oyifunayo kanye (ngokuvamile) nenombolo enezinombolo ezine. Isibonelo, iklayenti e-Pasadena lingakwazi ukufinyelela umngane e-Burbank ngokuthi “Burbank 5553.” Abaphathi beBell bakholelwa ukuthi esikhundleni se-"Burbank" ngekhodi enezinombolo ezimbili noma ezintathu engahleliwe kuzoholela enanini elikhulu lezingcingo ezingalungile, ukukhungatheka komsebenzisi, kanye nesevisi embi.
Ngo-1917, uWilliam Blauwell, isisebenzi se-AT&T, wahlongoza indlela eyaqeda lezi zinkinga. I-Western Electric ingakwazi, lapho yenza umshini obhalisile, iphrinte izinhlamvu ezimbili noma ezintathu eduze kwedijithi ngayinye yokudayela. Uhlu lwezingcingo luzobonisa izinhlamvu zokuqala ezimbalwa zeswishi ngayinye, ezihambisana nonyaka wayo wedijithali, ngosonhlamvukazi. Esikhundleni sokukhumbula ikhodi yezinombolo engahleliwe yebhodi lokushintsha alifunayo, ofonayo ubevele apelete inombolo: BUR-5553 (yeBurbank).
Ukudayela okujikelezayo kocingo lweBell lwango-1939 olunenombolo yeLakewood 2697, ethi 52-2697.
Kodwa ngisho nalapho kwakungekho ukuphikiswa kokushintshela ekushintsheni okuzenzakalelayo, i-AT&T yayisengenaso isizathu sobuchwepheshe noma sokusebenza sokushiya indlela ephumelelayo yokuxhuma izingcingo. Yimpi kuphela eyamphusha kulokhu. Ukwanda okukhulu kwesidingo sempahla yasezimbonini njalo kuphakamisa izindleko zezisebenzi: e-United States zacishe zaphindeka kabili kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1919, okwaholela ekwenyukeni kwamaholo kwezinye izindawo. Ngokungazelelwe, iphuzu elibalulekile lokuqhathanisa phakathi kokushintshwa okulawulwa ngu-opharetha kanye nokuzenzakalelayo kwakungelona ubuchwepheshe noma ukusebenza, kodwa ngokwezimali. Uma kubhekwa izindleko ezikhuphukayo zokukhokha opharetha, ngo-1920 i-AT&T yanquma ukuthi ngeke isakwazi ukumelana nemishini futhi yayala ukufakwa kwamasistimu azenzakalelayo.
Uhlelo lokuqala olunjalo lokushintshwa kwamaphaneli lwangena ku-inthanethi e-Omaha, Nebraska, ngo-1921. Kwalandelwa ukushintsha kwe-New York ngo-Okthoba 1922. Ngo-1928, u-20% wamaswishi e-AT&T ayezenzakalela; ngo-1934 - 50%, ngo-1960 - 97%. UBell wavala ukushintshana kocingo kokugcina nabasebenza eMaine ngo-1978. Kodwa opharetha babesadingeka ukuhlela izingcingo ezikude, futhi baqala ukushintshwa kulesi sikhundla kuphela ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II.
Ngokusekelwe ezindabeni zesiko lethu elidumile mayelana nobuchwepheshe nebhizinisi, kungaba lula ukucabanga ukuthi ukugawula i-AT&T kusinde ngokulambisa ekubhujisweni ngabantu abancane abazimele, kwagcina kushintshele kubuchwepheshe obuphakeme obuqalwe amabhizinisi amancane. Kepha empeleni, i-AT&T yakhokha usongo olwenziwa yizinkampani ezizimele iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kokuthi iqale ukwenza ukushintshana ngocingo.
I-Triumph Bell
Izehlakalo ezimbili ezenzeka eshumini lokuqala leminyaka lekhulu lama-XNUMX zaqinisekisa iningi lomphakathi wamabhizinisi ukuthi akekho onganqoba i-Bell System. Esokuqala kwaba ukwehluleka kwe-United States Independent Telephone Company yaseRochester evela eNew York. I-United States Independent ngokokuqala ngqa yanquma ukwakha inethiwekhi yokuxhumana yamabanga amade eqhudelanayo. Kodwa abakwazanga ukungena emakethe ebucayi yaseNew York base bengenamali. Okwesibili kwaba ukuwa kwe-Illinois Telephone and Telegraph ezimele, eyayizama ukungena emakethe yaseChicago. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi ezinye izinkampani azikwazanga ukuncintisana nesevisi ye-AT&T yamabanga amade, kodwa futhi zibonakale zingakwazi ukuncintisana nazo ezimakethe ezinkulu zasemadolobheni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugunyazwa kweChicago kwenkampani esebenzayo yeBell (iHibbard's Chicago Telephone) ngo-1907 kwakwenza kwacaca ukuthi uhulumeni wedolobha ngeke azame ukugqugquzela ukuncintisana ebhizinisini lezingcingo. Kwavela umqondo omusha wezomnotho wokubusa kwemvelo - inkolelo yokuthi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinsizakalo zomphakathi, ukuzihlanganisa ngaphansi komphakeli oyedwa kwaba umphumela onenzuzo nowemvelo wokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe. Ngokwale thiyori, impendulo efanele ku-monopoly kwaba ukulawulwa kwayo komphakathi, hhayi ukuncintisana okuphoqelelwe.
«» Ngo-1913 waqinisekisa amalungelo atholwe kuhulumeni wobumbano wokusebenzisa i-Bell Company. Ekuqaleni kwakubonakala sengathi ukuphathwa okuqhubekayo , enokungabaza izinhlanganisela zezinkampani ezinkulu, ingase ihlukanise i-Bell System noma ihlukane nokubusa kwayo. Yilokho kanye wonke umuntu ayekucabanga ngesikhathi ummeli-jikelele kaWilson, uJames McReynolds, ephinda evula icala elibhekene noBell elafakwa ngaphansi kwecala lokuqala lokungathembeki. , wabeka etafuleni umanduleli wakhe. Kodwa i-AT&T kanye nohulumeni basheshe bafinyelela esivumelwaneni, esasayinwa iphini likamongameli wenkampani, uNathan Kingsbury. I-AT&T yavuma ukuthengisa iWestern Union (lapho eyayithenge khona ingxenye enkulu eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili), iyeke ukuthenga izinkampani ezizimele zocingo, futhi ixhume izinkampani ezizimele ngenethiwekhi yayo yamabanga amade ngamanani afanelekile.
I-AT&T ibonakale ihlukumezeke kakhulu ezifisweni zayo. Kodwa umphumela wokuzibophezela kukaKingsbury waqinisekisa kuphela amandla akhe kucingo lukazwelonke. Amadolobha kanye nezifundazwe sezivele zikubeke kwacaca ukuthi ngeke zizame ukukhawula ngokugunyazwa ukugunyazwa kwezingcingo, futhi manje uhulumeni wobumbano ubajoyine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi izinkampani ezizimele zithole ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi yamabanga amade laqinisekisa ukuthi lizohlala liwukuphela kwenethiwekhi yohlobo lwayo e-United States kuze kube yilapho kufika amanethiwekhi ama-microwave ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka.
Izinkampani ezizimele zaba yingxenye yomshini omkhulu, phakathi nendawo okwakuyiBell. Ukuvinjelwa kokuthengwa kwezinkampani ezizimele kwasuswa ngo-1921 ngoba kwakuyinani elikhulu lezinkampani ezizimele ezazifuna ukuthengiselwa i-AT&T uhulumeni ayezicelile. Kodwa izinkampani ezizimele eziningi zisasindile futhi zadlondlobala, ikakhulukazi iGeneral Telephone & Electric (GTE), eyathola i-Autelco njengesimbangi ku-Western Electric, futhi yaba neqoqo layo lezinkampani zasendaweni. Kodwa bonke bezwa amandla adonsela phansi enkanyezi ethi Bell ababezungeza kuyo.
Naphezu kwezimo ezinethezekile, abaqondisi beBell bebengeke bahlale phansi. Ukukhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezingcingo okwaqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokubusa embonini, uMongameli we-AT&T u-Walter Gifford wasungula i-Bell Telephone Laboratories ngo-1925 enabasebenzi abayizi-4000. Ngokushesha i-Bell iphinde yasungula amaswishi azenzakalelayo esizukulwane sesithathu anezitholi zezinyathelo, ezilawulwa yiziyingi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Lezi zenzakalo ezimbili zizoholela abantu ababili, и ocwaningweni lwezifaniso ezithakazelisayo phakathi kwamasekhethi okushintsha namasistimu elogic yezibalo nokubala.
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Source: www.habr.com