Indaba yokukhishwa ethinte yonke into

Izitha Zangempela ngo12f-2

Ekupheleni kuka-April, ngenkathi i-White Walkers ivimbezele uWinterfell, kwenzeka okuthile okuthakazelisa kakhulu kithi; senze ukukhishwa okungajwayelekile. Empeleni, sihlala sikhipha izici ezintsha ekukhiqizeni (njengawo wonke umuntu). Kodwa lena yayihlukile. Isilinganiso sakho sasiwukuthi noma yimaphi amaphutha esingawenza angathinta zonke izinsiza zethu nabasebenzisi. Ngenxa yalokho, sikhiphe yonke into ngokohlelo, phakathi nesikhathi esihleliwe nesimenyezelwe, ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokuthengisa. I-athikili ikhuluma ngokuthi sikuzuze kanjani lokhu nokuthi noma ubani angayiphinda kanjani ekhaya.

Ngeke manje ngichaze izinqumo zezakhiwo nezobuchwepheshe esizenzile noma ngitshele ukuthi konke kusebenza kanjani. Lawa amanothi asemaphethelweni amayelana nendlela ukukhishwa okunzima kakhulu okwenzeka ngayo, engikubonile futhi engangihileleke kukho ngokuqondile. Angifuni ukuphelela noma imininingwane yobuchwepheshe; mhlawumbe zizovela kwesinye isihloko.

Isendlalelo + hlobo luni lomsebenzi lolu?

Sakha inkundla yamafu I-Mail.ru Cloud Solutions (MCS), lapho ngisebenza khona njengomqondisi wezobuchwepheshe. Futhi manje sekuyisikhathi sokwengeza i-IAM (Ubunikazi Nokuphathwa Kokufinyelela) kuplathifomu yethu, ehlinzeka ngokuphathwa okuhlangene kwawo wonke ama-akhawunti abasebenzisi, abasebenzisi, amaphasiwedi, izindima, izinsizakalo nokunye. Kungani kudingekile efwini kuwumbuzo osobala: lonke ulwazi lomsebenzisi lugcinwa kulo.

Ngokuvamile izinto ezinjalo ziqala ukwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi. Kodwa ngokomlando izinto ziye zahluka kancane ku-MCS. I-MCS yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili:

• I-Openstack enemojula yayo yokugunyazwa ye-Keystone,
• I-Hotbox (isitoreji se-S3) esekelwe kuphrojekthi ye-Mail.ru Cloud,

lapho kwavela khona izinkonzo ezintsha.

Empeleni, lezi kwakuyizinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zokugunyazwa. Futhi, sisebenzise ukuthuthukiswa okuhlukile kwe-Mail.ru, ngokwesibonelo, isitoreji sephasiwedi esijwayelekile se-Mail.ru, kanye nesixhumi esivulekile esizibhalela sona, ngenxa yalokho i-SSO (ukugunyazwa kokuphela ukuya ekupheleni) kunikezwe iphaneli ye-Horizon. yemishini ebonakalayo (i-OpenStack UI yomdabu).

Ukwenza i-IAM yethu kwakusho ukuyixhuma yonke ibe yisistimu eyodwa, eyethu ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngeke silahlekelwe yinoma yikuphi ukusebenza endleleni, kodwa sizodala isisekelo sesikhathi esizayo esizosivumela ukuthi siyicwengisise ngokusobala ngaphandle kokuyilungisa kabusha futhi siyikale ngokuya ngokusebenza. Futhi ekuqaleni, abasebenzisi babenesibonelo sokufinyelela kumasevisi (i-RBAC emaphakathi, ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okusekelwe indima) nezinye izinto ezincane.

Umsebenzi ubonakale ungewona omncane: i-python ne-perl, ama-backends amaningana, izinsizakalo ezibhaliwe ezizimele, amaqembu amaningana okuthuthukiswa kanye nama-admins. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kunezinkulungwane zabasebenzisi ababukhoma ohlelweni lokukhiqiza lokulwa. Konke lokhu kwakufanele kubhalwe futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kukhishwe ngaphandle kwabalimala.

Yini esizoyikhipha?

Ukukubeka kancane, cishe ezinyangeni ezi-4 silungiselele okulandelayo:

• Sakhe ama-daemon amaningana amasha ahlanganisa imisebenzi ebisebenza ngaphambilini ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zengqalasizinda. Ezinye izinkonzo zanqunywa i-backend entsha ngendlela yala madimoni.
• Sibhale indawo yethu yokugcina emaphakathi yamaphasiwedi nokhiye, etholakala kuzo zonke izinsiza zethu, ezingashintshwa ngokukhululekile njengoba sidinga.
• Sibhale ama-backends amasha angu-4 e-Keystone kusukela ekuqaleni (abasebenzisi, amaphrojekthi, izindima, izabelo zendima), empeleni, ezithathe indawo yolwazi lwayo, futhi manje esebenza njengenqolobane eyodwa yamaphasiwedi ethu abasebenzisi.
• Sifundise zonke izinsiza zethu ze-Openstack ukuya kusevisi yenqubomgomo yenkampani yangaphandle ngezinqubomgomo zabo esikhundleni sokufunda lezi zinqubomgomo endaweni kusuka kuseva ngayinye (yebo, isebenza kanjalo i-Openstack ngokuzenzakalelayo!)

Ukuhlelwa kabusha okunjalo okukhulu kudinga okukhulu, okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, izinguquko ezivumelanisiwe ezinhlelweni eziningana ezibhalwe amaqembu ahlukene okuthuthukisa. Uma isihlanganisiwe, lonke uhlelo kufanele lusebenze.

Ungazikhipha kanjani izinguquko ezinjalo futhi ungazifihli? Okokuqala sinqume ukubheka kancane esikhathini esizayo.

Isu lokukhipha

• Kungenzeka ukukhipha umkhiqizo ngezigaba eziningana, kodwa lokhu kuzokwandisa isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa izikhathi ezintathu. Ukwengeza, isikhathi esithile besizoba nokungavumelani ngokuphelele kwedatha kusizindalwazi. Kuzodingeka ubhale amathuluzi akho okuvumelanisa futhi uhlale nezitolo eziningi zedatha isikhathi eside. Futhi lokhu kudala izinhlobonhlobo zezingozi.
• Konke obekungalungiselelwa umsebenzisi ngokusobala kwenziwa kusenesikhathi. Kwathatha izinyanga ezi-2.
• Sizivumele isikhathi sokuphumula amahora ambalwa - kuphela ekusebenzeni komsebenzisi ukudala nokushintsha izinsiza.
• Ngokusebenza kwazo zonke izinsiza esezivele zidaliwe, isikhathi sokuphumula sasingamukelekile. Sihlele ukuthi ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, izinsiza kufanele zisebenze ngaphandle kokuphelelwa yisikhathi futhi zithinte kumakhasimende.
• Ukuze sinciphise umthelela kumakhasimende ethu uma kukhona okungahambanga kahle, sinqume ukukhipha ngeSonto kusihlwa. Amakhasimende ambalwa aphatha imishini ebonakalayo ebusuku.
• Sixwayise wonke amakhasimende ethu ukuthi ngesikhathi esikhethelwe ukukhishwa, ukuphathwa kwesevisi ngeke kutholakale.

Ukwehla: kuyini ukukhishwa?

<isixwayiso, ifilosofi>

Wonke uchwepheshe we-IT angaphendula kalula ukuthi kuyini ukukhishwa. Ufaka i-CI/CD, futhi yonke into ilethwa esitolo ngokuzenzakalelayo. 🙂

Yebo lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kodwa ubunzima ukuthi ngamathuluzi esimanje wokulethwa kwekhodi okuzenzakalelayo, ukuqonda kokukhishwa ngokwako kulahleka. Ukhohlwa kanjani ngobuqhawe bokusungulwa kwesondo uma ubheka ezokuthutha zesimanje. Yonke into i-automatic kangangokuthi ukukhishwa kuvame ukwenziwa ngaphandle kokuqonda sonke isithombe.

Futhi sonke isithombe sinje. Ukukhishwa kuqukethe izici ezine ezinkulu:

1. Ukulethwa kwekhodi, okuhlanganisa nokuguqulwa kwedatha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufuduka kwabo.
2. Ukubuyisela emuva ikhodi yikhono lokubuyela emuva uma kukhona okungahambanga kahle. Isibonelo, ngokudala ama-backups.
3. Isikhathi somsebenzi ngamunye wokukhishwa/wokubuyisela emuva. Udinga ukuqonda isikhathi sanoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwamaphuzu amabili okuqala.
4. Ukusebenza okuthintekile. Kuyadingeka ukuhlola kokubili imiphumela emihle elindelekile kanye nemibi engenzeka.

Zonke lezi zici kufanele zibhekwe ukuze kukhishwe ngempumelelo. Ngokuvamile kuhlolwa iphuzu lokuqala kuphela, noma elingcono kakhulu elesibili, bese ukukhishwa kuthathwa njengempumelelo. Kodwa eyesithathu neyesine ibaluleke nakakhulu. Imuphi umsebenzisi ongayithanda uma ukukhishwa kuthathe amahora angu-3 esikhundleni somzuzu? Noma uma okuthile okungadingekile kuthinteka ngesikhathi sokukhishwa? Noma ingabe ukuphelelwa isikhathi kwesevisi eyodwa kuzoholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile?

Isenzo 1..n, ukulungiselela ukukhululwa

Ekuqaleni ngacabanga ukuchaza kafushane imihlangano yethu: ithimba lonke, izingxenye zalo, inqwaba yezingxoxo ezindaweni zekhofi, izingxabano, izivivinyo, ukuxoxisana. Ngabe sengicabanga ukuthi ngeke kudingeke. Izinyanga ezine zokuthuthuka zihlala zifaka lokhu, ikakhulukazi uma ungabhali okuthile okungalethwa njalo, kodwa isici esisodwa esikhulu sesistimu ebukhoma. Okuthinta zonke izinsiza, kodwa akukho okufanele kushintshe kubasebenzisi ngaphandle “kwenkinobho eyodwa kusixhumi esibonakalayo sewebhu.”

Ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukhishwa kanjani kushintshile emhlanganweni omusha ngamunye, futhi kuphawuleka kakhulu. Isibonelo, besizobuyekeza yonke imininingwane yethu yokukhokha. Kodwa sibale isikhathi futhi sabona ukuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza lokhu ngesikhathi sokukhishwa esiphusile. Kusithathe cishe iviki elengeziwe ukuze sihlukanise futhi sigcine kungobo yomlando isizindalwazi sokukhokha. Futhi lapho isivinini sokukhishwa esilindelwe singasenelisi, sa-oda izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezengeziwe, ezinamandla kakhulu, lapho sonke isisekelo sahudulwa khona. Akukhona ukuthi besingafuni ukwenza lokhu ngokushesha, kodwa isidingo samanje sokuphuma sishiye singenakho ukukhetha.

Lapho omunye wethu enokungabaza ukuthi ukukhishwa kungase kuthinte ukutholakala kwemishini yethu ebonakalayo, sachitha isonto senza izivivinyo, ukuhlola, ukuhlaziya amakhodi futhi sathola ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi lokhu kwakungeke kwenzeke ekukhiqizeni kwethu, futhi ngisho nabantu abangabaza kakhulu bavuma. ngalokhu.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abafana abavela ekusekelweni kwezobuchwepheshe benza izivivinyo zabo ezizimele ukuze babhale imiyalelo kumakhasimende ngezindlela zokuxhuma, okwakufanele zishintshe ngemva kokukhishwa. Basebenza ku-UX yomsebenzisi, balungiselela imiyalelo futhi banikeza ukubonisana komuntu siqu.

Senze ngokuzenzakalelayo yonke imisebenzi yokukhipha ebingenzeka. Yonke imisebenzi yayibhalwe phansi, ngisho nelula kakhulu, futhi izivivinyo zazihlale zenziwa. Baphikisana ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokuvala isevisi - yeka i-daemon noma uvimbele ukufinyelela kusevisi ngohlelo lokuvikela. Sakhe uhlu lokuhlola lwamaqembu esiteji ngasinye sokukhishwa futhi salubuyekeza njalo. Sidwebe futhi sabuyekeza njalo ishadi le-Gantt lawo wonke umsebenzi wokukhipha, nezikhathi.

Manje…

Isenzo sokugcina, ngaphambi kokuphuma

...sekuyisikhathi sokuphuma.

Njengoba besho, umsebenzi wobuciko awukwazi ukuqedwa, kuphela uqedile ukusebenza kuwo. Kufanele wenze umzamo wentando, uqonde ukuthi ngeke uthole yonke into, kodwa ukholelwa ukuthi wenze konke ukucabanga okunengqondo, okuhlinzekelwe ngawo wonke amacala angenzeka, uvale zonke izimbungulu ezibucayi, futhi bonke abahlanganyeli benza konke ababengakwenza. Uma ukhipha ikhodi eyengeziwe, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukuziqinisekisa ngalokhu (ngaphandle kwalokho, wonke umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubona konke kusengaphambili).

Sinqume ukuthi sesilungele ukukhishwa lapho siqiniseka ukuthi senze konke okusemandleni ukumboza zonke izingozi zabasebenzisi bethu ezihlobene nemithelela engalindelekile kanye nezikhathi zokungasebenzi. Okungukuthi, noma yini ingahamba kahle ngaphandle:

1. Ithinta (ingcwele kithi, eyigugu kakhulu) ingqalasizinda yomsebenzisi,
2. Ukusebenza: ukusetshenziswa kwesevisi yethu ngemuva kokukhishwa kufanele kufane nangaphambili kwayo.

Iyaphuma

Roll ezimbili, 8 ungaphazamisi

Sithatha isikhathi sokuphumula kuzo zonke izicelo ezivela kubasebenzisi amahora angu-7. Ngalesi sikhathi, sinakho kokubili uhlelo lokukhishwa kanye nohlelo lokuhlehlisa.

• Ukukhishwa ngokwakho kuthatha cishe amahora angu-3.
• Amahora ama-2 wokuhlola.
• Amahora angu-2 - gcinela ukuhlehliswa okungenzeka kwezinguquko.

Ishadi le-Gantt lidwetshiwe ngesenzo ngasinye, ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani, kwenzekani ngokulandelana, yini eyenziwa ngokuhambisana.

Ucezu lokukhishwa kweshadi le-Gantt, enye yezinguqulo zangaphambili (ngaphandle kokwenza okufanayo). Ithuluzi Lokuvumelanisa Elibaluleke Kakhulu

Bonke ababambiqhaza baneqhaza labo ekukhishweni okunqunyiwe, yimiphi imisebenzi abayenzayo, nokuthi banesibopho ngani. Sizama ukuletha isigaba ngasinye kokuzenzakalela, sisikhiphe, sibuyisele emuva, siqoqe impendulo bese siyikhipha futhi.

Umlando wezenzakalo

Ngakho, abantu abangu-15 beza bezosebenza ngeSonto, ngo-April 29, ngo-10 ebusuku. Ngaphezu kwababambe iqhaza abamqoka, abanye beza nje ukuzokweseka iqembu, okuyinto ebonga ngokukhethekile kubo.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukusho ukuthi umhloli wethu ongukhiye useholidini. Akunakwenzeka ukukhipha ngaphandle kokuhlola, sihlola izinketho. Uzakwethu uyavuma ukusivivinya eholidini, okuyinto athola ngayo ukubonga okukhulu okuvela kulo lonke iqembu.

00:00. Ima
Simisa izicelo zabasebenzisi, vala uphawu oluthi umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqapha kuyamemeza, kodwa konke kujwayelekile. Siyahlola ukuthi akukho yini ewile ngaphandle kwalokho obekumele kuwa. Futhi siqala umsebenzi wokufuduka.

Wonke umuntu unohlelo lokukhishwa oluphrintiwe iphuzu nephuzu, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ubani owenza ini futhi ngasiphi isikhathi. Ngemuva kwesenzo ngasinye, sihlola izikhathi ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi asedluli, futhi konke kuhamba ngohlelo. Labo abangabambi iqhaza ekukhishweni ngokuqondile kulesi sigaba samanje balungiselela ngokwethula ithoyizi eku-inthanethi (i-Xonotic, thayipha abawaka bodokotela abangu-3) ukuze bangaphazamisi ozakwabo. 🙂

02:00. Ikhishwe
Isimanga esijabulisayo - siqeda ukukhishwa kusasele ihora, ngenxa yokwenziwa kahle kwesizindalwazi sethu kanye nemibhalo yokuthutha. Isikhalo sikajenene, “sikhishwe!” Yonke imisebenzi emisha iyakhiqizwa, kodwa kuze kube manje kuphela esingayibona kusixhumi esibonakalayo. Wonke umuntu ungena kumodi yokuhlola, awahlele ngamaqembu, futhi aqale ukubona ukuthi kwenzekeni ekugcineni.

Akuzange kube kuhle kakhulu, siyaqaphela lokhu ngemva kwemizuzu engu-10, lapho kungekho lutho oluxhunyiwe noma olusebenza kumaphrojekthi wamalungu eqembu. Ukuvumelanisa okusheshayo, sizwakalisa izinkinga zethu, sibeka izinto eziza kuqala, singene emaqenjini futhi singene ekususeni iphutha.

02:30. Izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu vs amehlo amane
Sithola izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu. Sibonile ukuthi amakhasimende ngeke abone ezinye izinsiza ezixhunyiwe, futhi izinkinga zizovela ngama-akhawunti ozakwethu. Kokubili kungenxa yemibhalo yokufuduka engaphelele kwamanye amacala. Sidinga ukuyilungisa manje.

Sibhala izicelo ezilungisa lokhu, okungenani ngamehlo ama-4. Siyazihlola ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kwangaphambili ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi ziyasebenza futhi awephuli lutho. Ungakwazi ukugoqa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, senza ukuhlola kwethu okujwayelekile kokuhlanganiswa, okuveza ezinye izinkinga ezimbalwa. Zonke zincane, kodwa futhi zidinga ukulungiswa.

03:00. -2 izinkinga +2 izinkinga
Izinkinga ezimbili zangaphambilini ezinkulu sezilungisiwe, futhi cishe zonke ezincane nazo. Bonke labo abangasebenzi ekulungiseni basebenza ngenkuthalo kuma-akhawunti abo futhi babika abakutholayo. Sibeka phambili, sisabalalisa phakathi kwamaqembu, futhi sishiye izinto ezingabalulekile ekuseni.

Siphinde siqhube izivivinyo, bathola izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu. Akuzona zonke izinqubomgomo zesevisi ezifike ngendlela efanele, ngakho-ke ezinye izicelo zomsebenzisi azidlulisi ukugunyazwa. Kanye nenkinga entsha ngama-akhawunti ozakwethu. Asiphuthume siyobheka.

03:20. Ukuvumelanisa okuphuthumayo
Inkinga eyodwa entsha ilungisiwe. Okwesibili, sihlela ukuvumelanisa okuphuthumayo. Siyaqonda ukuthi kwenzekani: ukulungiswa kwangaphambilini kulungise inkinga eyodwa, kodwa kwadala enye. Sithatha ikhefu ukuze sithole ukuthi sikwenza kanjani ngendlela efanele futhi ngaphandle kwemiphumela.

03:30. Amehlo ayisithupha
Siyaqonda ukuthi isimo sokugcina sesisekelo kufanele sibe yini ukuze yonke into ihambe kahle kubo bonke ozakwethu. Sibhala isicelo ngamehlo angu-6, sisikhiphe ekukhiqizeni kwangaphambili, sihlole, sikhiphe ukuze sikhiqize.

04:00. Konke kuyasebenza
Zonke izivivinyo ziphumelele, azikho izinkinga ezibucayi ezibonakalayo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, okuthile eqenjini akusebenzi kumuntu, sisabela ngokushesha. Isikhathi esiningi i-alamu ingamanga. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi okuthile akufiki, noma ikhasi elihlukile alisebenzi. Sihlala, silungise, silungise, silungise. Ithimba elihlukile lethula isici esikhulu sokugcina - ukukhokhisa.

04:30. Iphuzu lokungabuyi
Iphuzu lokungabuyi liyasondela, okungukuthi, isikhathi lapho, uma siqala ukuhlehla, ngeke sihlangabezane nesikhathi sokuphumula esinikezwe sona. Kunezinkinga zokukhokhisa, owazi futhi orekhoda yonke into, kodwa ngenkani uyenqaba ukusula imali kumakhasimende. Kunezimbungulu ezimbalwa emakhasini ngamanye, izenzo, kanye nezimo. Ukusebenza okuyinhloko kuyasebenza, zonke izivivinyo ziphumelela ngempumelelo. Sinquma ukuthi ukukhishwa sekwenzekile, ngeke sihlehle.

06:00. Vula wonke umuntu oku-UI
Iziphazamisi zilungisiwe. Okunye okungakhangi abasebenzisi kushiyelwa kamuva. Sivula isikhombimsebenzisi kuwo wonke umuntu. Siyaqhubeka nokusebenza ekukhokheni, silinde impendulo yabasebenzisi kanye nemiphumela yokuqapha.

07:00. Izinkinga ngokulayisha kwe-API
Kuyacaca ukuthi asihlelanga kahle umthwalo ku-API yethu futhi sahlola lo mthwalo, ongakwazi ukuhlonza inkinga. Njengomphumela, ≈5% wezicelo ziyahluleka. Ake sihlangane sibheke isizathu.

Inkokhelo inenkani futhi ayifuni ukusebenza nayo. Sinquma ukuyihlehlisa kuze kube kamuva ukuze senze izinguquko ngendlela ezolile. Okusho ukuthi, zonke izinsiza ziqoqwa kuyo, kodwa ukucishwa okuvela kumakhasimende akudluli. Yebo, lokhu kuyinkinga, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhishwa okuvamile kubonakala kungabalulekile.

08:00. Lungisa i-API
Sikhiphe ukulungiswa komthwalo, ukwehluleka kwahamba. Siqala ukuya ekhaya.

10:00. Konke
Konke kulungisiwe. Kuthule ekuqapheni futhi endaweni yamakhasimende, ithimba kancane kancane liyalala. Inkokhelo isasele, sizoyibuyisela kusasa.

Bese kuthi phakathi nosuku kube nokukhishwa okulungisiwe amalogi, izaziso, ukubuyisela amakhodi nokwenza ngokwezifiso kwamanye amakhasimende ethu.

Ngakho, ukukhishwa kube yimpumelelo! Yiqiniso, kungaba ngcono, kodwa safinyelela iziphetho mayelana nokuthi yini eyayinganele ukuba sifinyelele ukuphelela.

Inani

Phakathi nezinyanga ezi-2 zokulungiselela ukukhishwa, imisebenzi engama-43 yaqedwa, ethatha amahora ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa:

• amademoni amasha futhi ashintshiwe - izingcezu ezingu-5, esikhundleni se-monoliths engu-2;
• izinguquko kusizindalwazi - zonke izingosi zethu eziyisi-6 ezinedatha yomsebenzisi zithintekile, ukudawuniloda kwenziwe kusukela kudathabheyisi ezintathu ezindala kuya kweyodwa entsha;
• i-frontend eklanywe kabusha ngokuphelele;
• inani lekhodi elandiwe - imigqa eyizinkulungwane ezingama-33 yekhodi entsha, ≈ imigqa eyizinkulungwane ezi-3 yekhodi ekuhlolweni, ≈ imigqa eyizinkulungwane ezi-5 yekhodi yokufuduka;
• yonke idatha iphelele, akukho nowodwa umshini obonakalayo wekhasimende owonakele. 🙂

Imikhuba emihle yokukhishwa okuhle

Basiqondisa kulesi simo esinzima. Kodwa, ngokujwayelekile, kuyasiza ukuwalandela ngesikhathi sanoma yikuphi ukukhishwa. Kodwa uma ukukhishwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, indima abayidlalayo inkulu.

1. Into yokuqala okudingeka uyenze ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhishwa kungabathinta kanjani noma kuzobathinta kanjani abasebenzisi. Ingabe kuzoba khona isikhathi sokuphumula? Uma kunjalo, sithini isikhathi sokuphumula? Lokhu kuzobathinta kanjani abasebenzisi? Yiziphi izimo ezingcono kakhulu nezimbi kakhulu? Futhi ukumboza izingozi.
2. Hlela konke. Esigabeni ngasinye, udinga ukuqonda zonke izici zokukhishwa:
   • ukulethwa kwekhodi;
   • ukubuyisela emuva ikhodi;
   • isikhathi sokusebenza ngakunye;
   • ukusebenza okuthintekile.
3. Dlala ngezimo kuze kube yilapho zonke izigaba zokukhishwa, kanye nezingozi ezikuzo zonke, zibe sobala. Uma unokungabaza, ungathatha ikhefu futhi uhlole isigaba esingabazekayo ngokwehlukana.
4. Isigaba ngasinye singathuthukiswa futhi kufanele sithuthukiswe uma sisiza abasebenzisi bethu. Isibonelo, izonciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula noma isuse ubungozi obuthile.
5. Ukuhlola i-rollback kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuhlola ukulethwa kwekhodi. Kudingekile ukuhlola ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlehlisa uhlelo luzobuyela esimweni salo sokuqala, futhi uqinisekise lokhu ngokuhlolwa.
6. Konke okungazenzakalela kufanele kube okuzenzakalelayo. Konke okungeke kuzenzekele kufanele kubhalwe kusenesikhathi eshidini lokukopela.
7. Rekhoda umbandela wempumelelo. Yimuphi umsebenzi okufanele ube khona futhi ngasiphi isikhathi? Uma lokhu kungenzeki, sebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlehlisa.
8. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - abantu. Wonke umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukuthi benzani, kungani futhi kuncike ezenzweni zabo ohlelweni lokukhishwa.

Futhi emshweni owodwa, ngokuhlela okuhle nokucacisa ungakhipha noma yini oyifunayo ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokuthengisa. Ngisho nento ezothinta zonke izinsiza zakho ekukhiqizeni.

Source: www.habr.com