Umhlaka-1 Meyi ekugcineni umthetho "kwi-Intanethi ebusayo", kepha ochwepheshe bacishe bawubiza ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwengxenye yesiRashiya ye-Intanethi, ngakho-ke yini? (ngamagama alula)
I-athikili ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi olujwayelekile kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi ngaphandle kokuzifaka ekudidekeni okungadingekile namagama angaqondakali. Lesi sihloko sichaza izinto ezilula kwabaningi, kodwa kwabaningi akusho kuwo wonke umuntu. Futhi nokuqeda inganekwane mayelana nengxenye yezombangazwe yokugxeka lo mthetho.
Isebenza kanjani i-inthanethi?
Ake siqale ngezisekelo. I-inthanethi iqukethe amaklayenti, amarutha nengqalasizinda, esebenza ngephrothokholi ye-IP
(v4 ikheli limi kanje: 0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255)
Amaklayenti angabasebenzisi bamakhompuyutha ngokwawo, yona kanye leyo ohlezi kuyo futhi ufunda lesi sihloko. Banoxhumano kumarutha angomakhelwane (axhumeke ngqo). Amaklayenti athumela idatha ekhelini noma ebangeni lamakheli amanye amakhasimende.
Amarutha - Axhunywe kumarutha angomakhelwane futhi angaxhunywa kumakhasimende angomakhelwane. Abanalo ikheli labo le-IP elihlukile (lokuqondisa kabusha kuphela), kodwa banesibopho salo lonke uhla lwamakheli. Umsebenzi wabo ukunquma ukuthi banawo yini amaklayenti anekheli eliceliwe noma adinga ukuthumela idatha kwamanye amarutha; lapha futhi badinga ukunquma ukuthi yimuphi umakhelwane onesibopho sohlu oludingekayo lwamakheli.
Amarutha angatholakala emazingeni ahlukene: umhlinzeki, izwe, isifunda, idolobha, isifunda, futhi ngisho nasekhaya kungenzeka ube nomzila wakho. Futhi wonke anebanga lawo lamakheli.
Ingqalasizinda ihlanganisa izindawo zokushintshisana ngethrafikhi, ukuxhumana namasathelayithi, izindawo zokungena zezwekazi, njll. ayadingeka ukuze ahlanganise amarutha namanye amarutha angabanye opharetha, amazwe, nezinhlobo zokuxhumana.
Ungayidlulisela kanjani idatha?
Njengoba uqonda, amaklayenti namarutha ngokwawo axhunywe ngokuthile. Kungaba:
Izintambo
- I phansi
Inethiwekhi ye-Rostelecom backbone
- Ngaphansi kwamanzi
Izintambo zangaphansi kolwandlekazi i-Transoceanic
Umoya
Lawa amabhuloho e-Wi-Fi, LTE, WiMax kanye nama-opharetha omsakazo, asetshenziswa lapho kunzima khona ukufaka izintambo. Awasetshenziselwa ukwakha amanethiwekhi abahlinzeki agcwele; ngokuvamile awukuqhutshekwa kwamanethiwekhi anezintambo.
ICosmos
Amasathelayithi angasebenzela bobabili abasebenzisi abajwayelekile futhi abe yingxenye yengqalasizinda yabahlinzeki.
Imephu yesathelayithi ye-ISATHAL
I-inthanethi iyinethiwekhi
Njengoba ubona, i-Intanethi imayelana nomakhelwane nomakhelwane bomakhelwane. Kuleli zinga lokuxhumana azikho izikhungo nezinkinobho ezibomvu ze-inthanethi yonke. Okungukuthi, i-America embi ayikwazi ukumisa ithrafikhi phakathi kwamadolobha amabili aseRussia, phakathi kwedolobha laseRussia nelaseShayina, phakathi kwedolobha laseRussia nelase-Australia, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangathanda kangakanani. Ukuphela kwento abangayenza ukulahla amabhomu kuma-routers, kodwa lokhu akulona usongo lwezinga lenethiwekhi nhlobo.
empeleni zikhona izikhungo kodwa shh...
kodwa lezi zikhungo zinolwazi olukhethekile, okungukuthi, zithi leli yikheli lezwe elinjalo nelinjalo, idivayisi enjalo, umkhiqizi onjalo, njll. Ngaphandle kwale datha, akukho okushintshayo kunethiwekhi.
Konke kuyiphutha labantu abancane!
Izinga elingaphezulu kwedatha emsulwa yiWebhu Yomhlaba Wonke esiyivakashelayo. Umgomo wokusebenza kwamaphrothokholi akuwo idatha efundeka umuntu. Kusukela kumakheli ewebhusayithi, isibonelo, i-google.ru ihluke kumshini 64.233.161.94. Futhi iphetha ngephrothokholi ye-Http ngokwayo kanye nekhodi ye-JavaScript, ungazifunda zonke, mhlawumbe hhayi ngolimi lwakho lwendabuko, kodwa ngolimi lwabantu ngaphandle kokuguqulwa.
Yilapho okulele khona impande yobubi.
Ukuguqula amakheli aqondakalayo kubantu abe amakheli aqondakalayo kuma-router, ukubhaliswa kwalawa makheli afanayo kuyadingeka. Njengoba nje kukhona amarejista ombuso amakheli okuphatha afana nalawa: Lenin St., 16 - Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov uhlala. Ngakho kukhona ukubhaliswa okuvamile komhlaba wonke, lapho kuboniswa khona: google.ru - 64.233.161.94.
Futhi itholakala eMelika. Ngakho-ke, yile ndlela esizonqanyulwa ngayo ku-inthanethi!
Eqinisweni, akulula kangako.
Ngokusho
I-ICANN ingusonkontileka womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukwenza umsebenzi we-IANA ngaphandle kokulawulwa ohulumeni (ikakhulukazi uhulumeni wase-US), ngakho-ke inkampani ingabhekwa njengeyamazwe ngamazwe, naphezu kokubhaliswa kwayo e-California.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba i-ICANN iphethe abaphathi, ikwenza lokhu kuphela ngezimfuneko nezinqumo; ukubulawa kwenziwa enye inkampani engeyona ekahulumeni - i-VeriSign.
Okulandelayo kuza amaseva ezimpande, kukhona i-13 yawo futhi ingeyezinkampani ezihlukene kusukela e-US Army kuya ezikhungweni nezinkampani ezingenzi nzuzo ezivela eNetherlands, eSweden naseJapane. Kukhona futhi amakhophi aphelele kuwo wonke umhlaba, kuhlanganise naseRussia (eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, eNovosibirsk, eRostov-on-Don).
Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, lawa maseva aqukethe uhlu lwamaseva athembekile emhlabeni wonke, nawo aqukethe olunye uhlu lwamaseva emhlabeni wonke, oseluvele luqukethe ukubhaliswa kwamagama namakheli ngokwawo.
Inhloso yangempela yamaseva ezimpande ukusho ukuthi ukubhaliswa kweseva okunjalo nokunjalo kusemthethweni futhi akukona okungelona iqiniso. Kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha ungasetha iseva ngohlu lwakho, futhi isibonelo, lapho ufinyelela ku-sberbank.ru, ngeke uthunyelwe ikheli layo langempela - 0.0.0.1, kodwa - 0.0.0.2, lapho ikhophi eliqondile Iwebhusayithi yeSberbank izotholakala, kepha yonke imininingwane izobiwa. Kulokhu, umsebenzisi uzobona ikheli alifunayo ngendlela efundeka umuntu futhi ngeke nakancane akwazi ukuhlukanisa okungelona iqiniso kusayithi langempela. Kodwa ikhompyutha ngokwayo idinga ikheli kuphela futhi isebenza ngayo kuphela, ayazi nganoma yiziphi izinhlamvu. Lokhu uma ukubheka ngeso lengqondo izinsongo ezingase zibe khona. Kungani sethula umthetho?
*I-ncbi eyodwa eyaziwayo - iyakufanelekela
Okufanayo kuya kumsuka ovamile wesitifiketi se-https/TLS/SSL - esesivele sigxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha. Uhlelo luyafana, kodwa enye idatha ithunyelwa kanye nekheli, okuhlanganisa okhiye basesidlangalaleni namasignesha.
Into eyinhloko ukuthi kukhona iphuzu lokugcina elisebenza njenge-guarantor. Futhi uma kunamaphuzu amaningana anjalo nolwazi oluhlukile, khona-ke kulula ukuhlela ukushintshwa.
Inhloso eyinhloko yokubhaliswa kwamakheli ukugcina uhlu olujwayelekile lwamagama ukuze kugwenywe amasayithi amabili anekheli elilodwa elibonakalayo lomuntu kanye nama-IP ahlukile. Cabanga ngesimo: umuntu oyedwa ushicilela isixhumanisi kuwebhusayithi yemagazini.net ekhasini elinocwaningo mayelana nokuvikelwa ekuluthweni kwezivuseleli ze-amphetamine zisebenzisa i-amphonelic acid, omunye umuntu uba nentshisekelo bese echofoza isixhumanisi. Kodwa isixhumanisi siwumbhalo ngokwawo kuphela: magazine.net, ayiqukethe lutho ngaphandle. Kodwa-ke, lapho umlobi eshicilela isixhumanisi, wamane wasikopisha esipheqululini sakhe, kodwa wasebenzisa i-Google DNS (irejista efanayo), futhi ngaphansi kwe-magazine.net yakhe yokufaka ikheli 0.0.0.1, futhi omunye wabafundi abalandele i- isixhumanisi sisebenzisa i-Yandex DNS futhi sigcina elinye ikheli - 0.0.0.2, lapho isitolo se-electronics kanye nokubhaliswa kungazi lutho nganoma iyiphi i-0.0.0.1. Bese, umsebenzisi angeke akwazi ukubuka isiqephu sendatshana anentshisekelo kuso. Okuphambana ngokuyisisekelo lonke iphuzu lezixhumanisi.
Kulabo abanentshisekelo ikakhulukazi: empeleni, ukubhaliswa kuqukethe lonke uhla lwamakheli, futhi amasayithi angashintsha i-IP yokugcina ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene (Ngokungazelelwe, umhlinzeki omusha uhlinzeka ngesivinini esikhulu). Futhi ukuze izixhumanisi zingalahlekelwa ukuhambisana kwazo, i-DNS inikeza amandla okushintsha amakheli. Lokhu futhi kusiza ekwandiseni noma ekunciphiseni inani lamaseva asebenzela isayithi.
Ngenxa yalokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isinqumo sohlangothi lwaseMelika noma ukuhlasela kwezempi, kuhlanganise nokuthathwa kwezikhungo ezingezona ezombuso, ukukhohlisa kwezikhungo zezimpande, noma ukucekelwa phansi kobudlelwane neRussia, ngeke neze kwenzeke ukuletha ukuzinza. yengxenye yesiRashiya ye-Intanethi emadolweni ayo.
Okokuqala, okhiye abakhulu bokubethela ngokwabo bagcinwa kuma-bunkers amabili ezinhlangothini ezihlukene ze-United States. Okwesibili, ukulawula kwezokuphatha kusatshalaliswa kangangokuthi kuzodingeka ukuthi kuxoxiswane nomhlaba wonke ophucuzekile ukuze kunqanyulwe iRussia. Okuzohambisana nengxoxo ende futhi iRussia izomane ibe nesikhathi sokusungula ingqalasizinda yayo. Okwamanje, azikho iziphakamiso ezinjalo ezenziwe emlandweni, ngisho nasemcabangweni. Hhayi-ke, ahlala ekhona amakhophi noma kuphi emhlabeni. Kuzokwanela ukuqondisa kabusha ithrafikhi kukhophi yesiShayina noma yamaNdiya. Ngenxa yalokho, kuyodingeka sifinyelele esivumelwaneni nomhlaba wonke ngokomgomo. Futhi futhi, eRussia kuzohlale kunohlu lwakamuva lwamaseva futhi ungaqhubeka njalo ukusuka lapho ugcine khona. Noma ungavele ufake enye esikhundleni sesiginesha.
Akumele uhlole isiginesha nhlobo - noma ngabe konke kwenzeka ngokushesha futhi izikhungo zaseRussia zicekelwa phansi, abahlinzeki bangaziba ukuntuleka kokuxhumana namaseva ezimpande, lokhu kungenxa yokuphepha okwengeziwe futhi akuthinti umzila.
Ama-opharetha aphinde agcine inqolobane (ethandwa kakhulu eceliwe) yakho kokubili okhiye kanye nerejista ngokwayo, futhi ucezu lwenqolobane yamawebhusayithi akho adumile lugcinwa kukhompyutha yakho. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni ngeke uzwe lutho nhlobo.
Kukhona nezinye izikhungo ze-WWW, kodwa ngokuvamile zisebenza ngomgomo ofanayo futhi azidingeki kangako.
Wonke umuntu uzofa, kodwa izigebengu zizophila!
Ngokungeziwe kumaseva empande asemthethweni, kukhona ezinye, kodwa ngokuvamile angezabaphakeli kanye nama-anarchist aphikisana nanoma yikuphi ukucwaninga, ngakho abahlinzeki abawasebenzisi. Kodwa abakhethiwe... Lapha, noma ngabe umhlaba wonke ubopha iRussia, laba bafana basazoqhubeka nokukhonza.
Ngendlela, i-algorithm ye-DHT yamanethiwekhi e-Torrent kontanga angaphila ngokuthula ngaphandle kwanoma yikuphi ukubhaliswa; ayiceli ikheli elithile, kodwa ixhumana ne-hashi (isihlonzi) sefayela oyifunayo. Okungukuthi, izigebengu zizophila ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo!
Ukuhlasela kwangempela kuphela!
Okuwukuphela kosongo lwangempela kungaba uzungu lomhlaba wonke, ukunqamula zonke izintambo ezisuka eRussia, ukudubula amasathelayithi nokufaka ukuphazamiseka komsakazo. Yiqiniso, kulesi simo sokuvinjelwa komhlaba wonke, into yokugcina ezoba nesithakazelo yi-intanethi. Noma impi esebenzayo, kodwa konke kuyafana lapho.
I-inthanethi ngaphakathi eRussia izoqhubeka nokusebenza njengoba injalo. Ngokuncipha kwesikhashana nje kwezokuphepha.
Pho umayelana nani umthetho?
Okuxaka kakhulu ukuthi umthetho, ngokombono, uchaza lesi simo, kodwa unikeza izinto ezimbili kuphela zangempela:
- Zenzele ezakho izikhungo ze-WWW.
- Dlulisela zonke izindawo zokuwela umngcele wekhebula le-inthanethi ku-Roskomnadzor futhi ufake izivimbeli zokuqukethwe.
Cha, lezi akuzona izinto ezimbili ezixazulula inkinga, lezi, ngokuyisisekelo, yizinto ezimbili ezisemthethweni, okunye kufana nokuthi: "kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwe-intanethi." Azikho izindlela, izinhlawulo, izinhlelo, ukwabiwa kwezibopho kanye nezibopho, kodwa isimemezelo nje.
Njengoba usuvele uqonda, iphuzu lokuqala kuphela elihambisana ne-inthanethi ebusayo, elesibili ukucwaninga futhi yilokho kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kunganciphisa umsebenzi wokwakha amanethiwekhi onqenqema, futhi ekugcineni kunciphise ukuzinza kwe-inthanethi ezimele.
Iphuzu lokuqala, njengoba sesivele silitholile, lixazulula inkinga yosongo lwesikhashana olungenakwenzeka futhi oluyingozi kancane. Lokhu sekuzokwenziwa kakade ngabahlanganyeli benethiwekhi uma kuvela izinsongo, kodwa lapha kuhlongozwa ukwenza lokhu kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kudinga ukwenziwa kusengaphambili, kuphela esimweni esisodwa esicindezela kakhulu.
Imiphumela iyadumaza!
Ukufingqa, kuvela ukuthi uhulumeni ubeke ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ngomthetho oxazulula isimo esingenakwenzeka, esingeyona ingozi, okungeke kubangele ukulimala. Futhi ingxenye yesibili izosungula ukucwaninga. Sinikezwa i-censorship ukuze singanqanyulwa. Singase futhi sikhuthaze izwe lonke ukuthi liphuze ubisi ngoLwesine ukugwema ukubulala. Okusho ukuthi, kokubili okunengqondo kanye nomqondo ojwayelekile uthi lezi zinto azixhunyiwe futhi azikwazi ukuxhunywa.
Pho kungani uhulumeni elungiselela ngokuqhubekayo ukucwaninga okuphelele ... ukucwaninga kanye nempi?
Iminithi lokunakekelwa kusuka ku-UFO
Lokhu okuqukethwe kungenzeka kubangele imizwa engqubuzanayo, ngakho-ke ngaphambi kokubhala amazwana, hlaziya okuthile okubalulekile:
Ungabhala kanjani amazwana futhi usinde
- Ungabhali imibono ecasulayo, ungazitholi okomuntu siqu.
- Gwema ulimi olunenhlamba nokuziphatha okunobuthi (ngisho nangendlela emboziwe).
- Ukuze ubike amazwana aphula imithetho yesayithi, sebenzisa inkinobho ethi "Bika" (uma ikhona) noma .
Okufanele ukwenze, uma: |
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Source: www.habr.com