Impela wena, njengomsebenzisi we-Bitcoin, i-Ether nanoma iyiphi enye i-cryptocurrency, ubukhathazeke ngokuthi noma ubani ongabona ukuthi unezinhlamvu zemali ezingaki esikhwameni sakho, uzidlulisele kubani nokuthi uzithole kubani. Kuningi ukungqubuzana okuzungeze i-cryptocurrencies engaziwa, kodwa into eyodwa esingenakuphikisa ngayo ukuthi kanjani Umphathi wephrojekthi ye-Monero u-Riccardo Spagni ku-akhawunti yakhe ye-Twitter: "Kungenzekani uma ngingafuni ukuthi umuntu othatha imali esitolo azi ukuthi nginemali engakanani kubhalansi yami nokuthi ngiyichitha ngani?"
Kulesi sihloko sizobheka isici sezobuchwepheshe sokungaziwa - ukuthi bakwenza kanjani, futhi sinikeze umbono omfishane wezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu, izinzuzo nezingozi zabo.
Namuhla kukhona cishe ama-blockchains ayishumi nambili avumela ukuthengiselana okungaziwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwabanye, ukungaziwa kokudluliselwa kuyimpoqo, kwabanye kuwukuzikhethela, abanye bafihla kuphela amakheli nabamukeli, abanye abavumeli abantu besithathu ukuthi babone ngisho namanani okudluliselwa. Cishe bonke ubuchwepheshe esicabangayo buhlinzeka ngokungaziwa okuphelele—isibukeli sangaphandle asikwazi ukuhlaziya amabhalansi, abamukeli, noma umlando wokwenziwe. Kodwa ake siqale ukubuyekeza kwethu ngomunye wamavulandlela kulo mkhakha ukuze silandelele ukuvela kwezindlela zokungaziwa.
Ubuchwepheshe obukhona njengamanje bokungaziwa bungahlukaniswa cishe ngamaqembu amabili: lawo asuselwe ekuxubeni - lapho izinhlamvu zemali ezisetshenzisiwe zixutshwa nezinye izinhlamvu zemali ezivela ku-blockchain - kanye nobuchwepheshe obusebenzisa ubufakazi obusekelwe kuma-polynomials. Okulandelayo, sizogxila kwelinye lala maqembu futhi sicabangele izinzuzo nezingozi zabo.
Ukuxova okusekelwe
CoinJoyina
ayikuvezi amagama ahunyushiwe abasebenzisi, kodwa yenza kube nzima ukulandela umkhondo wabo. Kodwa sinqume ukufaka lobu buchwepheshe ekubuyekezweni kwethu, njengoba bekungomunye wemizamo yokuqala yokwandisa izinga lokugcinwa kwemfihlo kokuthengiselana kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin. Lobu buchwepheshe buyakhanga ngokulula kwawo futhi abudingi ukuguqulwa kwemithetho yenethiwekhi, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa kalula kuma-blockchain amaningi.
Isekelwe embonweni olula - kuthiwani uma abasebenzisi bengena bese benza izinkokhelo zabo ngokuthengiselana okukodwa? Kuvele ukuthi uma u-Arnold Schwarzenegger noBarack Obama bangena futhi benza izinkokhelo ezimbili kuCharlie Sheen noDonald Trump ekuthengiseni okukodwa, bese kuba nzima ukuqonda ukuthi ubani oxhase umkhankaso wokhetho lukaTrump - u-Arnold noma uBarack.
Kodwa kusukela enzuzweni eyinhloko ye-CoinJoin iza nobubi bayo obuyinhloko - ukuphepha okubuthakathaka. Namuhla, sekuvele kunezindlela zokuhlonza ukuthengiselana kwe-CoinJoin kunethiwekhi futhi ufanise amasethi okokufaka kumasethi wemiphumela ngokuqhathanisa amanani ezinhlamvu zemali ezisetshenzisiwe nezikhiqiziwe. Isibonelo sethuluzi lokuhlaziya okunjalo .
Izinzuzo:
• Ubulula
Umthengi:
• Kubonisiwe ukugegetheka
I-Monero
Inhlangano yokuqala eqhamuka lapho izwa amagama athi "i-cryptocurrency engaziwa" i-Monero. Loluhlamvu lwemali ukuzinza nobumfihlo bayo ngaphansi kwe-microscope yezinsizakalo zezobunhloli:
Kwenye yezakamuva zakhe Sichaze ngokuningiliziwe iphrothokholi ye-Monero, futhi namuhla sizofingqa osekushiwo.
Kuphrothokholi ye-Monero, okukhiphayo ngakunye okuchithwe kuthengiselana kuxutshwa okungenani nokungu-11 (ngesikhathi sokubhala) okungahleliwe okuvela ku-blockchain, ngaleyo ndlela kube nzima igrafu yokudlulisa yenethiwekhi nokwenza umsebenzi wokulandelela ukuthengiselana ube inkimbinkimbi. Okufakiwe okuxubile kusayinwe ngesiginesha yendandatho, eqinisekisa ukuthi isignesha inikezwe umnikazi wezinhlamvu zemali ezixubile, kodwa akwenzi kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi ubani.
Ukuze ufihle abamukeli, uhlamvu lwemali ngalunye olusanda kukhiqizwa lusebenzisa ikheli lesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza kungenzeki ngombukeli (okunzima njengokuphula okhiye bokubethela, yebo) ukuhlobanisa noma yikuphi okukhiphayo nekheli lomphakathi. Futhi kusukela ngoSepthemba 2017, uMonero waqala ukusekela umthetho olandelwayo (CT) ngezinye izengezo, ngaleyo ndlela futhi ifihla amanani okudlulisa. Kamuva, abathuthukisi be-cryptocurrency bashintsha amasiginesha e-Borromean nge-Bulletproofs, ngaleyo ndlela behlisa kakhulu usayizi wokwenziwe.
Izinzuzo:
• Kuhlolwe isikhathi
• Ubulula obuhlobene
Umthengi:
• Ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi nokuqinisekisa kuhamba kancane kune-ZK-SNARKs nama-ZK-STARKs
• Ayimelani nokugetshengwa kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha e-quantum
Mimblewimble
I-Mimblewimble (MW) yasungulwa njengobuchwepheshe obuyingozi bokungadaluli ukudluliselwa kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin, kodwa yathola ukuqaliswa kwayo njenge-blockchain ezimele. Isetshenziswa kuma-cryptocurrencies и .
I-MW iyaphawuleka ngoba ayinawo amakheli omphakathi, futhi ukuze kuthunyelwe umsebenzi, abasebenzisi bashintshanisa okuphumayo ngokuqondile, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe ikhono lesibukeli sangaphandle lokuhlaziya ukudluliselwa kusuka kumamukeli kuya kumamukeli.
Ukufihla izibalo zokufakwayo nokuphumayo, umthetho olandelwayo ojwayelekile owahlongozwa ngu-Greg Maxwell ngo-2015 uyasetshenziswa - (CT). Okusho ukuthi, amanani abethelwe (noma kunalokho, asebenzisa ), futhi esikhundleni sazo inethiwekhi isebenza ngalokho okuthiwa ukuzibophezela. Ukuze umsebenzi uthathwe njengokuvumelekile, inani lezinhlamvu zemali ezisetshenzisiwe nezakhiwe kanye nekhomishini kufanele lilingane. Njengoba inethiwekhi ingasebenzi ngokuqondile ngezinombolo, ukulingana kuqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa isibalo salezi zibopho ezifanayo, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuzibophezela kuqanda.
Ku-CT yasekuqaleni, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungabi negativity kwamanani (okubizwa ngokuthi ubufakazi bebanga), basebenzisa amaSiginesha e-Borromean (amasignesha endandatho ye-Borromean), athatha isikhala esiningi ku-blockchain (cishe amakhilobhayithi ayi-6 okukhiphayo ngakunye. ). Mayelana nalokhu, ukonakala kwezimali ezingaziwa kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe kufaka phakathi usayizi omkhulu wokwenziwe, kodwa manje sebenqume ukushiya lezi ziginesha ukuze bakhethe ubuchwepheshe obuhlangene kakhulu - I-Bulletproofs.
Awukho umqondo wokuthengiselana ku-MW block ngokwayo, kunemiphumela esetshenzisiwe futhi ekhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwayo. Akukho ukuthengiselana - akunankinga!
Ukuze uvimbele ukungadalulwa kwegama lomhlanganyeli wokudlulisa esigabeni sokuthumela ukuthengiselana kunethiwekhi, kusetshenziswa umthetho olandelwayo. , esebenzisa uchungechunge lwamanodi ommeleli wenethiwekhi wobude obungalingani obudlulisa okwenziwayo komunye nomunye ngaphambi kokuyisabalalisa kubo bonke abahlanganyeli, ngaleyo ndlela kufiphaze umzila womsebenzi ongena kunethiwekhi.
Izinzuzo:
• Usayizi omncane we-blockchain
• Ubulula obuhlobene
Umthengi:
• Ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi nokuqinisekisa kuhamba kancane kune-ZK-SNARKs nama-ZK-STARKs
• Ukusekelwa kwezici ezifana nemibhalo namasiginesha amaningi kunzima ukukusebenzisa
• Ayimelani nokugetshengwa kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha e-quantum
Ubufakazi kuma-polynomials
IZK-SNARKs
Igama eliyinkimbinkimbi lalobu buchwepheshe limele “ I-Succinct Non Interactive Non Interactive Argument of Knowledge,” engahunyushwa njengokuthi “Ubufakazi obufushane obungahlangani obunguziro bolwazi.” Yaba ukuqhubeka kwephrothokholi ye-zerocoin, eyaphinde yashintsha yaba yi-zerocash futhi yaqala ukusetshenziswa ku-cryptocurrency ye-Zcash.
Ngokuvamile, ubufakazi bokungabi nalwazi buvumela ingxenye eyodwa ukuthi ifakazele kwelinye iqiniso lesitatimende sezibalo ngaphandle kokudalula noma yiluphi ulwazi ngaso. Endabeni ye-cryptocurrencies, izindlela ezinjalo zisetshenziselwa ukufakazela ukuthi, isibonelo, ukuthengiselana akukhiqizi izinhlamvu zemali eziningi kunalokho okusebenzisayo, ngaphandle kokudalula inani lokudluliselwa.
I-ZK-SNARKs inzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda, futhi kuzothatha isihloko esingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuchaza ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Ekhasini elisemthethweni le-Zcash, uhlobo lwemali lokuqala olusebenzisa le protocol, incazelo yokusebenza kwayo inikezwe . Ngakho-ke, kulesi sahluko sizozikhawulela encazelweni ekha phezulu kuphela.
Isebenzisa i-algebraic polynomials, i-ZK-SNARKs ifakazela ukuthi umthumeli wenkokhelo ungumnikazi wezinhlamvu zemali azichithayo nokuthi inani lezinhlamvu zemali elisetshenzisiwe alidluli inani lezinhlamvu zemali ezikhiqizwayo.
Le protocol idalwe ngenhloso yokunciphisa usayizi wobufakazi bokufaneleka kwesitatimende futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iqinisekisa ngokushesha. Yebo, ngokusho U-Zooko Wilcox, oyi-CEO ye-Zcash, usayizi wobufakazi ungamabhayithi angu-200 kuphela, futhi ukunemba kwawo kungaqinisekiswa ngama-millisecond angu-10. Ngaphezu kwalokho, enguqulweni yakamuva ye-Zcash, abathuthukisi bakwazile ukunciphisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza ubufakazi sibe cishe imizuzwana emibili.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, inqubo yokusetha ethembekile eyinkimbinkimbi "yemingcele yomphakathi" iyadingeka, ebizwa ngokuthi "umkhosi" (). Ubunzima bonke ukuthi ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwale mingcele, alikho iqembu elinezikhiye eziyimfihlo ezisele kubo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "imfucuza enobuthi", ngaphandle kwalokho lizokwazi ukukhiqiza izinhlamvu zemali ezintsha. Ungafunda ukuthi le nqubo yenzeka kanjani kusukela kuvidiyo kuqhubeke .
Izinzuzo:
• Ubukhulu obuncane bobufakazi
• Ukuqinisekisa okusheshayo
• Ukukhiqiza ubufakazi obusheshayo ngokuqhathaniswa
Umthengi:
• Inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokubeka imingcele yomphakathi
• Imfucuza enobuthi
• Ubunkimbinkimbi obuhlobene bobuchwepheshe
• Ayimelani nokugetshengwa kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha e-quantum
I-ZK-STARKs
Ababhali bobuchwepheshe obubili bokugcina bahle ekudlaleni ngama-akhronimi, futhi isifinyezo esilandelayo simele ukuthi “Izimpikiswano Ezingacacile Zolwazi Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent of Knowledge.” Le ndlela yayihloselwe ukuxazulula ukushiyeka okukhona kwe-ZK-SNARKs ngaleso sikhathi: isidingo sokusetha okuthembekile kwemingcele yomphakathi, ukuba khona kwemfucuza enobuthi, ukungazinzi kwe-cryptography ekugebheni kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms we-quantum, kanye nokukhiqizwa kobufakazi obunganele. Kodwa-ke, abathuthukisi be-ZK-SNARK babhekane ne-drawback yokugcina.
Ama-ZK-STARK aphinde asebenzise ubufakazi obusekelwe ku-polynomial. Ubuchwepheshe abusebenzisi i-cryptography yokhiye womphakathi, esikhundleni salokho buthembele ku-hashing nethiyori yokudlulisela. Ukuqeda lezi zindlela zokufihla kwenza ubuchwepheshe bumelane ne-quantum algorithms. Kodwa lokhu kuza ngentengo - ubufakazi bungafinyelela amakhilobhayithi angamakhulu ambalwa ngosayizi.
Njengamanje, i-ZK-STARK ayinakho ukuqaliswa kunoma iyiphi i-cryptocurrencies, kodwa ikhona kuphela njengomtapo wolwazi . Kodwa-ke, abathuthukisi banezinhlelo zayo ezidlula kude kakhulu kuma-blockchains (kuma- ababhali banikeza isibonelo sobufakazi be-DNA kusizindalwazi samaphoyisa). Ngale njongo yadalelwa , okwathi ekupheleni kuka-2018 kuqoqwe izimali ezivela ezinkampanini ezinkulu embonini.
Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi i-ZK-STARK isebenza kanjani kokuthunyelwe kukaVitalik Buterin (, , ).
Izinzuzo:
• Ukumelana nokugetshengwa ngamakhompyutha e-quantum
• Ukukhiqiza ubufakazi obusheshayo ngokuqhathaniswa
• Ukuqinisekiswa kobufakazi obushesha kakhulu
• Ayikho imfucuza enobuthi
Umthengi:
• Ukuxaka kobuchwepheshe
• Usayizi omkhulu wobufakazi
isiphetho
I-Blockchain kanye nesidingo esikhulayo sokungaziwa kubangela izimfuno ezintsha ku-cryptography. Ngakho, igatsha le-cryptography elaqala maphakathi nawo-1980—ubufakazi obungenalo ulwazi—iye yanezelwa ngezindlela ezintsha, ezithuthukayo ezinamandla eminyakeni embalwa nje.
Ngakho, ukundiza komcabango wesayensi kwenze i-CoinJoin yaphelelwa yisikhathi, futhi iMimbleWimble yaba yintsha ethembisayo enemibono emisha. UMonero usengumdondoshiya onganyakazi ekuqapheni ubumfihlo bethu. Futhi ama-SNARK kanye nama-STARK, nakuba enamaphutha, angaba abaholi emkhakheni. Mhlawumbe eminyakeni ezayo, amaphuzu esiwabonise kukholamu ethi “Cons” yobuchwepheshe obunye azobe engabalulekile.
Source: www.habr.com