Kudala ngaphambi kokuba kufike iminyaka ye-Zoom ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-coronavirus, izingane ezinamathele ezindongeni ezine zamakhaya azo kwadingeka ziqhubeke nokufunda. Futhi baphumelela ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa kocingo "ukufundisa ngefoni".
Ngenkathi ubhubhane ludlanga, zonke izikole e-United States zivaliwe, futhi abafundi badonsa kanzima ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo besekhaya. ELong Beach, eCalifornia, iqembu labafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme laphayona ukusebenzisa ngobuhlakani ubuchwepheshe obudumile ukuze liphinde lixhumane nothisha balo.
Kungu-1919, lolu bhubhane oselushiwo ngenhla luvela ngenxa yalokhu okubizwa. "". Futhi ubuchwepheshe obuthandwayo ukuxhumana ngocingo. Nakuba ngaleso sikhathi ifa lika-Alexander Graham Bell lase lineminyaka engu-40 ubudala [umNtaliyane ubhekwa njengomsunguli wocingo namuhla. / cishe. transl.], usawushintsha kancane kancane umhlaba. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingxenye kuphela yemizi ehola imali ephakathi yayinocingo, ngokwencwadi kaClaude Fisher ethi “America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940.” Abafundi abasebenzisa amafoni ukufunda kwakuwumqondo omusha kangangokuthi kwaze kwabhalwa ngawo emaphephandabeni.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sibonelo asizange siqalise ngokushesha igagasi lokufunda kude kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ukushintshwa kwezingcingo eziningi ngesikhathi sobhubhane lomkhuhlane waseSpain akukwazanga ukubhekana nezicelo zabasebenzisi, ngisho ngezicelo zokungashayi ucingo ngaphandle kwasezimeni eziphuthumayo. Mhlawumbe yingakho ucwaningo lwaseLong Beach lungazange lusetshenziswe kakhulu. Izwe laseMelika likwazile ukugwema inkinga yezempilo efanayo kanye nokuvalwa kwezikole okusabalele isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu kuze kufike i-coronavirus.
Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangaphandle kwezenzakalo ezifana nomkhuhlane waseSpain, izingane eziningi ekuqaleni naphakathi kwekhulu lama-1952 azizange ziye esikoleni ngenxa yokugula. Nakuba sivuna izinzuzo eziningi kangaka ezitholakele kanye nempumelelo yezokwelapha, siyakhohlwa ukuthi zingaki izifo ezibulalayo ezaziba ngokoqobo nsuku zonke kubazali bethu nakogogo nomkhulu. Ngo-XNUMX, ngenxa yokuqubuka kwendawo inani lamacala e-United States lafinyelela ku-58 000. Ngalowo nyaka, ngaphansi kobuholi buka Omunye wemithi yokuqala yokugomela uvendle wenziwa.
Emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemuva kokugqashuka komkhuhlane waseSpain, ucingo lwaphinde lwavela njengethuluzi lokufunda kude. Futhi kulokhu - nemiphumela.
Iminyaka eminingi, izikole zafundisa izingane ezibuyela ekhaya ngendlela yakudala. Baletha ukufunda emakhaya abo ngosizo lothisha abajikelezayo. Nokho, le ndlela yayimba eqolo futhi ayizange ikhule kahle. Abafundi babebaningi kakhulu kunothisha abambalwa kakhulu. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ukuthuthela uthisha ekhaya kuye kwakudla isikhathi esiningi sokusebenza. Inzuzo yabafundi yayiwukuthi babechitha ihora noma amabili kuphela ngesonto ezifundweni.
I-AT&T kanye nezinkampani zezingcingo zasendaweni zikhangise ngezinsizakalo zazo zokuqeqesha ngocingo, zikhiphela abantu abangase babe abasebenzisi igama futhi zakha isithunzi esihle.
Ngo-1939, uMnyango Wezemfundo wase-Iowa wahola uhlelo lokuhlola olwabeka othisha ocingweni kunokuba bashayele. Konke kwaqala eNewton, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokukhiqizwa kwayo kwemishini yasekhishini yaseMaytag. Ngokwesihloko se- Saturday Evening Post ka-1955 kaWilliam Dutton, abafundi ababili abagulayo—uTanya Ryder, intombazane eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala enesifo samathambo, noBetty Jean Curnan, intombazane eneminyaka engu-16 eyayilulama ngemva kokuhlinzwa—baqala ukufunda ngocingo. Lesi simiso, esakhiwa amavolontiya enkampani yocingo yendawo, saba isibonelo sokuqala salokho kamuva okwakuyobizwa ngokuthi ukufundisa ngocingo, ucingo lwesikole nekhaya, noma “ibhokisi lomlingo.”
Ngokushesha abanye bajoyina uTanya noBetty. Ngo-1939, uDorothy Rose Cave waseMarcus, e-Iowa, wenza inkontileka , isifo esingandile samathambo esamshiya elele iminyaka eminingi. Odokotela bathola kuphela ngeminyaka yawo-1940 ukuthi yayingelapheka ngempumelelo. . Isihloko se-Sioux City Journal sango-1942 sakhumbula indlela inkampani yocingo yasendaweni yagijima ngayo amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa entambo yocingo ukuze ixhume ipulazi lakhe esikoleni esiseduze. Ifoni wayengayisebenzisi nje kuphela ekufundeni, kodwa futhi nokulalela amakhonsathi ayenikezwa abafundi afunda nabo kanye nemidlalo yabo ye-basketball.
Ngo-1946, abafundi base-Iowa abangu-83 babefundiswa ngocingo, futhi umbono wasakazekela nakwezinye izifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1942, uFrank Huettner waseBloomer, eWisconsin, wasala ekhubazekile lapho ibhasi lesikole ayegibele kulo livela engxoxweni. Ngemva kokuchitha izinsuku ezingu-100 esibhedlela futhi ngemva kokutholana nafunda nabo kuzo zonke izifundo, wathola isihloko esiphathelene nohlelo lokufundisa ngocingo e-Iowa. Abazali bakhe bakholisa ikolishi lendawo ukuba lifake yonke imishini edingekayo. U-Huettner waduma njengomuntu wokuqala ukuqeda ngempumelelo ikolishi kanye nesikole somthetho ngokufunda ngocingo.
Ngo-1953, okungenani izifunda ezingama-43 zase zamukele ubuchwepheshe bokufunda amabanga. Lapho sebegunyaze umfundi, bavala cishe zonke izindleko zezinsizakalo zocingo. Ngo-1960, yayiphakathi kwama- $ 13 kanye nama- $25 ngenyanga, okuthi ngo-2020 kuhumushele amanani aphakathi kwama- $113 nama- $218. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano ezifana ne-Elks ne-United Cerebral Palsy zazisiza ukukhokha izikweletu.
Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokufundisa ngefoni
Njengoba nje izikole zanamuhla zamukela i-Zoom, insizakalo eyakhelwa amabhizinisi ezentengiselwano ekuqaleni, izinhlelo zokuqala zokufundisa ngocingo zavele zaqanjwa kabusha zisuka kuma-intercom ehhovisi asanda kwethulwa abizwa nge-Flash-A-Call. Kodwa-ke, abasebenzisi bahlangabezane nomsindo phakathi kwezingcingo phakathi kwezikole namakhaya abafundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uDutton abhala kuSaturday Evening Post, “ngezinye izikhathi izifundo ze-arithmetic zaziphazanyiswa amazwi omama bemizi ababebiza ama-oda okuthenga ukudla.”
Izinkinga ezinjalo zobuchwepheshe zakhuthaza i-Bell System kanye nenkampani yemishini yezokuxhumana yezentengiselwano i-Executone ukuthi bakhe imishini ekhethekile yokuxhumana kwesikole nekhaya. Ngenxa yalokho, abafundi abasekhaya (futhi ngezinye izikhathi abasesibhedlela) bathola umshini ofana nomsakazo wetafula, onenkinobho eyayingacindezelwa ukuze bakhulume. Ixhume ngocingo oluzinikele komunye umshini osekilasini, owazwa amazwi kathisha nabafundi bese uwadlulisela enganeni ekude. Ama-transmitters esikole enziwe aphatheka kalula futhi ngokuvamile ayethwalwa amavolontiya angabafundi phakathi nosuku lwesikole.
Noma kunjalo, umsindo ovela ngaphandle wadala izinkinga. UBlaine Freeland wabhala kuyi-Cedar Rapids Gazette ngo-1948 ngoNed Ruffin, owayeneminyaka engu-16, ebhala ku-Cedar Rapids Gazette ngo-XNUMX. -omdala wase-Iowa ohlala ehlushwa .
Izikole zithole ulwazi lokusebenza ngobuchwepheshe bokufundisa ngefoni futhi zafunda amandla nobuthakathaka bazo. Ulimi lwendabuko lwalungafundiswa kalula ngezwi elilodwa nje. IMathematika bekunzima kakhulu ukuyidlulisela - ezinye izinto bekufanele zibhalwe ebhodini. Kodwa izikole ziye zazabalaza ukuqalisa ukufunda ngocingo. Ngo-1948, iphephandaba lase-Iowa i-Ottumwa Daily Courier labhala ukuthi umfundi wendawo, uMartha Jean Meyer, ophethwe i-rheumatic fever, walethwa isibonakhulu ekhaya lakhe ngokukhethekile ukuze afunde ibhayoloji.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izikole ngokuvamile zanquma ukufundisa izingane ezingaphansi kwebanga lesine zikude. Kukholakala ukuthi izingane ezincane zazingenakho ukubekezela okwanele - lokhu kwakuyisipiliyoni sabo bonke othisha basenkulisa abazame ukuphatha bekude izingane ezineminyaka emihlanu ubudala kulo nyaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvakashela emakhaya kothisha akuzange kuyekwe ngokuphelele; lokhu kubonakale kuyithuluzi eliwusizo lokusekela, ikakhulukazi ezivivinyweni okunzima ukuzilawula ukude.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu endabeni yokufundisa ngefoni kwaba ukusebenza kahle kwalobu buchwepheshe. Ucwaningo lwango-1961 lwathola ukuthi u-98% wabafundi abasebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe baphumelela izivivinyo, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sikazwelonke sabafundi abangama-85% kuphela abenza lokho. Ababhali balo mbiko baphethe ngokuthi abafundi abafonele isikole bathanda isikole futhi banesikhathi esiningi sokufunda kunozakwabo abaphile saka, abanganakiyo.
Ngokuhambisana nezinzuzo zemfundo, lolu hlelo lwaluwusizo futhi ekubuyiseleni ubuhlobo obungafinyeleleki ezinganeni ezazihlala ekhaya ngenxa yokugula. UNorris Millington wabhala ngo-1959 kwethi Family Weekly: “Ukuxhumana ngocingo nesikole kunikeza abafundi abangenamakhaya umuzwa wokuba nomphakathi. "Igumbi labafundi livulekele umhlaba wonke, ukuxhumana okungapheli ekupheleni kwamakilasi." Ngonyaka olandelayo, kwanyatheliswa isihloko ngomfundi waseNewkirk, e-Oklahoma, uGene Richards, owayenesifo sezinso. Wayevame ukuvula ucingo lwakhe lokufundisa ngocingo kusasele ihora ngaphambi kokuthi amakilasi aqale ukuxoxa nabangane bakhe basesikoleni.
Amadolobha amakhulu
Nakuba i-Teach-a-phone yazalelwa ezindaweni zasemakhaya, yagcina ifinyelele ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Ezinye izinhlelo zokufunda ezikude ezindaweni zasemadolobheni amakhulu zidlulele ngalé kokuxhumanisa izingane ezihlala emakhaya emagumbini okufundela endabuko. Baqala ukunikeza amakilasi abonakalayo ngokugcwele, wonke umfundi ebamba iqhaza ukude. Ngo-1964, kwakunezikhungo ze-teleeducation eziyi-15 e-Los Angeles, ngasinye sisebenzela abafundi abayi-15-20. Othisha basebenzise amafoni okudayela ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi badayela emakhaya abafundi ngemigqa yendlela eyodwa ezinikele. Abafundi babambe iqhaza ekuqeqeshweni kusetshenziswa izipikha, ukuqashwa kwakho kubiza cishe u-$7,5/ngenyanga.
Izikole ziphinde zahlanganisa amakilasi ocingo nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokufunda amabanga. ENew York, abafundi babelalela imisakazo ebizwa ngokuthi “High School Live” base bexoxa ngalokho ababekuzwa ngocingo. Kwakukhona futhi uhlelo oluthakazelisa kakhulu olwakhiwe kwa-GTE, olwalubizwa ngokuthi “ibhodi ngocingo”. Uthisha wayekwazi ukubhala amaphuzu ngepeni le-electronic ku-tablet, futhi imiphumela idluliselwe ngezintambo kumathelevishini akude. Akubona nje kuphela ubuchwepheshe obungumsindisi wabantu abavaleleke ngaphakathi, kodwa futhi yethembisa "ukuxhumanisa amagumbi okufundela ampofu kakhulu nothisha abahlakaniphe kakhulu, kude ngamamayela," njengoba i-AP yamangala ngo-1966. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe abukamukelwa kabanzi—njengoba nje ubuchwepheshe obusha bokufunda amabanga buhlulekile ukufeza izithembiso zabo ezikhangisiwe.
Izinhlelo zokufunda ezikude zaziwusizo kangangokuthi zaqhubeka zikhona kwaze kwaba ngawo-1980 kanye nawo-1990 ngendlela efanayo naleyo ezazinayo emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, umsebenzisi odume kakhulu walezi zobuchwepheshe , “umfana oyigwebu” waseHouston obuthakathaka bakhe obuqinile bokuzivikela komzimba bumvimbele ukuba aphumele ngaphandle kwegumbi lokuzivikela elalimiswe emzini wakhe. Wayenocingo olufundisayo, ayevame ukulubiza ezikoleni eziseduze, okwenza ukuphila kwakhe kwaba ngcono kwaze kwaba yilapho eshona ngo-1984 eneminyaka engu-12.
Njengoba ikhulu lama-18 lisondela, ucezu olusha lobuchwepheshe ekugcineni lushintshe ukufunda kude unomphela: ukudluliswa kwevidiyo. Ekuqaleni, inkomfa ngevidiyo yokufundisa yayidinga izinto zokusebenza ezibiza ngaphezulu kuka-$000 futhi zadlula i-IDSN, uhlobo lwangaphambili lwe-broadband emuva lapho amakhaya amaningi nezikole zazixhunywa nge-IDSN. . I-Talia Seidman Foundation, eyasungulwa abazali bentombazane eyabulawa umdlavuza wobuchopho ineminyaka engu-XNUMX½, isiqalile ukukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe kanye nokukhokhela izindleko zemishini ukuze izikole zifundise abafundi abangakwazi ukuya esikoleni mathupha.
Namuhla, izinsizakalo ezifana ne-Zoom, i-Microsoft Teams ne-Google Meet, namakhompyutha aphathekayo anamakhamera wevidiyo zenze ukuqeqeshwa kwevidiyo okukude kufinyeleleke kakhulu. Emashumini ezigidi zabafundi abaphoqwe yi-coronavirus ukuthi bafundele ekhaya, lobu buchwepheshe buya ngokuya bubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbono usenamandla amakhulu okuthuthukiswa. Ezinye izikole sezivele zisebenzisa amarobhothi ukuze zibe khona kude, njengalawo avela ku-VGo. Le mishini elawulwa kude emasondweni, enamakhamera akhelwe ngaphakathi nezikrini zevidiyo, ingaba amehlo nezindlebe zomfundi ongakwazi ukuzihambela mathupha. Ngokungafani namabhokisi amadala okufundisa ngefoni, amarobhothi asebenza ngocingo angakwazi ukusebenzisana nofunda nabo futhi azungelezele amagumbi ngokuthanda kwakhe, ngisho nokuhlanganyela ekwayeni noma ukuhamba ngezinyawo nekilasi.
Kodwa, naphezu kwazo zonke izinzuzo zabo, ezithathe la marobhothi kude nezinhlelo zocingo zekhulu lama-80, zisekhona, empeleni, amafoni evidiyo emasondweni. Banikeza abafundi abahlezi ekhaya ithuba lokufunda nokulinganisa, futhi basize izingane ukuba zinqobe izinkinga ezinzima, zinciphise isizungu sesimo sabo esinzima. Kubantu base-Iowa ababephakathi kwabokuqala ukusebenzisa ukufundisa ngocingo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-XNUMX edlule, amarobhothi anjalo angabonakala njengenganekwane yesayensi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo angawazisa amandla awo nezinzuzo zawo.
Source: www.habr.com