Uchithe izinyanga udizayina kabusha i-monolith yakho ibe yizinsiza ezincane, futhi ekugcineni wonke umuntu uhlangene ukuze aguqule iswishi. Uya ekhasini lewebhu lokuqala... futhi akwenzeki lutho. Uyilayisha kabusha - futhi futhi akukho okuhle, isayithi lihamba kancane kangangokuthi aliphenduli imizuzu embalwa. Kwenzenjani?
Enkulumweni yakhe, uJimmy Bogard uzoqhuba "i-post-mortem" ngenhlekelele yangempela ye-microservice. Uzokhombisa izinkinga zokumodela, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokukhiqiza azitholile, nokuthi iqembu lakhe liyiguqule kanjani kancane i-monolith entsha esabalalisiwe ibe yisithombe sokugcina sokuhlanzeka. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuvimbela ngokuphelele amaphutha okuklama, ungakwazi okungenani ukuhlonza izinkinga ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuklama ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uba uhlelo oluthembekile olusabalalisiwe.
Sanibonani nonke, nginguJimmy futhi namuhla nizozwa ukuthi ungazigwema kanjani izinhlekelele ezinkulu lapho wakha ama-microservices. Lena indaba yenkampani engiyisebenzele isikhathi esingangonyaka nesigamu ukusiza ukuvimbela umkhumbi wabo ukuthi ungashayisani nentaba yeqhwa. Ukuxoxa le ndaba kahle, kuzodingeka sibuyele emuva futhi sikhulume ngokuthi le nkampani yaqala kuphi nokuthi ingqalasizinda yayo ye-IT ikhule kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuvikela amagama alabo abamsulwa kule nhlekelele, ngiguqule igama lale nkampani ngaba yiBell Computers. Isilayidi esilandelayo sibonisa ukuthi ingqalasizinda ye-IT yezinkampani ezinjalo yayibukeka kanjani maphakathi nawo-90s. Lona ukwakheka okujwayelekile kweseva enkulu yomhlaba wonke ebekezelela amaphutha ye-HP Tandem Mainframe yokusebenzisa isitolo sezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha.
Babedinga ukwakha uhlelo lokuphatha wonke ama-oda, ukuthengisa, ukubuyisela, ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo, nesisekelo samakhasimende, ngakho bakhetha isisombululo esivame kakhulu se-mainframe ngaleso sikhathi. Lolu hlelo olukhulu luqukethe lonke ulwazi mayelana nenkampani, konke okungenzeka, futhi konke ukuthengiselana kwenziwa ngaleli gama eliyinhloko. Wonke amaqanda abo babewagcina kubhasikidi owodwa futhi bacabanga ukuthi lokho kuyinto evamile. Okuwukuphela kwento engafakiwe lapha amakhathalogi ama-oda wemeyili nokufaka ama-oda ngocingo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlelo lwaba lukhulu futhi lukhudlwana, futhi inani elikhulu likadoti lanqwabelana kulo. Futhi, i-COBOL akulona ulimi oluchazayo kakhulu emhlabeni, ngakho-ke uhlelo lugcine luyingcezu enkulu, ye-monolithic. Ngonyaka ka-2000, babona ukuthi izinkampani eziningi zinamawebhusayithi abenza ngawo wonke amabhizinisi abo, futhi banquma ukwakha iwebhusayithi yabo yokuqala ye-commercial dot-com.
Idizayini yokuqala ibibukeka iyinhle kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa isayithi yezinga eliphezulu i-bell.com kanye nenani lezizinda ezingaphansi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingazodwana: catalog.bell.com, accounts.bell.com, orders.bell.com, search search.bell. com. Isizinda esingaphansi ngasinye sasebenzisa uhlaka lwe-ASP.Net 1.0 kanye nesizindalwazi saso, futhi zonke zikhulume ne-backend yesistimu. Kodwa-ke, yonke imiyalo iqhubekile nokucutshungulwa futhi yenziwe ngaphakathi kwe-mainframe eyodwa enkulu, lapho yonke imfucumfucu yahlala khona, kodwa isiphetho sangaphambili sasingamawebhusayithi ahlukene anezinhlelo zokusebenza ngazinye kanye nolwazi oluhlukene.
Ngakho umklamo wohlelo wawubukeka uhlelekile futhi unengqondo, kodwa uhlelo lwangempela lwalunjengoba luboniswe kusilayidi esilandelayo.
Zonke izici ziqondise amakholi komunye nomunye, ama-API afinyelelwe, ama-dll ashumekiwe ezinkampani zangaphandle, nokunye okunjalo. Kwakuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi amasistimu okulawula inguqulo abambe ikhodi yomunye umuntu, ayishove ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi, bese yonke into izophuka. I-MS SQL Server 2005 yasebenzisa umqondo wamaseva esixhumanisi, futhi nakuba ngingabonisanga imicibisholo ku-slide, isizindalwazi ngasinye siphinde sakhuluma sodwa, ngoba akukho lutho olungalungile ngokwakha amatafula ngokusekelwe kudatha etholwe kusizindalwazi eziningana .
Njengoba manje base benokuhlukana okuthile phakathi kwezindawo ezinengqondo ezihlukene zesistimu, lokhu kwaba izigaxa zokungcola okusabalalisiwe, nengxenye enkulu kadoti esele ku-backend ye-mainframe.
Okuhlekisayo ukuthi lolu hlaka olukhulu lwakhiwe izimbangi zeBell Computers futhi belusanakekelwa ngabeluleki babo bezobuchwepheshe. Iqiniseka ngokusebenza okungagculisi kwezicelo zayo, inkampani yanquma ukuziqeda futhi iklame kabusha uhlelo.
Isicelo esikhona besilokhu sikhiqizwa iminyaka eyi-15, okuyirekhodi lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisuselwa ku-ASP.Net. Isevisi yamukele ama-oda avela emhlabeni wonke, futhi imali engenayo yonyaka evela kulolu hlelo lokusebenza olulodwa ifinyelele izigidigidi zamaRandi. Ingxenye enkulu yenzuzo yenziwe iwebhusayithi ye-bell.com. NgoLwesihlanu Olumnyama, inani lama-oda afakwe kusayithi lifinyelele ezigidini ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, i-architecture ekhona ayizange ivumele noma iyiphi intuthuko, njengoba ukuxhumeka okuqinile kwezinto zesistimu akuzange kuvumele noma yiziphi izinguquko ukuba zenziwe kusevisi.
Inkinga enkulu kakhulu kwaba ukungakwazi ukubeka umyalelo ovela kwelinye izwe, ukukhokhela kwelinye futhi ulithumele kweyesithathu, naphezu kokuthi uhlelo olunjalo lokuhweba luvame kakhulu ezinkampanini zomhlaba. Iwebhusayithi ekhona ayizange ikuvumele noma yini enjengalena, ngakho kwadingeka bamukele futhi bafake la ma-oda ngocingo. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni inkampani ilokhu icabanga ngokushintsha i-architecture, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokushintshela kuma-microservices.
Benza ubuhlakani ngokubheka ezinye izinkampani ukuthi zixazulule kanjani inkinga efanayo. Esinye salezi zixazululo kwakuyisakhiwo sesevisi ye-Netflix, equkethe ama-microservices axhunywe nge-API kanye nedathabhesi yangaphandle.
Abaphathi be-Bell Computers banqume ukwakha isakhiwo esinjalo, sinamathela ezimisweni ezithile eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, baqede ukuphindaphindwa kwedatha ngokusebenzisa indlela yokwabelana yedathabhesi. Ayikho idatha eyathunyelwa; ngokuphambene, wonke umuntu owayeyidinga kwakudingeka aye emthonjeni ophakathi nendawo. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukuhlukaniswa nokuzimela - inkonzo ngayinye yayizimele kwezinye. Banqume ukusebenzisa i-Web API ngayo yonke into - uma ufuna ukuthola idatha noma ukwenza izinguquko kwenye isistimu, konke kwenziwa nge-Web API. Into enkulu yokugcina kwakuyigama eliyinhloko elisha elibizwa ngokuthi "Bell on Bell" ngokuphambene ne-"Bell" mainframe eyayisekelwe kuzingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zezimbangi.
Ngakho-ke, phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18, bakhe uhlelo ngokuzungeza lezi zimiso ezibalulekile futhi baluletha ekukhiqizeni kwangaphambili. Ukubuyela emsebenzini ngemva kwempelasonto, abathuthukisi bahlangana futhi bavula wonke amaseva lapho uhlelo olusha luxhunywe khona. Izinyanga eziyi-18 zomsebenzi, amakhulu onjiniyela, ihadiwe yesimanje yeBell - futhi awukho umphumela omuhle! Lokhu kudumaze abantu abaningi ngoba basebenzise lolu hlelo kuma-laptop abo izikhathi eziningi futhi konke bekuhamba kahle.
Babehlakaniphile ukuphonsa yonke imali yabo ekuxazululeni le nkinga. Bafake ama-server esimanjemanje ngokushintsha, basebenzise i-gigabit optical fiber, i-hardware yeseva enamandla kakhulu enenani elihlanyayo le-RAM, bayixhume yonke, bayilungisa - futhi, akukho lutho! Khona-ke baqala ukusola ukuthi isizathu kungase kube ukuphela kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke bangena kuzo zonke izilungiselelo zewebhu, zonke izilungiselelo ze-API futhi babuyekeza konke ukulungiselelwa kokuvala isikhathi kumanani aphezulu, ukuze konke ababengakwenza kwakuwukuhlala balinde okuthile okwenzekayo. esizeni. Balinda balinda futhi balinda imizuzu engu-9 nohhafu kwaze kwaba yilapho isizindalwazi sigcwele.
Ngemuva kwalokho kuvele ukuthi isimo esikhona sidinga ukucutshungulwa kahle, base besimema. Into yokuqala esiyitholile ukuthi phakathi nazo zonke izinyanga eziyi-18 zentuthuko, akukho neyodwa "i-micro" yangempela eyadalwa - yonke into yaba nkulu. Ngemva kwalokhu, saqala ukubhala i-post-mortem, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-regretrospective", noma "i-retrospective edabukisayo", eyaziwa nangokuthi "isivunguvungu sokusola", esifana "nesivunguvungu sobuchopho", ukuze siqonde imbangela yenhlekelele.
Sibe nezinkomba ezimbalwa, enye yazo bekuwukugcwala kwethrafikhi okuphelele ngesikhathi socingo lwe-API. Uma usebenzisa isakhiwo sesevisi ye-monolithic, ungaqonda ngokushesha ukuthi yini ngempela engahambanga kahle ngoba unokulandelela isitaki esisodwa esibika yonke into ebingabangela ukwehluleka. Esimeni lapho inqwaba yezinsizakalo ngesikhathi esisodwa ifinyelela i-API efanayo, ayikho indlela yokulandelela umkhondo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amathuluzi engeziwe okuqapha inethiwekhi njenge-WireShark, ngenxa yokuthi ungahlola isicelo esisodwa futhi uthole ukuthi kwenzekeni ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwaso. Ngakho-ke sithathe ikhasi lewebhu elilodwa futhi sachitha cishe amaviki angu-2 sihlanganisa izingcezu zendida, senza izingcingo ezihlukahlukene kulo futhi sihlaziya ukuthi ngayinye yazo iholele ini.
Buka lesi sithombe. Kubonisa ukuthi isicelo esisodwa sangaphandle sikhuthaza isevisi ukuthi yenze amakholi amaningi angaphakathi abuyayo. Kuvele ukuthi ikholi yangaphakathi ngayinye yenza ama-hops engeziwe ukuze ukwazi ukusevisa lesi sicelo ngokuzimela, ngoba ayikwazi ukujikela kwenye indawo ukuze ithole ulwazi oludingekayo. Lesi sithombe sibukeka njengezingcingo ezingenangqondo, njengoba isicelo sangaphandle sibiza izinsizakalo ezengeziwe, ezibiza ezinye izinsizakalo ezengeziwe, nokunye, cishe i-ad infinitum.
Umbala oluhlaza kulo mdwebo ubonisa isiyingi lapho amasevisi abizana khona - isevisi A isevisi yezingcingo B, isevisi B ishayela isevisi C, futhi iphinda ibize isevisi A. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola "i-deadlock esabalalisiwe". Isicelo esisodwa sidale amakholi enethiwekhi e-API ayinkulungwane, futhi njengoba isistimu ingenakho ukubekezelela amaphutha okwakhelwe ngaphakathi nokuvikelwa kwe-loop, isicelo sizohluleka uma ngisho eyodwa yalezi zingcingo ze-API zehlulekile.
Senze izibalo. Ikholi ngayinye ye-API yayine-SLA engekho ngaphezu kuka-150 ms no-99,9% wesikhathi sokuphumula. Isicelo esisodwa sibangele amakholi ahlukene angu-200, futhi esimweni esihle kakhulu, ikhasi lingaboniswa ku-200 x 150 ms = 30 imizuzwana. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kwakungekuhle. Ukuphindaphinda u-99,9% wesikhathi sokuphumula ngo-200, sithole ukutholakala okungu-0%. Kuvele ukuthi lo mdwebo wawuzohluleka kusukela ekuqaleni.
Sibuze abathuthukisi ukuthi bahluleke kanjani ukubona le nkinga ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-18 zomsebenzi? Kuvele ukuthi babala i-SLA kuphela ngekhodi abagijima ngayo, kodwa uma isevisi yabo ibiza enye insizakalo, abazange babale leso sikhathi ku-SLA yabo. Yonke into eyethulwe ngaphakathi kwenqubo eyodwa ithobelane nevelu engu-150 ms, kodwa ukufinyelela kwezinye izinqubo zesevisi kwandisa isamba sokubambezeleka izikhathi eziningi. Isifundo sokuqala esitholiwe kwaba ukuthi: "Ingabe ulawula i-SLA yakho, noma i-SLA ikulawula?" Esimweni sethu, kwakungeyokugcina.
Okulandelayo esakuthola ukuthi babazi ngomqondo wokusatshalaliswa kwemibono eyiphutha yekhompyutha, eyakhiwe nguPeter Deitch noJames Gosling, kodwa bayishaya indiva ingxenye yokuqala yayo. Ithi izitatimende "inethiwekhi inokwethenjelwa," "i-zero latency," kanye "nokusebenzisa okungapheli" ayimibono eyiphutha. Eminye imibono eyiphutha ihlanganisa izitatimende "inethiwekhi ivikelekile," "i-topology ayishintshi," "kuhlale kunomlawuli oyedwa," "izindleko zokudluliswa kwedatha zinguziro," kanye "nenethiwekhi iyafana."
Benza iphutha ngoba bahlole umsebenzi wabo emishinini yendawo futhi abazange baxhumane nezinkonzo zangaphandle. Lapho bethuthuka endaweni futhi kusetshenziswa inqolobane yendawo, abakaze bahlangane nama-hop enethiwekhi. Kuzo zonke izinyanga eziyi-18 zentuthuko, abakaze bazibuze nakanye ukuthi yini engenzeka uma izinsiza zangaphandle zithinteka.
Uma ubheka imingcele yesevisi esithombeni esidlule, ungabona ukuthi yonke ayilungile. Kunemithombo eminingi eyeluleka ngokuthi ungayichaza kanjani imingcele yesevisi, futhi iningi likwenza okungalungile, njengeMicrosoft kusilayidi esilandelayo.
Lesi sithombe siphuma kubhulogi le-MS esihlokweni esithi “Ungawakha kanjani ama-microservices”. Lokhu kubonisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu olulula, ibhulokhi yomqondo webhizinisi, kanye nesizindalwazi. Isicelo siza ngqo, cishe kukhona iseva eyodwa yewebhu, iseva eyodwa yebhizinisi kanye neyesizindalwazi. Uma ukhuphula ithrafikhi, isithombe sizoshintsha kancane.
Nakhu kufika isilinganisi somthwalo sokusabalalisa ithrafikhi phakathi kwamaseva amabili ewebhu, inqolobane etholakala phakathi kwesevisi yewebhu kanye nengqondo yebhizinisi, kanye nenye inqolobane phakathi komqondo webhizinisi kanye nesizindalwazi. Lona kanye i-Bell yezakhiwo eyasetshenziswa ekulinganiseni umthwalo wayo kanye nohlelo lokusebenza lokuphakelwa okuluhlaza/okuluhlaza maphakathi nawo-2000s. Kuze kube isikhathi esithile konke kwasebenza kahle, ngoba lolu hlelo lwaluhloselwe isakhiwo se-monolithic.
Isithombe esilandelayo sibonisa ukuthi i-MS incoma kanjani ukusuka ku-monolith ukuya kuma-microservices - ukumane uhlukanise isevisi ngayinye eyinhloko ibe ama-microservices ahlukene. Kwakungesikhathi kuqaliswa lolu hlelo lapho uBell enza khona iphutha.
Bahlukanise zonke izinkonzo zabo ngezigaba ezihlukene, ngasinye sazo sasinezinkonzo eziningi ngazinye. Isibonelo, isevisi yewebhu yayihlanganisa ama-microservices okunikezela nokuqinisekisa kokuqukethwe, isevisi yengqondo yebhizinisi yayihlanganisa ama-microservices okucubungula ama-oda nolwazi lwe-akhawunti, isizindalwazi sahlukaniswa saba yinqwaba yamasevisi amancane anedatha ekhethekile. Kokubili iwebhu, ingqondo yebhizinisi, kanye nesizindalwazi kwakuyizinsizakalo ezingenasisekelo.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sithombe sasingalungile ngokuphelele ngoba asizange senze imephu noma yimaphi amayunithi ebhizinisi ngaphandle kweqoqo le-IT yenkampani. Lolu hlelo aluzange lucabangele noma yikuphi ukuxhumana nezwe langaphandle, ngakho-ke akuzange kucace ukuthi, isibonelo, kutholwe kanjani izibalo zebhizinisi lezinkampani zangaphandle. Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi futhi banezinsizakalo ezimbalwa ezisungulwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe imisebenzi yabasebenzi ngabanye ababefuna ukuphatha abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze bathole imali eyengeziwe ngakho.
Babekholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthela kuma-microservices kulula njengokuthatha ingqalasizinda yabo yangaphakathi ye-N-tier bese unamathisele i-Docker kuyo. Ake sibheke ukuthi i-N-tier yendabuko ibukeka kanjani.
Iqukethe amazinga angu-4: izinga lokusebenzelana kwe-UI, izinga lengqondo yebhizinisi, izinga lokufinyelela idatha kanye nesizindalwazi. Okuthuthukayo kakhulu i-DDD (I-Domain-Driven Design), noma i-architecture egxile kusofthiwe, lapho amaleveli amabili aphakathi nendawo eyizinto zesizinda kanye nenqolobane.
Ngazama ukubheka izindawo ezihlukene zoshintsho, izindawo ezihlukene zomthwalo wemfanelo kule zakhiwo. Kuhlelo lokusebenza olujwayelekile lwe-N-tier, izindawo ezihlukene zoshintsho zihlukaniswa ezingena esakhiweni ziqonde phezulu ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Lezi Ikhathalogi, izilungiselelo ze-Config ezenziwa kukhompuyutha ngayinye, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Checkout, okuphathwe ithimba lami.
Isici salolu hlelo ukuthi imingcele yalezi zindawo zoshintsho ayithinti nje kuphela izinga lengqondo yebhizinisi, kodwa futhi idlulela kusizindalwazi.
Ake sibheke ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yinkonzo. Kukhona izici eziyi-6 zencazelo yesevisi - yisoftware ethi:
- idalwe futhi isetshenziswe inhlangano ethile;
- unesibopho sokuqukethwe, ukucubungula kanye/noma ukuhlinzeka kohlobo oluthile lolwazi ngaphakathi kohlelo;
- ingakhiwa, isetshenziswe futhi isebenze ngokuzimela ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile zokusebenza;
- ixhumana nabathengi nezinye izinsizakalo, ihlinzeka ngolwazi olusekelwe ezivumelwaneni noma iziqinisekiso zenkontileka;
- izivikele ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe, kanye nolwazi lwayo ekulahlekeni;
- iphatha ukwehluleka ngendlela yokuthi kungaholeli ekulimaleni kolwazi.
Zonke lezi zakhiwo zingavezwa ngegama elilodwa elithi "ukuzimela". Izinsizakalo zisebenza ngokuzimela, zenelisa imikhawulo ethile, futhi zichaza izinkontileka ngokusekelwe lapho abantu bengathola khona ulwazi abaludingayo. Angizange ngikhulume ngobuchwepheshe obuthile, ukusetshenziswa kwabo okubonakalayo.
Manje ake sibheke incazelo ye-microservices:
- i-microservice incane ngosayizi futhi yakhelwe ukuxazulula inkinga eyodwa;
- I-microservice izimele;
- Lapho udala i-microservice architecture, isifaniso sokuhlela idolobha siyasetshenziswa. Lena incazelo evela encwadini kaSam Newman, Building Microservices.
Incazelo ye-Bounded Context ithathwe encwadini ka-Eric Evans ethi Domain-Driven Design. Lena iphethini ewumongo ku-DDD, isikhungo sokuklama izakhiwo esisebenza ngamamodeli ezakhiwo ezinomthamo omkhulu, ukuwahlukanisa abe Okuqukethwe Okuhlanganisiwe okuhlukene nokuchaza ngokusobala ukusebenzisana phakathi kwawo.
Ngamagama alula, i-Bounded Context isho ububanzi lapho imojuli ethile ingasetshenziswa khona. Ngaphakathi kwalo mongo kunemodeli ehlangene enengqondo engabonwa, isibonelo, esizindeni sakho sebhizinisi. Uma ubuza "ubani iklayenti" kubasebenzi abathintekayo kuma-oda, uzothola incazelo eyodwa, uma ubuza labo abathintekayo ekuthengiseni, uzothola enye, futhi abadlali bazokunikeza incazelo yesithathu.
Ngakho-ke, i-Bounded Context ithi uma singakwazi ukunikeza incazelo ecacile yokuthi umthengi wamasevisi ethu uyini, ake sichaze imingcele lapho singakhuluma khona ngencazelo yaleli gama, bese sichaza amaphuzu okushintsha phakathi kwalezi zincazelo ezahlukene. Okungukuthi, uma sikhuluma ngeklayenti kusukela ekubukeni kokubeka ama-oda, lokhu kusho lokhu nalokhu, futhi uma ngombono wokuthengisa, lokhu kusho lokhu nalokhu.
Incazelo elandelayo ye-microservice ukufakwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemisebenzi yangaphakathi, ukuvimbela "ukuvuza" kwezingxenye zenqubo yomsebenzi endaweni. Okulandelayo kuza “incazelo yezinkontileka ezicacile zokusebenzelana kwangaphandle, noma ukuxhumana kwangaphandle,” emelelwa umqondo wezinkontileka ezibuya kuma-SLA. Incazelo yokugcina isingathekiso seseli, noma iseli, okusho ukuhlanganisa okuphelele kwesethi yemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-microservice kanye nokuba khona kuyo kwama-receptors okuxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle.
Ngakho-ke sathi kubafana baseBell Computers, “Asikwazi ukulungisa noma iyiphi isiphithiphithi esisidalile ngoba awunayo imali yokukwenza, kodwa sizolungisa insizakalo eyodwa nje ukuze siphumelele. umqondo.” Kuleli qophelo, ngizoqala ngokukutshela ukuthi siyilungise kanjani isevisi yethu okuwukuphela kwayo ukuze iphendule ezicelweni ngokushesha kunemizuzu eyi-9 nesigamu.
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