Umbhali: USir Tim Berners-Lee, umsunguli wama-URIs, ama-URL, i-HTTP, i-HTML ne-World Wide Web, kanye nenhloko yamanje ye-W3C. I-athikili eyabhalwa ngo-1998

Iyiphi i-URI ebhekwa njenge "cool"?
Eyodwa engashintshi.
Ashintshwa kanjani ama-URI?
Ama-URI awashintshi: abantu bayawashintsha.

Ngokombono, asikho isizathu sokuthi abantu bashintshe ama-URI (noma bayeke ukusekela amadokhumenti), kodwa empeleni kunezigidi zabo.

Ngokombono, umnikazi wegama lesizinda sesizinda empeleni ungumnikazi wendawo yamagama wesizinda ngakho-ke wonke ama-URI angaphakathi kwawo. Ngaphandle kokushoda, akukho okuvimbela umnikazi wesizinda ukuthi agcine igama. Futhi ngokombono, isikhala se-URI ngaphansi kwegama lakho lesizinda singaphansi kolawulo lwakho, ukuze usenze sizinze ngendlela othanda ngayo. Isizathu esihle kakhulu sokuthi idokhumenti inyamalale ku-inthanethi ukuthi inkampani ephethe igama lesizinda isiphumile ebhizinisini noma ayisakwazi ukugcina iseva isebenza. Pho kungani kunezixhumanisi eziningi kangaka ezingekho emhlabeni? Okunye kwalokhu kuwukungacabangi kusengaphambili. Nazi ezinye izizathu ongase uzizwe:

Sisanda ukuhlela kabusha isayithi ukuze sibe ngcono.

Ingabe ngempela ucabanga ukuthi ama-URI amadala awasakwazi ukusebenza? Uma kunjalo, ungawakhetha kabi kakhulu. Cabangela ukugcina ezintsha ukuze udizayinwe kabusha.

Sinezinto eziningi esingakwazi ukulandelela ukuthi yini ephelelwe yisikhathi, yini eyimfihlo, nokuthi yini esabalulekile, ngakho-ke sibone kungcono ukuthi sivele siyivale yonke.

Ngiyazwelana kuphela. I-W3C idlule esikhathini lapho bekufanele sihlunge ngokucophelela izinto ezigcina umlando ukuze zibe yimfihlo ngaphambi kokuba siziveze esidlangalaleni. Isinqumo kufanele sicatshangelwe kusenesikhathi - qiniseka ukuthi ngedokhumenti ngayinye urekhoda ukufunda okwamukelekayo, usuku lokudala kanye nosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Londoloza le metadata.

Nokho, sithole ukuthi sidinga ukuhambisa amafayela...

Lesi esinye sezaba ezidabukisa kakhulu. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi amaseva ewebhu akuvumela ukuthi ulawule ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-URI yento kanye nendawo yayo yangempela ohlelweni lwamafayela. Cabanga ngesikhala se-URI njengendawo engabonakali, ehlelwe kahle. Bese wenza imephu kunoma iyiphi into engokoqobo oyisebenzisayo ukuyibona. Bese ubika lokhu kuseva yewebhu. Ungakwazi ngisho nokubhala amazwibela eseva yakho ukuze uwalungise.

UJohn akasaligcini leli fayela, manje uJane uyaligcina.

Ingabe igama likaJohn beliku-URI? Cha, ingabe ifayela lalikuhla lwemibhalo yakhe? Awu, kulungile.

Ngaphambilini sasisebenzisa umbhalo we-CGI kulokhu, kodwa manje sisebenzisa uhlelo olunambambili.

Kunombono ophambene wokuthi amakhasi adalwe yimibhalo kufanele abekwe endaweni ye-"cgibin" noma "cgi". Lokhu kuveza obala indlela osebenzisa ngayo iseva yakho yewebhu. Ushintsha indlela (ngisho ngenkathi ulondoloza okuqukethwe), futhi eshu - wonke ama-URI akho ayashintsha.

Thatha iNational Science Foundation (NSF) isibonelo:

Imibhalo Ye-inthanethi ye-NSF

http://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/pubsys/browser/odbrowse.pl

Ikhasi lokuqala lokuqala ukubuka amadokhumenti ngokusobala ngeke lihlale linjalo eminyakeni embalwa. cgi-bin, oldbrowse и pl - konke lokhu kunikeza izingcezu zolwazi mayelana nokuthi-senza kanjani-manje. Uma usebenzisa ikhasi ukucinga idokhumenti, umphumela wokuqala owutholayo mubi ngokufanayo:

Umbiko Weqembu Elisebenzayo Nge-Cryptology kanye Nethiyori Yokubhala Ikhodi

http://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/getpub?nsf9814

ekhasini lenkomba yedokhumenti, nakuba idokhumenti ye-html ngokwayo ibonakala ingcono kakhulu:

http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf9814/nsf9814.htm

Lapha isihloko se-Pubs/1998 sizonikeza noma iyiphi insizakalo yengobo yomlando yesikhathi esizayo inkomba enhle yokuthi uhlelo oludala lokuhlukanisa amadokhumenti lwango-1998 luyasebenza. Nakuba izinombolo zedokhumenti zingabukeka zihlukile ngo-2098, ngingacabanga ukuthi le-URI isazosebenza futhi ngeke iphazamise i-NSF nanoma iyiphi enye inhlangano ezogcina ingobo yomlando.

Bengingacabangi ukuthi ama-URL kufanele aqhubeke - bekunama-URN.

Lona mhlawumbe omunye wemiphumela emibi kakhulu yenkulumo-mpikiswano ye-URN. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi ngenxa yocwaningo lwendawo yamagama ehlala njalo, bangase banganaki mayelana nezixhumanisi ezilengayo ngoba "ama-URN azokulungisa konke lokho." Uma ungomunye walaba bantu, ake ngikudumaze.

Izikimu eziningi ze-URN engizibonile zibukeka njengesihlonzi segunya esilandelwa idethi neyunithi yezinhlamvu oyikhethayo, noma iyunithi yezinhlamvu nje oyikhethayo. Lokhu kufana kakhulu ne-HTTP URI. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ucabanga ukuthi inhlangano yakho izokwazi ukudala ama-URN ahlala isikhathi eside, bese ufakazela lokho manje ngokuwasebenzisa ku-HTTP URIs yakho. Akukho lutho ku-HTTP ngokwayo okwenza i-URI yakho ingazinzi. Inhlangano yakho kuphela. Dala isizindalwazi esimepha idokhumenti i-URN egameni lefayela lamanje, futhi uvumele iseva yewebhu iyisebenzise ukuze ikhiphe amafayela.

Uma usufinyelele kuleli qophelo, uma ungenaso isikhathi, imali nokuxhumana ukuze uthuthukise isofthiwe ethile, ungabeka izaba ezilandelayo:

Besifuna, kodwa asinawo amathuluzi afanele.

Kodwa ungazwelana nalokhu. Ngivuma ngokuphelele. Odinga ukukwenza ukuphoqa iseva yewebhu ukuthi ihlukanise ngokushesha i-URI eqhubekayo futhi ibuyisele ifayela noma yikuphi lapho ligcinwe khona ohlelweni lwakho lwamanje lwamafayela ahlanyayo. Ufuna ukugcina wonke ama-URI efayeleni njengesheke futhi ugcine isizindalwazi sisesikhathini samanje ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ufuna ukulondoloza ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinguqulo ezihlukene nokuhunyushwa kwedokhumenti efanayo, futhi futhi ulondoloze irekhodi elizimele le-checksum ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ifayela akonakaliswa iphutha lephutha. Futhi amaseva ewebhu awaphumi nje ebhokisini nalezi zici. Uma ufuna ukwakha idokhumenti entsha, umhleli wakho ukucela ukuthi ucacise i-URI.

Udinga ukwazi ukushintsha ubunikazi, ukufinyelela kwedokhumenti, ukuvikeleka kwezinga lengobo yomlando, njll. esikhaleni se-URI ngaphandle kokushintsha i-URI.

Konke kubi kakhulu. Kodwa sizosilungisa isimo. Kwa-W3C, sisebenzisa umsebenzi we-Jigedit (iseva yokuhlela ye-Jigsaw) elandelela izinguqulo, futhi sihlola izikripthi zokudala amadokhumenti. Uma uthuthukisa amathuluzi, amaseva, namakhasimende, naka lolu daba!

Lesi sizaba sisebenza futhi emakhasini amaningi e-W3C, kuhlanganise naleli: ngakho yenza njengoba ngisho, hhayi njengoba ngenza.

Kungani kufanele nginakekele?

Uma ushintsha i-URI kuseva yakho, awukwazi ukusho ngokuphelele ukuthi ubani ozoba nezixhumanisi ze-URI endala. Lezi kungaba izixhumanisi ezivela emakhasini ewebhu avamile. Bhukhmaka ikhasi lakho. I-URI kungenzeka ukuthi yabhalwa emaphethelweni encwadi eya kumngane.

Uma othile elandela isixhumanisi futhi siphukile, ngokuvamile ulahlekelwa ukumethemba umnikazi weseva. Futhi ukhungathekile, kokubili ngokomzwelo nangokwenyama, ngokungakwazi ukufeza umgomo wakhe.

Abantu abaningi bakhononda ngezixhumanisi eziphukile ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ngithemba ukuthi umonakalo uyabonakala. Ngethemba ukuthi ukonakala kwesithunzi kumnakekeli weseva lapho idokhumenti inyamalala khona nakho kusobala.

Pho kufanele ngenzeni? URI design

Kuyisibopho somphathi wewebhusayithi ukwaba ama-URI angasetshenziswa eminyakeni emi-2, eminyakeni engama-20, eminyakeni engama-200. Lokhu kudinga ukucabangela, ukuhlela nokuzimisela.

Ama-URIs ayashintsha uma noma yiluphi ulwazi kuwo lushintsha. Indlela oziklama ngayo ibaluleke kakhulu. (Yini, idizayini ye-URI? Ingabe ngidinga ukuklama i-URI? Yebo, kufanele ucabange ngalokho). Ukuklama ngokuyisisekelo kusho ukushiya ngaphandle noma yiluphi ulwazi ku-URI.

Idethi eyakhiwa ngayo idokhumenti - usuku i-URI eyakhishwa ngalo - yinto engasoze yashintsha. Kuwusizo kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni imibuzo esebenzisa isistimu entsha kuleyo esebenzisa isistimu endala. Lena indawo enhle yokuqala nge-URI. Uma idokhumenti inosuku, ngisho noma idokhumenti izoba usizo esikhathini esizayo, khona-ke lesi yisiqalo esihle.

Okuhlukile kuphela yikhasi okuyilo ngamabomu inguqulo "yakamuva", isibonelo kuyo yonke inhlangano noma ingxenye yayo enkulu.

http://www.pathfinder.com/money/moneydaily/latest/

Lena ikholomu yakamuva ye-Money Daily kumagazini we-Money. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi asikho isidingo sosuku kule URI ukuthi asikho isizathu sokugcina i-URI ezodlula ilogi. Umqondo weMoney Daily uzoshabalala lapho iMali inyamalala. Uma ufisa ukuxhuma kokuqukethwe, kufanele uxhume kukho ngokwehlukana ezingoboni zomlando:

http://www.pathfinder.com/money/moneydaily/1998/981212.moneyonline.html

(Kubukeka kukuhle. Icabanga ukuthi "imali" izosho into efanayo kukho konke ukuphila kwe-pathfinder.com. Kukhona impinda ethi "98" kanye ne-".html" engadingekile, kodwa uma kungenjalo ibukeka njenge-URI eqinile.

Okumele ukushiye eceleni

Konke! Ngaphandle kwedethi yokudala, ukubeka noma yiluphi ulwazi ku-URI kucela inkinga ngandlela thile.

Igama lombhali. Ubunikazi bungashintsha njengoba izinguqulo ezintsha zitholakala. Abantu bashiya izinhlangano badlulisele izinto kwabanye.
Isihloko. Kunzima kakhulu. Kuhlala kubukeka kukuhle ekuqaleni, kodwa kushintsha ngokumangalisayo ngokushesha. Ngizokhuluma kabanzi ngalokhu ngezansi.
Isimo. Iziqondiso ezifana nokuthi "endala", "okusalungiswa" nokunye, ingasaphathwa "yakamuva" kanye "nokupholile", zivela kuwo wonke amasistimu wefayela. Amadokhumenti ashintsha isimo - ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube khona iphuzu ekudaleni okusalungiswa. Inguqulo yakamuva yedokhumenti idinga isihlonzi esiqhubekayo, kungakhathaliseki isimo sayo. Gcina isimo ngaphandle kwegama.
Ukufinyelela. Kwa-W3C, sihlukanise isayithi ngezigaba zabasebenzi, amalungu, kanye nomphakathi. Lokhu kuzwakala kukuhle, kodwa-ke, imibhalo iqala njengemibono yeqembu evela kubasebenzi, ixoxiswane namalungu, bese iba ulwazi lomphakathi. Kungaba yihlazo ngempela uma njalo uma kuvulwa idokhumenti ukuze kuxoxiswane kabanzi ngayo, zonke izixhumanisi zayo ezindala zinqamuka! Manje siqhubekela kukhodi yedethi elula.
Isandiso sefayela. Isenzakalo esivame kakhulu. "cgi", ngisho ".html" izoshintsha ngokuzayo. Kungenzeka awusebenzisi i-HTML kuleli khasi eminyakeni engu-20, kodwa izixhumanisi zanamuhla kulo kufanele zisasebenza. Izixhumanisi zeCanonical kusayithi le-W3C azisisebenzisi isandiso (kwenziwa kanjani).
Izindlela zesoftware. Ku-URI, bheka okuthi "cgi", "exec" namanye amagama amemezayo "bheka ukuthi sisebenzisa yiphi isofthiwe." Ngabe ukhona ofuna ukuchitha impilo yakhe yonke ebhala imibhalo yePerl CGI? Cha? Bese ususa isandiso se-.pl. Funda imanyuwali yeseva yokuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu.
Igama lediski. Woza! Kodwa ngikubonile lokhu.

Ngakho isibonelo esihle kakhulu esivela kusayithi lethu simane

http://www.w3.org/1998/12/01/chairs

... bika ngamaminithi omhlangano wezihlalo ze-W3C.

Izihloko nokuhlukaniswa ngesihloko

Ngizochaza kabanzi ngale ngozi, njengoba ingenye yalezo zinto okunzima kakhulu ukuzigwema. Ngokuvamile, izihloko zigcina kuma-URI uma uhlukanisa amadokhumenti akho ngomsebenzi awenzayo. Kodwa lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuzoshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amagama ezindawo azoshintsha. Kwa-W3C besifuna ukushintsha i-MarkUP ibe yi-Markup bese ibe yi-HTML ukuze ibonise okuqukethwe kwangempela kwesigaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvame ukuba nesikhala samagama esiyisicaba. Eminyakeni eyi-100, uqinisekile ukuthi ngeke ufune ukusebenzisa futhi lutho? Empilweni yethu emfushane sesivele sifuna ukusebenzisa kabusha "Umlando" kanye "Nesitayela samaSpredishithi" njengesibonelo.

Kuyindlela ehehayo yokuhlela iwebhusayithi—futhi indlela esilinga ngempela yokuhlela noma yini, kuhlanganise nayo yonke iWebhu. Lesi yisixazululo esikhulu sesikhathi esimaphakathi kodwa sinokushiyeka okukhulu esikhathini eside.

Ingxenye yesizathu ilele kufilosofi yencazelo. Itemu ngalinye olimini liyimpokophelo yokuhlanganisa, futhi umuntu ngamunye angase abe nombono ohlukile walokho elikushoyo. Njengoba ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano bufana newebhu kunesihlahla, ngisho nalabo abavumelana newebhu bangase bakhethe ukumela okuhlukile kwesihlahla. Lokhu ukuqaphela kwami okujwayelekile (okuphindaphindiwe) mayelana nezingozi zokuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba njengesixazululo esijwayelekile.

Eqinisweni, uma usebenzisa igama lesihloko ku-URI, usuke uzibophezela ohlotsheni oluthile lokuhlukanisa. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo uzokhetha inketho ehlukile. I-URI izobe isisengozini yokwephulwa.

Isizathu sokusebenzisa indawo yesifundo njengengxenye ye-URI ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wezigatshana zesikhala se-URI uvame ukudluliselwa, bese udinga igama lenhlangano yenhlangano - umnyango, iqembu, nanoma yini - enesibopho saleso sikhala esincane. Lena i-URI ebophezela kusakhiwo senhlangano. Ngokuvamile kuphephile kuphela uma i-URI eqhubekayo (kwesokunxele) ivikelwe idethi: 1998/pics ingase isho kuseva yakho "lokho ebesikusho ngo-1998 ngezithombe" kunokuthi "lokho ngo-1998 esakwenza ngalokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi izithombe."

Ungakhohlwa igama lesizinda

Khumbula ukuthi lokhu akusebenzi kuphela endleleni eku-URI, kodwa nasegameni leseva. Uma unamaseva ahlukene ezinto ezahlukene, khumbula ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa ngeke kwenzeke ukushintsha ngaphandle kokucekela phansi izixhumanisi eziningi. Amanye amaphutha "bheka isofthiwe esiyisebenzisa namuhla" amagama esizinda "cgi.pathfinder.com", "secure", "lists.w3.org". Zenzelwe ukwenza ukuphathwa kweseva kube lula. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizinda simele ukuhlukana kwenkampani yakho, isimo sedokhumenti, izinga lokufinyelela, noma izinga lokuvikeleka, qaphela kakhulu ngaphambi kokusebenzisa igama lesizinda elingaphezu kwelilodwa ezinhlotsheni zemibhalo eminingi. Khumbula ukuthi ungakwazi ukufihla amaseva ewebhu amaningi ngaphakathi kweseva eyodwa yewebhu ebonakalayo usebenzisa ukuqondisa kabusha nokuba ngummeleli.

Oh, futhi ucabange ngegama lakho lesizinda. Awufuni ukubizwa nge-soap.com ngemva kokushintsha imigqa yomkhiqizo futhi uyeke ukwenza insipho (Uxolo kunoma ubani ongumnikazi we-soap.com okwamanje).

isiphetho

Ukugcina i-URI iminyaka engu-2, 20, 200, noma ngisho ne-2000 ngokusobala akulula njengoba kubonakala. Kodwa-ke, kuyo yonke i-inthanethi, abaphathi bewebhu benza izinqumo ezenza lo msebenzi ube nzima kubo ngokuzayo. Ngokuvamile lokhu kungenxa yokuthi basebenzisa amathuluzi umsebenzi wawo kuwukwethula isayithi elingcono kakhulu okwamanje - futhi akekho oye wahlola ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngezixhumanisi uma konke kushintsha. Kodwa-ke, iphuzu lapha ukuthi izinto eziningi, eziningi zingashintsha, futhi ama-URI akho angakwazi futhi kufanele ahlale efana. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma ucabanga ukuthi uwadala kanjani.

Bhekafuthi:

Inkulumo ka-Jakob Nielsen ngesihloko esifanayo

Izengezo

Uzisusa kanjani izandiso zefayela...

...kusuka ku-URI kuseva yewebhu esekelwe kufayela yamanje?

Uma usebenzisa i-Apache, isibonelo, ungayilungisa ukuze uxoxisane ngokuqukethwe. Londoloza isandiso sefayela (isb. .png) efayelini (isb. mydog.png), kodwa ungaxhuma esisetshenziswa sewebhu ngaphandle kwayo. I-Apache ibe ihlola uhla lwemibhalo lwawo wonke amafayela analelo gama nanoma yisiphi isandiso, futhi ingakhetha elingcono kakhulu kusethi (isibonelo, i-GIF ne-PNG). Futhi asikho isidingo sokubeka izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafayela kunkomba ehlukene, empeleni ukufaniswa kokuqukethwe ngeke kusebenze uma wenza lokho.

Misa iseva yakho ukuze ixoxisane ngokuqukethwe
Hlala uxhuma kuma-URI ngaphandle kwesandiso

Izixhumanisi ezinezandiso zisazosebenza, kodwa zizovimbela iseva yakho ekukhetheni ifomethi engcono kakhulu etholakalayo njengamanje nangesikhathi esizayo.

(Empeleni, mydog, mydog.png и mydog.gif - imithombo yewebhu esebenzayo, mydog iyinsiza yohlobo lokuqukethwe jikelele, futhi mydog.png и mydog.gif — izinsiza zohlobo oluthile lokuqukethwe).

Yebo, uma ubhala iseva yakho yewebhu, kuwumqondo omuhle ukusebenzisa isizindalwazi ukuze ubophe izihlonzi eziphikelelayo kufomu yazo yamanje, nakuba qaphela ukukhula kwesizindalwazi esingenamkhawulo.

Ibhodi Lehlazo - Indaba 1: Isiteshi 7

Ngo-1999, ngalandela ukuvalwa kwezikole ngenxa yeqhwa ekhasini http://www.whdh.com/stormforce/closings.shtml. Ungalindi ukuthi ulwazi luvele ngezansi kwesikrini se-TV! Ngixhume kuyo ekhasini lami lasekhaya. Isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa sokuqala sika-2000 sifika futhi ngibheka ikhasi. Kubhaliwe lapho:,

- Kusukela.
Akukho okuvaliwe okwamanje. Sicela ubuye uma kuba nezixwayiso zesimo sezulu.

Ngeke kube isiphepho esinamandla kangaka. Kuyahlekisa ukuthi usuku alukho. Kodwa uma uya ekhasini eliyinhloko lesayithi, kuzoba nenkinobho enkulu ethi "Izikole Ezivaliwe", okuholela ekhasini. http://www.whdh.com/stormforce/ ngohlu olude lwezikole ezivaliwe.

Mhlawumbe bashintshe uhlelo ukuze bathole uhlu - kodwa bebengadingi ukushintsha i-URI.

Ibhodi Lehlazo - Indaba 2: I-Microsoft Netmeeting

Ngokuthembela okwandayo ku-inthanethi, kwafika umqondo ohlakaniphile wokuthi izixhumanisi zewebhusayithi yomkhiqizi zingashunyekwa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza. Lokhu kusetshenziswe futhi kwahlukunyezwa kakhulu, kodwa awukwazi ukushintsha i-URL. Ngolunye usuku nje ngizame isixhumanisi esivela ku-Microsoft Netmeeting 2/iklayenti lento ethi Usizo/Microsoft kumenyu yezinto zewebhu/yamahhala futhi ngathola iphutha elingu-404 - akukho mpendulo evela kuseva etholakele. Mhlawumbe isivele isilungisiwe...

Inothi elingokomlando: Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho lokhu kubhalwa, "okupholile" kwakuyisiqephu sokugunyazwa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha, ebonisa imfashini, ikhwalithi, noma ukufaneleka. Ngokushesha, indlela ye-URI yayivame ukukhethelwa "ukuphola" kunokuba usizo noma ukuqina. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuwumzamo wokuqondisa kabusha amandla ngemuva kokusesha okupholile.

Source: www.habr.com

Ama-URL apholile awashintshi