Ake ngiqale ngokuthi angiyena u-anti-vaxxer, ngokuphambene nalokho. Kodwa kunemithi yokugoma ehlukene, ikakhulukazi manje elwa negciwane elaziwayo. Ngakho yini esinayo namuhla?
I-Gamaleevsky Sputnik V. Umuthi wokugoma ovusa imizwa nowesimanjemanje, kuphela ukwelashwa okumsulwa okuseza. Akumangazi ukuthi umzamo ongaka, isikhathi nemali kutshalwe lapha. Kuseyiyo yodwa engenzeka ezweni lakithi. Izinzuzo zayo ezisobala: impendulo ephezulu yokuzivikela komzimba (ngaphezu kwamasosha omzimba, sinokuvikeleka kwamaselula) nemiphumela emibi emincane. Kodwa kune-nuance mayelana nokuthi, ngesizathu esithile, uma bekhuluma ngakho, khona-ke, kuncane kakhulu, futhi yiqiniso hhayi kwabezindaba, kodwa emiphakathini yezokwelapha ekhethekile. Manje ngizochaza ukuthi ngikhuluma ngani.
Lo mgomo uyi-adenovirus eguqulelwe ngokofuzo, noma kunalokho ama-adenovirus amabili angasebenzi (ama-serotypes wesi-5 kanye nama-26), angeniswa emzimbeni ngesikhawu esingamaviki amathathu. I-gene ye-spike protein ye-coronavirus ifakwe ku-genome ngayinye. Eqinisweni, lezi “izimoto” umsebenzi wazo ukuletha “umgibeli” obalulekile lapho ziya khona. Bese konke kuhamba njengokuhlosiwe kwemvelo: i-adenovirus iletha isakhi sofuzo se-coronavirus emangqamuzaneni, ikhiphe lapho bese iqala ukukhiqiza amaprotheni "omgibeli" kanye nawo. Izingcezu zala maprotheni zivezwa ingqamuzana elinegciwane, ngaleyo ndlela lifundise ama-t-lymphocyte. Ngemva kokubhujiswa "kwe-cell cell", amaprotheni egciwane (okungukuthi amaprotheni, hhayi ama-virions alungele ukuthelela amangqamuzana amasha, njengesifo) angena egazini, ngaleyo ndlela akhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba. Akunakwenzeka ukugula, ukungatheleleki kuyakhiwa, futhi konke kubonakala kuhamba kahle. Kodwa umphumela ongemuhle walo mgomo ukuthuthukiswa kokusabela komzimba ezingxenyeni ze-adenoviral ze-vector ngokwazo. Njengomphumela wesingeniso esiphindaphindiwe, "imoto enomgibeli" ngeke nje ibe nesikhathi sokufinyelela esitokisini, kodwa izobhujiswa ngokushesha ngama-antibodies akhiwa ngenxa "yokujwayelana" kwangaphambili. Kuvele ukuthi iSatellite V ingasetshenziswa kanye kuphela. Futhi lokhu kugcwele kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi umuthi wokugoma awusakwazi ukusetshenziselwa injongo yawo - ukuqina kokugomela i-coronavirus akwaziwa muntu, futhi kubonakala sengathi kunamacala okutheleleka kabusha, kepha ambalwa. . Ukuvinjelwa impilo yonke kunoma yikuphi ukwelashwa okungaba khona kofuzo lwe-adenovector, okuhlanganisa nokwelashwa kwe-oncology, okungase kudingeke esikhathini esizayo, kuyethusa. Konke lokhu manje kuthuthuka ngenkuthalo, futhi ngemuva “kokuhlolwa okukhulu” okunjalo, izinto zizohamba ngokushesha okukhulu. Kodwa futhi, lokhu kwelashwa kungase kube usizo noma kungabi nalusizo, futhi ukungatheleleki kwegciwane kuyadingeka namuhla. Ngakho-ke, lapha wonke umuntu uyazikhethela ukuthi yini ebaluleke kakhulu kuye. Umuthi wokugoma ubonakale ujwayelekile, kubantu abadala - yilokho kuphela. Kodwa esikhundleni sabasha (phela, banalo lonke ithuba lokusebenzisa ukwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo esikhathini esizayo), ngingacabanga ngakho.
Ngezwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwenguqulo ye-Sputnik-Light, kulabo abavikela (isibalo) ukungatheleleki. Kuzoba umuthi wokugoma onengxenye eyodwa osuselwe ku-serotype eyodwa kuphela. Le nketho inhle, kodwa ayihlelelwe ukukhishwa kuze kube uDisemba 2021.
Eminye imigomo emibili yaseRussia: i-EpiVacCorona yeVector Centre (ekhiqizwe ngesisekelo samaprotheni egciwane) kanye ne-whole-virion Chumakov Centre (eyenziwe ngesisekelo segciwane lonke) isivele isendleleni. Zombili zenziwe ngendlela yakudala. Kunombono wokuthi kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi bazohluleka, futhi futhi ngenxa yokuthi abakwenzi kusebenze i-t-cell immunity, epholile manje. Manje kancane mayelana ngamunye, njengoba okuningi ngabo namanje akwaziwa. Ngokusobala, i-PR yabo injalo-ngakho, noma mhlawumbe kuyimfihlo yezempi.
Umuthi wokugoma i-whole-virion kaChumakov ungowakudala, ubuntu bukhule kulokhu. Igciwane eliphelele lisetshenziswa lapha, okwenza ukuzivikela okuthembekile, njengoba kunikeza isethi ephelele yama-antigen. Kodwa igciwane lifile, ngakho-ke ukusabela komzimba kuzoba yi-antibody kuphela, kodwa kunamandla, futhi ukusabela kunamandla. I-Harsh, kodwa phakathi nalolu bhubhane, ifanelekile, ikakhulukazi kwabanempilo, abaphelelwe yithemba nabanesibindi. Kuzo zonke ingcebo yokuzikhethela, ngingayikhetha ngenxa yendlela eqondakalayo yokwakhiwa kokuzivikela komzimba. Kodwa usesemqondweni wakhe kuphela. Akakabi nalo igama. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elikhulu kuhlelwa ngoMashi. Linda bese uyabona.
Umuthi wokugoma wesithathu waseRussia yi-EpiVacCorona yeVector Center. Ayiqukethe ingxenye yebhayoloji yegciwane evela egameni nhlobo, kodwa kuphela amaprotheni alo ahlanganisiwe, ukuze angaphoqi amaseli ethu ukuthi asebenze futhi acindezele nhlobo. Umuthi wokugoma umnene, awunamiphumela emibi, kodwa futhi awunawo ukuzivikela komzimba okuhle. Kuze kube manje, imithi yokugomela i-peptide ekhiqiza ukungatheleleki okuhlala isikhathi eside, okuzinzile ayikasungulwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuthuthukiswe impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba, basebenzisa ama-adjuvants. Nansi i-aluminium hydroxide. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokhu kuhle noma kubi, angazi, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi "izithako" ezimbalwa emgomeni, kungcono. Kodwa ngomuthi wokugoma weVector, ngokungafani ne-Sputnik V, kuzokwaziwa ukugoma inani elingapheli. Futhi yahlolwa nakubantu asebekhulile (65+) kanye nezingane (14-17), kanye nakubantu abanezifo ezingamahlalakhona. Bazama ukwabelana ngophaya. Mayelana nezingane, ngiyavuma, kodwa mayelana nabantu abadala, anginaso isiqiniseko. Manje badinga ngokuphuthumayo isivikelo ESINOKUTHEMBEKA. Umgomo bekufanele uqale ukudayiswa ekuqaleni konyaka. Kazi isivele ikhona ndawana thize?
Awu, imigomo eyinhloko angaphandle, lapho ngaphandle kwabo. Ikhiqizwe ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe be-adenovector: isiShayina ICanSino Biological. Kwenziwe nge-5th adenovirus serotype, esatshalaliswa kabanzi kubantu. Kukholakala ukuthi u-30% wabantu usuvele uvikelekile kuwo, ngakho umgomo wabo ngeke uphumelele kakhulu. UJohnson & Johnson waseMelika - ngokusekelwe ku-serotype 26. Lolu hlobo aluvamile, kodwa kusengenzeka. Ngakho-ke, i-Sputnik yathatha zombili izinkundla ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuze uqiniseke! Umuthi wokugomela iBritish-Swedish i-AstraZeneca/oxford. Okwamanje - oda kakhulu emhlabeni. Cishe imithamo eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu isi-odwe kakade. Isuselwa ku-chimpanzee adenovirus. Lokhu, yiqiniso, kunikeza isiqinisekiso se-3% sokuthi amasosha omzimba womuntu awakaze ahlangane negciwane elinjalo ngaphambili futhi ngeke ahlangane nalo ngemuva kwalokho, kodwa uma i-zoovirus iguquka, inganikeza imiphumela engalindelekile emzimbeni womuntu, yona ngokwayo ngandlela thile. ethusayo.
Ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-mRNA, kwenziwe amaphokophela amabili emhlabeni: iPfizer BioNTech neModerna. Lesi isiqondiso esisha ngokuphelele, okwamanje esimane singumgogodla we-pharmacology. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, wawungekho umuthi wokugomela i-mRNA. Ubuchwepheshe bufana ne-vector, kodwa buhlukile. Ayikho ingxenye yegciwane evela eceleni lapha, futhi i-lipid nanoparticle eyenziwe ngokuzenzisa isetshenziswa “njengomshini”, ongena kalula kulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana ethu, futhi “umgibeli” uwufuzo olufanayo noma i-mRNA efaka ikhodi ye-coronavirus spike protein. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaseli lapho i-mRNA ingena khona awabhujiswa, futhi amaprotheni avele aphume buthule, akhe ukuzivikela okuhle kwe-t-cell kanye ne-antibody. Konke kubonakala kuhamba kahle, kodwa futhi kukhona ama-nuances. Okokuqala, i-polyethylene glycol, esetshenziselwa ukuzinzisa i-mRNA kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi (kuze kufike ku--70), yona ngokwayo i-allergen futhi ingabangela ukusabela okukhulu, kuze kufike ekushaqekeni kwe-anaphylactic. Futhi okwesibili, lezi yizindawo ezingalindelekile "zomgibeli" wethu. Futhi uma okuhlosiwe kwemvelo kwe-adenovirus kumaseli athile, imvamisa amaseli epheshana eliphezulu lokuphefumula, lapho isakhi sofuzo se-coronavirus silethwa ngemijovo yokugomela i-adenovector, uNkulunkulu kuphela owaziyo ukuthi i-coronavirus mRNA izolethwa kuphi ngama-lipid nanoparticles. Futhi lezi zingaba izindawo ezihluke ngokuphelele lapho zizophinde zisebenze khona: imithambo yegazi, amalunga, izinzwa, njll. Imiphumela engemihle isivele iyaziwa ngendlela yezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ze-autoimmune, ukukhubazeka kwesikhashana, njll. Akudingekile ukuba uhambe kude. , yonke i-inthanethi igcwele imiphumela emibi evela ku-Pfizer. Kodwa umgomo awuhoxiswa ekusetshenzisweni. Pho kuthiwani uma ubheka kancane ngobuso obusontekile? Lokhu akufani nenkambo enzima kakhulu ye-covid, akunjalo? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-antibodies kule "moto" awakhiqizwa, kodwa kuphela "kumgibeli". Ngokuvamile, kunokuthile okufanele ucabange ngakho.
Ngokusekelwe kumaprotheni ahlanganisiwe, umgomo waseMelika i-Novavax wenziwa. Umuthi wokugoma ungowesibili emhlabeni ngokwenani lemithamo ebhukhiwe. Pho ithini imfihlo yakhe? Futhi kobunye ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele "bokuhlanganisa" amaprotheni aphinde ahlanganiswe abe yi-nanoparticles, ngenxa yokuthi i-immunogenicity yamaprotheni iyanda, kanye naku-adjuvant yasekuqaleni ye-Matrix-M. Nokho, yilokho kuphela okwamanje.
I-Sinovac ngomunye umuthi wokugoma owenziwe eShayina. I-whole-virion, okuyisizathu sokuthandwa kwayo. Izimo ezijwayelekile zokugcinwa kanye nendlela ecacile yokwakha ukuzivikela komzimba kungenza kutholakale emazweni amaningi. Ngokwemiphumela yezigaba ezimbili zokuqala zocwaningo, kubhekwe njengesinye sezethemba kakhulu, kodwa emiphumeleni emaphakathi yesigaba sesithathu, umgomo ukhombise ukusebenza kahle okungama-50% kuphela. Kazi lokhu kungathenjwa yini?
Ngandlela thize kanje. Into eyodwa isobala ukuthi awukho umuthi wokugoma ophelele emhlabeni njengamanje, kodwa isinqumo esithile kuzodingeka senziwe ngokushesha noma kamuva. Kunoma yikuphi, ngikufisela impilo yonke nokuvikeleka okuqinile!
Source: www.habr.com