Isici esihlukile ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu liyazuza ekusebenziseni kwabo, futhi ukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwabo akunakwenzeka noma akunakwenzeka. Izibonelo zifaka imigwaqo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, ucwaningo lwesayensi, nesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezinjalo, njengomthetho, akuzuzisi muntu, okuvame ukuholela ekukhiqizeni kwabo okunganele (). Kwezinye izimo, izifunda kanye nezinye izinhlangano (ezifana nezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi) zithatha ukukhiqiza kwazo, kodwa ukuntuleka kolwazi oluphelele mayelana nezintandokazi zabathengi bezimpahla zomphakathi nezinye izinkinga ezihambisana nokuthathwa kwezinqumo okumaphakathi kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwemali ngendlela engafanele. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kungaba okufaneleka kakhulu ukudala uhlelo lapho abathengi bezimpahla zomphakathi bezothola ithuba lokuvotela ngokuqondile izinketho ezithile zokuhlinzekwa kwabo. Kodwa-ke, lapho kuvotwa ngokomgomo othi "umuntu oyedwa - ivoti elilodwa", amavoti abo bonke ababambiqhaza ayalingana futhi abakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani lokhu noma leyo nketho kubo, okungase futhi kuholele ekukhiqizweni kwempahla yomphakathi.
(noma ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwe-CLR) kwahlongozwa ngo-2018 emsebenzini njengesixazululo esingenzeka ezinkingeni ezisohlwini zokuxhasa ngezimali izimpahla zomphakathi. Le ndlela ihlanganisa izinzuzo zezindlela zezimakethe kanye nokubusa kwentando yeningi, kodwa isengozini encane yokuntula amathuba kwazo. Isekelwe embonweni (okufanayo) lapho abantu benza iminikelo eqondile kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene abawabheka njengezuzisa umphakathi, futhi umnikeli omkhulu (ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano esiza abantulayo) uzibophezela ekungezeni inani elilinganayo kumnikelo ngamunye (ngokwesibonelo, ukuwuphinda kabili). Lokhu kudala esinye isisusa sokubamba iqhaza futhi kuvumela umxhasi ukuthi abele izimali ngendlela efanele ngaphandle kokuba nobuchwepheshe endaweni exhaswayo.
Okukhethekile kwezimali ze-quadratic ukuthi ukubalwa kwamanani angeziwe kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo ekubalweni kwemiphumela uma . Lolu hlobo lokuvota lusikisela ukuthi ababambiqhaza bangathenga amavoti futhi bawasabalalise ezinkethweni ezihlukene zesinqumo, futhi izindleko zokuthenga zikhuphuka ngokulingana nesikwele senani lamavoti athengiwe:
Lokhu kuvumela ababambiqhaza ukuthi baveze amandla ezinto abazithandayo, okungenakwenzeka ngokuvota komuntu oyedwa ngevoti elilodwa. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, le ndlela yokwenza ayinikezi ithonya elingafanele kubahlanganyeli abanezinsiza ezibalulekile, njengoba kwenzeka ngokuvota ngokomgomo wokulinganisa (okuvame ukusetshenziswa ku-proportionality). ).
Ngoxhaso lwe-quadratic financing, umnikelo ngamunye womuntu obambe iqhaza kuphrojekthi uthathwa njengokuthengwa kwamavoti okusatshalaliswa kwezimali okuvuna le phrojekthi kusuka esikhwameni esijwayelekile sokuxhasa ngezimali okufanayo. Ake sicabange ukuthi umhlanganyeli wenze umnikelo kulo msebenzi ngesilinganiso se . Khona isisindo sezwi lakhe izolingana nempande eyisikwele yosayizi womnikelo wakhe ngamunye:
Fanisa inani lezezimali , okuzotholwa yiphrojekthi , bese kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini lamavoti ale phrojekthi phakathi kwabo bonke abahlanganyeli:
Uma, ngenxa yokubala amavoti, isamba semali yoxhaso singaphezu kwesabelomali esimisiwe , bese inani lemali ephikisayo yephrojekthi ngayinye liyalungiswa ngokuvumelana nesabelo salo phakathi kwawo wonke amaphrojekthi:
Ababhali bomsebenzi bakhombisa ukuthi indlela enjalo iqinisekisa ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwezimpahla zomphakathi. Ngisho neminikelo emincane, uma yenziwa inani elikhulu labantu, iphumela esilinganisweni esikhulu soxhaso olufanayo (lokhu kuvamile ezimpahleni zomphakathi), kuyilapho iminikelo emikhulu evela enanini elincane labanikeli iphumela esilinganisweni esincane semali efanayo (lo mphumela kukhombisa ukuthi okuhle kungenzeka kuyimfihlo).
Ukuze uzijwayeze ukusebenza komshini, ungasebenzisa umshini wokubala: .
IGitcoin
Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-quadratic financing mechanism yahlolwa ekuqaleni kuka-2019 njengengxenye yohlelo. ku-platform ye-Gitcoin, ekhethekile ekusekeleni amaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile. IN ukuxhasa ngezimali abanikeli abangu-132 benze iminikelo ku-cryptocurrency ukuze kuthuthukiswe amaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda ye-ecosystem angama-26 . Iminikelo ephelele ifinyelele ku-$13242, yengezwe ngo-$25000 ophuma esikhwameni esifanayo esidalwe abanikeli abaningana abakhulu. Kamuva, ukubamba iqhaza ohlelweni kwavulekele wonke umuntu, futhi izinqubo zamaphrojekthi awela ngaphansi kwencazelo yezimpahla zomphakathi ze-Ethereum ecosystem zandiswa, futhi ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezifana "nobuchwepheshe" kanye "nemidiya" yavela. Kusukela ngoJulayi 2020, isivele yenziwa , lapho amaphrojekthi angaphezu kuka-700 athola ingqikithi yemali engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zamaRandi, futhi Inani lomnikelo lalingamadola angu-4.7.
Uhlelo lwe-Gitcoin Grants lubonise ukuthi indlela yokuxhasa ngemali ye-quadratic isebenza ngokuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwethiyori futhi ihlinzeka ngezimali zezimpahla zomphakathi ngokuvumelana nezintandokazi zamalungu omphakathi. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo, njengamasistimu amaningi okuvota e-elekthronikhi, isengcupheni yokuhlaselwa okuthile onjiniyela benkundla obekumele babhekane nakho ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa:
- . Ukuze enze lokhu kuhlasela, umhlaseli angabhalisa ama-akhawunti amaningi futhi, ngokuvota kwelinye ngalinye, asabalalise kabusha izimali ezivela esikhwameni esifanayo esivuna yena.
- Ukugwazisa. Ukufumbathisa abasebenzisi, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukwazi ukulawula ukuhambisana kwabo nesivumelwano, okungenzeka ngenxa yokuvuleka kwakho konke ukuthengiselana ku-blockchain yomphakathi ye-Ethereum. Njengokuhlasela kwe-Sybil, abasebenzisi abagwazisayo bangasetshenziswa ukuze kwabiwe kabusha izimali ezivela esikhwameni esivamile ukuze kuvune umhlaseli, inqobo nje uma izinzuzo zokusabalalisa kabusha zidlula izindleko zokufumbathisa.
Ukuze uvimbele ukuhlaselwa kwe-Sybil, i-akhawunti ye-GitHub iyadingeka lapho kubhaliswa umsebenzisi, futhi nokwethula ukuqinisekiswa kwenombolo yocingo nge-SMS nakho sekucatshangelwe. Imizamo yokufumbathisa yalandelelwa ngezikhangiso zokuthenga amavoti ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nangokuthengiselana ku-blockchain (amaqembu abanikeli abathola inkokhelo emthonjeni ofanayo ahlonziwe). Kodwa-ke, lezi zinyathelo aziqinisekisi ukuvikeleka okuphelele, futhi uma kunezisusa ezanele zezomnotho, abahlaseli bangazidlula, ngakho onjiniyela bafuna ezinye izixazululo ezingaba khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela inkinga yokuhlunga uhlu lwamaphrojekthi athola uxhaso. Kwezinye izimo, izicelo zoxhaso zivela kumaphrojekthi okungezona izimpahla zomphakathi noma angangeni ezigabeni ezifanelekile zamaphrojekthi. Kubuye kube nezimo lapho abakhwabanisi bafaka izicelo egameni leminye imisebenzi. Indlela yokuqinisekisa ngesandla abamukeli bezimali isebenze kahle ngenani elincane lezicelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuncipha njengoba uhlelo lwe-Gitcoin Grants lukhula ngokuduma. Enye inkinga yesikhulumi se-Gitcoin i-centralization, okusho isidingo sokuthemba abaphathi bayo ngokunemba kokubala kwabo amavoti.
clr.fund
Inhloso yephrojekthi okwamanje esathuthukiswayo, wukudala isikhwama sezimali se-quadratic esivikelekile nesinokwethenjelwa ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kohlelo lwe-Gitcoin Grants. Lesi sikhwama sizosebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokwethenjwa okuncane kubaphathi baso futhi sizophathwa ngendlela ehlukaniselwe abanye abantu. Ukwenza lokhu, ukubalwa kweminikelo, ukubala amanani afanayo kanye nokusabalalisa izimali kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa . Ukuthengwa kwamavoti kuzokwenziwa kube nzima ngokusebenzisa ukuvota okuyimfihlo nethuba lokushintsha ivoti, ukubhaliswa kwabasebenzisi kuzokwenziwa ngohlelo lokuqinisekisa umphakathi, futhi ukubhaliswa kwabamukeli bezimali kuzophathwa umphakathi futhi kube nengxabano eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. indlela yokuxazulula.
Ivoti eliyimfihlo
Imfihlo yokuvota lapho uvota usebenzisa i-blockchain yomphakathi ingagcinwa kusetshenziswa izivumelwano , okukuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukulunga kokusebenza kwezibalo kudatha ebethelwe ngaphandle kokudalula le datha. Ku-clr.fund, amanani eminikelo ngayinye azofihlwa futhi uhlelo luzosetshenziswa ukubala amanani oxhaso olufanayo. ubizile (Ingqalasizinda Encane Yokulwa Nokusebenzisana, ubuncane bengqalasizinda ukuze kuliwe nokungqubuzana). Ivumela ukuvota kwe-quadratic okuyimfihlo futhi ivikela abavoti ekufumbathisweni nasekuphoqweni, inqobo nje uma ukucutshungulwa kwamavoti nokubalwa kwemiphumela kwenziwa ngumuntu othembekile obizwa ngokuthi umxhumanisi. Uhlelo luklanywe ngendlela yokuthi umxhumanisi akwazi ukusiza ukufumbathisa ngoba unamandla okuhlaziya amavoti, kodwa akakwazi ukukhipha noma ukushintsha amavoti, futhi akakwazi ukwenza amanga ngemiphumela yokubalwa kwamavoti.
Inqubo iqala ngokuthi abasebenzisi bakhiqize ipheya okhiye nerejista kunkontileka ehlakaniphile ye-MACI, eqopha ukhiye wabo womphakathi. Ukuvota bese kuqala, lapho abasebenzisi bengabhala izinhlobo ezimbili zemiyalezo ebethelwe kunkontileka ehlakaniphile: imilayezo equkethe izwi nemilayezo eshintsha ukhiye. Imilayezo isayinwa ngokhiye womsebenzisi bese ibethelwa kusetshenziswa omunye ukhiye owenziwe umthetho olandelwayo kusukela kukhiye okhethekile wesikhathi esisodwa somsebenzisi kanye nokhiye osesidlangalaleni womxhumanisi ngendlela yokuthi umxhumanisi kuphela noma umsebenzisi ngokwakhe angakwazi ukuwasusa. Uma umhlaseli ezama ukufumbathisa umsebenzisi, angamcela ukuthi athumele umlayezo ngezwi futhi anikeze okuqukethwe komlayezo kanye nokhiye wesikhathi esisodwa, umhlaseli azobuyisa ngawo umlayezo obethelwe futhi aqinisekise ngokubheka okwenziwayo. ku-blockchain ukuthi ithunyelwe ngempela. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuthumela ivoti, umsebenzisi angathumela ngasese umlayezo eshintsha ukhiye we-EdDSA abese esayinda umlayezo wezwi ngokhiye omdala, enze ukuthi ungavumelekile. Njengoba umsebenzisi engakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ukhiye awukashintshwa, umhlaseli ngeke abe nokuzethemba ukuthi ivoti elivuna yena lizobalwa, futhi lokhu kwenza ukufumbathisa kungabi nanjongo.
Ngemva kokuba ukuvota sekuqediwe, umxhumanisi ususa ukubethela kwemiyalezo, abale amavoti futhi aqinisekise ubufakazi obubili obungenalwazi ngenkontileka ehlakaniphile: ubufakazi bokucubungula umlayezo oqondile kanye nobufakazi bokubalwa kwamavoti okulungile. Ekupheleni kwenqubo, imiphumela yokuvota iyashicilelwa, kodwa amavoti ngamanye agcinwa eyimfihlo.
Ukuqinisekiswa komphakathi
Nakuba ukuhlonza okuthembekile kwabasebenzisi kumanethiwekhi asabalalisiwe kuseyinkinga engaxazululiwe, ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwe-Sybil kwanele ukwenza ukuhlasela kube nzima kangangokuthi izindleko zokukwenza ziba phezulu kunezinzuzo ezingaba khona. Isixazululo esinjalo wuhlelo lokuhlonza oluhlukaniselwe izwe , esebenza njengenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu lapho abasebenzisi bangakha amaphrofayili futhi baxhumane ngokukhetha izinga labo lokwethembana. Kulolu hlelo, umsebenzisi ngamunye unikezwa isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele, ulwazi mayelana nobudlelwano lapho nezinye izihlonzi ezirekhodwa ku- , egcinwa amanodi ekhompuyutha enethiwekhi ye-BrightID futhi avumelaniswe phakathi kwawo. Ayikho idatha yomuntu siqu egcinwe ku-database, kodwa idluliswa kuphela phakathi kwabasebenzisi lapho benza othintana nabo, ngakho uhlelo lungasetshenziswa ngokungaziwa. Amanodi ekhompiyutha enethiwekhi ye-BrightID ahlaziya igrafu yezenhlalo futhi, esebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene, azame ukuhlukanisa abasebenzisi bangempela kwabangelona iqiniso. Ukucushwa okujwayelekile kusebenzisa i-algorithm , okuyinkomba ngayinye ebala isilinganiso esibonisa amathuba okuthi umsebenzisi oyingqayizivele ahambisane naso. Kodwa-ke, amasu okuhlonza angahluka, futhi uma kunesidingo, abathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza bangahlanganisa imiphumela etholwe kumanodi ahlukene, noma baqhube i-node yabo ezosebenzisa ama-algorithms afanele isisekelo somsebenzisi wabo.
Ukuxazululwa Kwezingxabano
Ukubamba iqhaza ekuxhaseni ngezimali kwe-quadratic kuzovulwa, kodwa kulokhu, amaphrojekthi azodingeka ukuthi abhalise ebhukwini elikhethekile. Ukuze kwengezwe kuyo, abamele iphrojekthi kuzodingeka benze idiphozi, abangayihoxisa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. Uma iphrojekthi ingahlangabezani nemibandela yokubhalisa, noma yimuphi umsebenzisi uzokwazi ukubekela inselele ukungezwa kwayo. Ukususwa kwephrojekthi ebhukwini kuzocatshangelwa abaxazululi endaweni ehlukaniselwe futhi esimweni sesinqumo esihle, umsebenzisi obike ukwephulwa komthetho uzothola ingxenye yediphozi njengomvuzo. Indlela enjalo izokwenza ukuthi irejista yezimpahla zomphakathi izilawule.
Kuzosetshenziswa uhlelo ukuxazulula izingxabano , eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Kuyo, noma ubani angaba umlamuli, futhi ukulunga kwezinqumo ezithathwayo kufinyelelwa ngosizo lwezisusa zezomnotho. Uma ingxabano iqalwa, isistimu ikhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo abaxazululi abambalwa ngokudweba inkatho. Abaxazululi babuyekeza ubufakazi obunikeziwe futhi bavotela elinye lamaqembu asebenzisayo : Amavoti afakwa ngendlela ebethelwe futhi embulwa kuphela ngemva kokuphela kokuvota. Abaxazululi abanengi bathola umvuzo, kuthi labo abayingcosana bakhokhe inhlawulo. Ngenxa yokungabikezeli kwejaji kanye nokufihlwa kwamavoti, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabaxazululi kunzima futhi bayaphoqeleka ukuthi balindele izenzo zomunye nomunye futhi bakhethe inketho okungenzeka ukuthi abanye bayikhetha, ngaphandle kwalokho bazifaka engozini yokulahlekelwa imali. Kucatshangwa ukuthi le nketho () kuyoba isinqumo esinobulungiswa kakhulu, ngoba ezimweni zokuntula ulwazi, ukukhetha okunengqondo kuyoba ukwenza isinqumo esisekelwe emibonweni eyaziwayo mayelana nokungakhethi. Uma omunye wamaqembu engxabano engavumelani nesinqumo esenziwe, kuzobe sekuhlelwa izikhalazo, lapho kukhethwa khona abalamuli abengeziwe ngokulandelana.
I-autonomous ecosystems
Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezisohlwini kufanele zenze indlela yokuncika kancane kubaphathi futhi iqinisekise ukusebenza kwayo okuthembekile ngemali encane esabalalisiwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ezinye izingxenye zingashintshwa ukuze zinikeze isivikelo esingcono ekuthengeni amavoti nokunye ukuhlaselwa, umgomo omkhulu kube isikhwama soxhaso esizimele se-quadratic.
Ekusetshenzisweni okukhona okufana ne-Gitcoin Grants, ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla zomphakathi kuxhaswa abanikeli abakhulu, kodwa izimali zingase zivele kweminye imithombo. Kwezinye i-cryptocurrencies, isibonelo ΠΈ , kusetshenziswa uxhaso lwe-inflationary: ingxenye yomvuzo we ithunyelwe ethimbeni lezokuthuthukiswa ukuze lisekele umsebenzi walo oqhubekayo wokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda. Uma kwakhiwa indlela yoxhaso lwe-quadratic esebenza ngokwethembeka futhi engadingi ukuphathwa okumaphakathi, ingxenye yomvuzo webhulokhi ingathunyelwa kuyo ukuze isatshalaliswe ngokuhlanganyela nomphakathi. Ngale ndlela, kuzokwakhiwa i-ecosystem ezimele, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwempahla yomphakathi kuzoba inqubo yokuziphilisa ngokuphelele futhi ngeke kuncike entandweni yabaxhasi nezinhlangano zokuphatha.
Source: www.habr.com