Amahemuhemu ayaqhubeka nokusabalala ezinkundleni zezimali ze-cryptocurrency nasezingxoxweni zocingo zokuthi isizathu sokwehla okukhulu kwakamuva kwezinga le-BTC kwakuyizindaba zokuthi i-Google izuze ubukhulu be-quantum. Lezi zindaba, ezifakwe ekuqaleni kuwebhusayithi ye-NASA futhi kamuva , kwaqondana nokwehla okungazelelwe kwamandla enethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin. Abaningi babecabanga ukuthi lokhu kuqondana kwakusho ukugebenga futhi kwabangela abahwebi ukuthi balahle inani elifanelekile leBitcoin. Bathi ngenxa yalokhu, izinga lohlamvu lwemali lagcwala “omongameli base-United States abafile” abangaba ngu-1500 XNUMX. Amahemuhemu enqaba ngenkani ukufa futhi agqugquzelwa ukukholelwa okuqinile komphakathi kokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing kuwukufa okuqinisekisiwe kwama-blockchains kanye ne-cryptocurrencies.
Isisekelo sezitatimende ezinjalo kwakuwumsebenzi, imiphumela yawo eyabiwe ngo-2017 ithimba labacwaningi abafunde inkinga ye "quantum threat". Ngokombono wabo, iningi lamaphrothokholi e-crypto avumela ukuthengiselana kumaleja asabalalisiwe asengozini yamakhompyutha e-quantum anamandla. Ngihlaziye imininingwane eshicilelwe kunethiwekhi mayelana nalokhu okubizwa. "Ubungozi be-quantum be-blockchains ngokujwayelekile kanye ne-cryptocurrencies ikakhulukazi. Okulandelayo yimiphumela yokuhlaziywa nokuqhathaniswa kwamaqiniso akhona mayelana nokwenzeka kokuhlaselwa okuphumelelayo kwe-Bitcoin.
Amagama ambalwa mayelana namakhompyutha e-quantum kanye nokuphakama kwe-quantum
Noma ubani owaziyo ukuthi iyini ikhompyutha ye-quantum, ukuphakama kwe-qubit kanye ne-quantum angadlulela ngokuphepha esigabeni esilandelayo ngoba ngeke bathole lutho olusha lapha.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqonde cishe usongo olungase luvele kumakhompiyutha e-quantum, kufanele uqonde ukuthi ayini la madivayisi. Ikhompuyutha ye-quantum iwuhlelo lwekhompuyutha ye-analog olusebenzisa izenzakalo ezibonakalayo ezichazwe yi-quantum mechanics ukucubungula idatha nokudlulisa ulwazi. Ngokunembayo, amakhompyutha e-quantum asetshenziselwa izibalo и .
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-quantum phenomena kumakhompiyutha, amasistimu ekhompiyutha ayakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yomuntu ngamunye amashumi namakhulu ezinkulungwane, futhi ngokombono, izigidi zezikhathi ngokushesha kunamakhompiyutha asendulo (kuhlanganise nama-supercomputers). Lokhu kusebenza kwezibalo ezithile kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-qubits (quantum bits).
I-qubit (i-quantum bit noma i-quantum discharge) iyisici esincane kunazo zonke esikhona sokugcina ulwazi kukhompuyutha ye-quantum. Kancane kancane, i-qubit ivumela
“ama-eigenstate amabili, asho okuthi {displaystyle |0rangle }|0rangle kanye {splaystyle |1rangle }|1rangle (Dirac notation), kodwa futhi angaba sendaweni yawo ephezulu, okungukuthi, esimweni esithi {displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle } { displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle }, lapho {displaystyle A}A kanye nokuthi {displaystyle B}B kuyizinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezanelisa umbandela othi {displaystyle |A|^{2}+|B|^{2}=1}| |^{2}+|B|^{2}=1.”
(Nielsen M., Chang I. I-Quantum computing nolwazi lwe-quantum)
Uma siqhathanisa ibhithi yakudala, equkethe u-0 noma oyedwa, ne-qubit, khona-ke ibhithi iwukushintsha nje okujwayelekile okunezindawo ezimbili “ezivuliwe” kanye “nokuvalwa”. Ekuqhathaniseni okunjalo, i-qubit izoba into efana nokulawula ivolumu, lapho "0" ithule, futhi "1" ivolumu enkulu engenzeka. Isilawuli singathatha noma yisiphi isikhundla ukusuka ku-zero kuye koyedwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze ube imodeli egcwele ye-qubit, kufanele futhi ilingise ukuwa komsebenzi we-wave, i.e. phakathi nanoma yikuphi ukusebenzisana nayo, isibonelo, ukuyibuka, umlawuli kufanele athuthele kwesinye sezikhundla ezidlulele, i.e. "0" noma "1".
Eqinisweni, yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa uma ungangeni okhula, ngakho-ke ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-superposition kanye nokugoqa, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum izokwazi ukugcina futhi isebenzise imiqulu yolwazi olukhulu (okwamanje) . Ngasikhathi sinye, izosebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu ekusebenzeni kunamakhompiyutha akudala. Ngenxa yokuthembela ezenzweni ze-quantum mechanics, ukufana kwezibalo kuzoqinisekiswa (lapho, ukuthola umphumela osebenzayo, asikho isidingo sokuhlaziya zonke izinhlobo zezifunda ezingaba khona zesistimu), okuzoqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncane.
Okwamanje, emhlabeni amamodeli amaningana athembisayo amakhompiyutha e-quantum adalwe, kodwa akukho neyodwa yawo eye yadlula ukusebenza kwamakhompiyutha anamandla akudala adala. Ukudala ikhompuyutha enjalo ye-quantum kungasho ukuzuza ubukhulu be-quantum. Kukholakala ukuthi ukufeza lokhu kuphakama okufanayo kwe-quantum, kuyadingeka ukudala ikhompyutha ye-quantum engu-49-qubit. Kwakuyikhompyutha enjalo eyamenyezelwa ngoSepthemba kuwebhusayithi yeNASA, encwadini eyanyamalala ngokushesha kodwa yadala umsindo omkhulu.
Ingozi ecatshangelwayo ku-blockchain
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-quantum computing kanye nesayensi yolwazi lwe-quantum, kanye nokusakazwa okusebenzayo kwalesi sihloko kwabezindaba, kubangele amahlebezi okuthi amandla amakhulu e-computing angaba usongo kumaleja asabalalisiwe, ama-cryptocurrencies, futhi ikakhulukazi kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin. Inqwaba yemithombo yezindaba, ikakhulukazi izinsiza ezihlanganisa izihloko ze-cryptocurrency, minyaka yonke ishicilela ulwazi amakhompyutha we-quantum azokwazi ukucekela phansi ama-blockchains. Ababhali bocwaningo oluvela eNyuvesi yaseCornell baqinisekisa ngokwesayensi ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlaselwa okuphumelelayo yikhompyutha ye-quantum kunethiwekhi ye-Bitcoin. . Kungokwesisekelo salolu shicilelo lapho izihloko eziningi ezikhuluma nge-“Prophecy 2027” zidaliwe.
Lapho udala ama-cryptocurrencies, enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko ukuyivikela ekukhohlisweni kwedatha (isibonelo, lapho uqinisekisa inkokhelo). Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwe-cryptography kanye nerejista esabalalisiwe kubhekana kahle nalo msebenzi. Idatha yokwenziwe igcinwa ku-blockchain, namakhophi edatha asatshalaliswa phakathi kwezigidi zabahlanganyeli benethiwekhi. Mayelana nalokhu, ukuze ushintshe idatha kunethiwekhi ukuze uqondise kabusha ukuthengiselana (ukweba inkokhelo), kuyadingeka ukuthonya wonke amabhlogo, futhi lokhu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kwezigidi zabasebenzisi izinga lokungaguquki kwedatha, i-blockchain ivikelwe ngokuthembekile, kufaka phakathi izibalo ze-quantum.
Isikhwama somsebenzisi kuphela esingaba yinkinga futhi sibe sengozini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo amandla ekhompuyutha ye-quantum angase anele ukuqhekeza okhiye abayimfihlo abangamadijithi angu-64 futhi lokhu kuwukuphela kwendlela engenzeka ngempela yokucabanga nganoma yikuphi usongo oluvela kukhompyutha ye-quantum.
Mayelana neqiniso losongo
Okokuqala, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isigaba abathuthukisi bamakhompiyutha e-quantum nokuthi yibaphi kubo abakwazi ngempela ukuchoboza ukhiye wamadijithi angama-64. Isibonelo, u-Vladimir Gisin, uprofesa ohlangene e-Financial University ngaphansi kukaHulumeni weRussian Federation, wathi i-Bitcoin blockchain ingagqekezwa emhlabeni lapho kukhona amakhompyutha we-quantum angu-100-qubit. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nokuba khona kwekhompiyutha ye-quantum engu-49-qubit, okusolwa ukuthi ithuthukiswe yi-Google, ayikaqinisekiswa.
Okwamanje, azikho izibikezelo ezinokwethenjelwa zokuthi abacwaningi bazofinyelela nini ukuphakama kwe-quantum, kancane kancane lapho kuzovela amakhompyutha we-quantum angu-100. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje, amasistimu e-quantum computing ayakwazi ukuxazulula ngokushesha uhla olulinganiselwe lwezinkinga ezikhethekile kakhulu. Ukuzijwayeza ukuze zigqekeze noma yini kuzothatha iminyaka, futhi mhlawumbe namashumi eminyaka, yentuthuko.
UJeffrey Tucker naye ukholelwa ukuthi usongo lwe-Bitcoin namanye ama-cryptocurrencies avela kumakhompiyutha e-quantum luyihaba, futhi wathethelela umbono wakhe ku. "Usongo lweBitcoin kusuka kukhompyutha ye-quantum." Phakathi kwezinye izinto, u-Tucker ufinyelela iziphetho ngokusekelwe emsebenzini we-quantum physicist wase-Macquarie University eSydney, uDkt. Gavin Brennen. Isazi sefiziksi sase-Australia siqiniseka ngokunengqondo ukuthi:
"Uma kubhekwa izinga lamandla e-quantum computing atholakalayo njengamanje, izimo ezimbi azinakwenzeka."
Ngiyacaphuna ngokusho kwe-forklog.
U-Brennen ukholelwa ukuthi ingqalasizinda ye-quantum yamanje inejubane elincane lesango le-quantum uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okudingekayo ukuze uqhekeze ukhiye we-cryptographic.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda ukuthi lapho kuhlolwa usongo lwe-quantum kuma-blockchains, kuhlanganise ne-BTC, abacwaningi basebenzisa idatha mayelana nesimo sabo samanje. Labo. bahlola ubungozi bokhiye abakhona namuhla bonakaliswa yimishini ezovela eminyakeni eyi-10, engu-15, futhi mhlawumbe engu-50 kusukela manje.
Emuva ngo-2017, uMqondisi we-IBM we-Data Protection Nev Zunich uthe izinyathelo zokuvikela ezingozini ezihlobene ne-quantum computing zidinga ukuthuthukiswa namuhla. Lesi sitatimende sizwakele, futhi okwamanje sisathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo , osekuvele kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokuvikela ama-blockchains ekuhlaselweni kwe-quantum.
Izindlela eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuvikela i-blockchain ekusongelweni kwe-quantum okusacatshangelwayo kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esisodwa. , kanye nokusetshenziswa и Merkla.
Umsunguli wenkampani yezimayini yengqalasizinda i-BitCluster Sergei Arestov uyaqiniseka ukuthi izindlela ezikhona ze-post-quantum cryptography zizophikisana nanoma yimiphi imizamo yokukhwabanisa kwe-quantum eminyakeni engu-50 ezayo. I-crypto-entrepreneur inikeze izibonelo zamaphrojekthi kakade namuhla acabangela izingozi ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha we-quantum:
“Namuhla akhona kakade amaphrojekthi afana ne-Quantum-Resistant Ledger, esebenzisa i-algorithm yesiginesha yesikhathi esisodwa saseWinternitz kanye nesihlahla se-Merkle, kanye nama-blockchains amelana ne-quantum i-IOTA ne-ArQit. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi sekunamacebo okudala okuthile okukwazi ukugebenga okhiye be-Bitcoin noma i-Ether wallet, lezi zinhlamvu zemali zizovikeleka ku-quantum computing, obunye bobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo.”
Njengesiphetho
Ngemva kokuhlaziya lokhu okungenhla, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi amakhompyutha we-quantum esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo awabeki usongo olukhulu kuma-cryptocurrencies kanye nama-blockchains. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kokubili kumasistimu asanda kwakhiwa kanye nalawo akhona kakade. Ingozi yokugetshengwa kwamaleja asatshalalisiwe kanye nezimali ezihlukaniselwe amazwe kufanele kubhekwe njengento engenzeka ecatshangelwayo (okuvusa ukwakhiwa kwamasistimu avikeleke kakhulu) kunanganoma iyiphi indlela okungenzeka ngayo ngokoqobo.
Izinkinga ezileveli yamathuba yilezi ezilandelayo:
- “ubuhlaza” bekhompuyutha ye-quantum kanye nesidingo sokuyijwayelanisa nemisebenzi ehambisanayo;
- amandla ekhompuyutha anganele esikhathini esizayo esiseduze (“ubukhulu be-quantum” njengoba enjalo akuqinisekisi ukuthi ukhiye wamadijithi angu-64 ungaqhekeka);
- usebenzisa i-post-quantum cryptography ukuvikela i-blockchain.
Ngingabonga ngemibono kanye nengxoxo ejabulisayo emazwaneni nasekubambeni iqhaza ocwaningweni.
Kubalulekile!
Izimpahla ze-Crypto, okuhlanganisa ne-Bitcoin, ziguquguquka ngokwedlulele (amanani azo ashintsha njalo futhi ngokucijile); izinguquko kumanani azo zithonywa kakhulu ukuqagela kwemakethe yamasheya. Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-cryptocurrency kuyinto lokhu kuyingozi enkulu. Ngingancoma kakhulu ukutshala imali ku-cryptocurrency kanye nezimayini kuphela kulabo bantu abacebile kangangokuthi uma belahlekelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo ngeke bezwe imiphumela yomphakathi. Ungalokothi utshale imali yakho yokugcina, ukonga kwakho kokugcina okubalulekile, izimpahla zomndeni wakho ezinomkhawulo kunoma yini, okuhlanganisa nemali eyimfihlo.
, kanye nezithombe .
Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. , wamukelekile.
Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi i-quantum computing izoba usongo lwangempela kuma-cryptocurrencies kanye nama-blockchains eminyakeni eyi-10?
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yebo, umbhali kanye nochwepheshe babukela phansi isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe
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cha, kodwa eminyakeni engu-15 izoba yingozi enkulu
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cha, kufanele kuthathe isikhathi eside
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yebo, izinsiza zezobunhloli kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo kudala zine-quantum supercomputer ekwazi ukugebenga noma iyiphi i-blockchain
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okunzima ukubikezela, ayikho idatha ethembekile eyanele yesibikezelo
Bangu-98 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-17 bagobile.
Source: www.habr.com