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Lesi sihloko senzelwe labo abajwayelene nomqondo onjenge-ontology, okungenani ezingeni lokuqala. Uma ungayazi i-ontologies, cishe ngeke uqonde inhloso ye-ontologies kanye nalesi sihloko ikakhulukazi. Ngikweluleka ukuthi uzijwayeze nalesi simo ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda lesi sihloko (mhlawumbe ngisho nesihloko esivela ku-Wikipedia sizokwanela).
Ngakho I-Ontology iyincazelo eningiliziwe yendaba ethile ecutshungulwayo. Isici esinjalo kufanele sinikezwe ngolimi oluthile olucaciswe ngokucacile. Ukuchaza i-ontologies, ungasebenzisa indlela ye-IDEF5, enezilimi ezi-2 ku-arsenal yayo:
- Ulimi lohlelo IDEF5. Lolu limi luyabonwa futhi lusebenzisa izakhi zegraphic.
- Ulimi lombhalo IDEF5. Lolu limi lumelwe njengombhalo ohlelekile.
Lesi sihloko sizocubungula inketho yokuqala - ulimi oluhlelekile. Sizokhuluma ngombhalo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo.
Izinto
Olimini lohlelo, njengoba sekushiwo, kusetshenziswa izakhi zezithombe. Okokuqala, kufanele sicabangele izici eziyinhloko zalolu limi.
Ngokuvamile, i-ontology isebenzisa kokubili izinto ezijwayelekile kanye nezinto ezithile. Izinkampani ezijwayelekile zibizwa izinhlobo. Avezwa njengendingilizi enelebula (igama lento) ngaphakathi:
Ukubuka kuyiqoqo lezenzakalo ezingazodwana zokubuka okunikeziwe. Okusho ukuthi, umbono onjalo njengokuthi "Izimoto" ungamela isethi yonke yezimoto ngazinye.
Ngekhwalithi amakhophi lolu hlobo kungaba izimoto ezithile, noma izinhlobo ezithile zemishini, noma izinhlobo ezithile. Konke kuncike kumongo, indawo yesihloko kanye nezinga layo lemininingwane. Isibonelo, esitolo sokukhanda izimoto, izimoto ezithile njengezinto ezibonakalayo zizobaluleka. Ukugcina izibalo ezithile zokuthengiswa endaweni ethengisa izimoto, amamodeli athile, njll. kuzobaluleka.
Izimo ezihlukene zokubuka zibekwe ngendlela efanayo ekubukeni ngokwayo, kuphela kukhonjiswa ichashazi engxenyeni engezansi yombuthano:
Futhi, njengengxenye yengxoxo yezinto, kufanelekile ukusho izinto ezinjengalezi izinqubo.
Uma ukubukwa nezimo kuthiwa yizinto ezimile (ezingashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi), khona-ke izinqubo ziyizinto eziguquguqukayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinto zikhona esikhathini esithile esichazwe ngokuqinile.
Isibonelo, ungakhetha into enjalo njengenqubo yokukhiqiza imoto (njengoba sikhuluma ngayo). Kuyacaca ukuthi le nto ikhona kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwangempela kwale moto (inkathi echazwe ngokuqinile). Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi le ncazelo inemibandela, ngoba izinto ezifana nemoto nazo zinenkonzo yazo yokuphila, impilo yeshalofu, ubukhona, njll. Kodwa-ke, ngeke siye kufilosofi, futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezihloko eziningi, kungamukeleka ukuthi izimo, futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe izinhlobo, zikhona phakade.
Izinqubo ziboniswa njengonxande onelebula (igama) lenqubo:
Izinqubo zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuguqulwa kwento eyodwa iye kwenye. Okuningi ngalokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva.
Ngaphezu kwezinqubo, izikimu ezinjalo ziyasetshenziswa ama-opharetha anengqondo. Yonke into ilula ngokwanele kulabo abajwayelene nezilandiso, i-algebra ye-Boolean noma ukuhlela. I-IDEF5 isebenzisa opharetha abathathu abanengqondo:
- okunengqondo KANYE (FUTHI);
- okunengqondo NOMA (NOMA);
- okukhethekile NOMA (XOR).
Izinga le-IDEF5 (http://idef.ru/documents/Idef5.pdf - ulwazi oluningi olusuka kulo mthombo) lichaza ukumelwa kwama-opharetha anengqondo njengemibuthano emincane (uma kuqhathaniswa nokubukwa nezimo) enelebula ngesimo sezimpawu. . Kodwa-ke, ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo yesithombe ye-IDEF5, sisuke kulo mthetho ngezizathu eziningi. Okunye kwakho wukuhlonza okunzima kwalaba basebenzi. Ngakho-ke, sisebenzisa umbhalo we-opharetha onenombolo kamazisi:
Mhlawumbe lokhu ukuphela kwezinto.
Ubudlelwane
Kunobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto, okuthi ku-ontology kusho imithetho enquma ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto kanye nokutholakala kuzo iziphetho ezintsha.
Ngokujwayelekile, ubudlelwano buchazwa ngohlobo lwe-schema esetshenziswa ku-ontology. Lolu hlelo iqoqo lezinto ze-ontology kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwazo. Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo eziyinhloko zezikimu:
- izinhlelo zokuqamba.
- Izikimu zokuhlukanisa.
- Izikimu zenguquko.
- Imidwebo esebenzayo.
- Izikimu ezihlanganisiwe.
Futhi, ngezinye izikhathi kukhona uhlobo olunjalo lwezinhlelo njenge ekhona. I-schema ekhona iqoqo lezinto ezingenabo ubudlelwano. Imidwebo enjalo imane ibonise ukuthi isethi ethile yezinto ikhona endaweni ethile yesifundo.
Hhayi-ke, manje ngokulandelana mayelana nezinhlobo zezinhlelo.
Izikimu zokuqamba
Lolu hlobo lomdwebo lusetshenziselwa ukumela ukwakheka kwento, uhlelo, isakhiwo, njll. Isibonelo esijwayelekile izingxenye zemoto. Ekubunjweni okukhuliswe kakhulu, imoto iqukethe umzimba kanye nokudluliselwa. Ngokulandelayo, umzimba uhlukaniswe ube luhlaka, iminyango nezinye izingxenye. Lokhu ukubola kungaqhutshekwa phambili - konke kuncike ezingeni elidingekayo lemininingwane kule nkinga ethile. Isibonelo sohlelo olunjalo:
Ubudlelwano bokuqamba buboniswa njengomcibisholo onethiphu ekugcineni (ngokungafani, isibonelo, ubudlelwano bokuhlukanisa, lapho ithiphu isekuqaleni komcibisholo, okuningi kulokho kamuva). Ubudlelwano obunjalo bungasayinwa ngelebula njengasesithombeni (ingxenye).
Izikimu zokuhlukanisa
Izikimu zokuhlukanisa zihloselwe ukuveza incazelo yezinhlobo zezilwane, izinhlobonhlobo zazo, kanye nezimo zezinhlobo zezilwane. Isibonelo, izimoto zingaba izimoto namaloli. Okusho ukuthi, ukubuka "Imoto" kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezincane. I-VAZ-2110 iyisibonelo esithile se-subspecies "Imoto", futhi i-GAZ-3307 iyisibonelo se-subspecies "Iloli":
Ubudlelwano ezikimu zokuhlukanisa (izinhlobo ezincane noma isenzakalo esithile) bunohlobo lomcibisholo onethiphu ekuqaleni futhi, njengasendabeni yezikimu zokuqamba, bungaba nelebula elinegama lobudlelwano.
Izikimu zenguquko
Amasu alolu hlobo ayadingeka ukuze kuboniswe izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwezinto zisuka kwesinye isimo ziye kwesinye ngaphansi kwethonya lenqubo ethile. Isibonelo, ngemuva kwenqubo yokudweba ngopende obomvu, imoto emnyama iba bomvu:
Isilinganiso soguquko siboniswa ngomcibisholo onethiphu ekugcineni kanye nendilinga phakathi nendawo. Njengoba ubona emdwebeni, izinqubo zibhekisela ebuhlotsheni, hhayi ezintweni.
Ngaphezu kwenguquko evamile ekhonjiswe emfanekisweni, kunoguquko oluqinile. Isetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ukuguqulwa esimweni esinikeziwe kungabonakali, kodwa kubalulekile ngathi ukukugcizelela. Isibonelo, ukukhweza isibuko esingemuva emotweni akuwona umsebenzi obalulekile uma sicabangela inqubo yokuhlanganisa imoto emhlabeni jikelele. Nokho, kwezinye izimo kuyadingeka ukukhetha lo msebenzi:
Uguquko oluqinile luchazwa ngokufanayo noguquko oluvamile, ngaphandle kwethiphu ekabili ekugcineni.
Izinguquko ezivamile neziqinile nazo zingamakwa njengokuphazima kweso. Ukuze wenze lokhu, unxantathu wengezwa kumbuthano ophakathi. Ushintsho olusheshayo lusetshenziswa ezimeni lapho isikhathi soshintsho sisifishane kangangokuthi singasho lutho ngokuphelele endaweni yesihloko esicatshangelwayo (ngaphansi kobuncane besikhawu sesikhathi esibalulekile).
Isibonelo, ngisho nomonakalo omncane emotweni, ingabhekwa njengelimele futhi intengo yayo yehle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umonakalo omkhulu uvela ngokushesha, ngokungafani nokuguga nokuguga:
Isibonelo sibonisa inguquko eqinile, kodwa ungasebenzisa futhi uguquko oluvamile njengoshintsho olusheshayo.
Imidwebo esebenzayo
Izikimu ezinjalo zisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa isakhiwo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto. Isibonelo, umakhenikha wemoto ulungisa imoto, futhi umphathi wesevisi yemoto uthatha izicelo zokulungisa futhi azidlulisele kumakhenikha wemoto:
Ubudlelwano bokusebenza buvezwa njengomugqa oqondile ongenalo ithiphu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngelebula, okuyigama lobudlelwano.
Izikimu ezihlanganisiwe
Izikimu ezihlanganisiwe ziyinhlanganisela yezinhlelo ezicatshangelwe ngaphambilini. Ama-schema amaningi endleleni ye-IDEF5 ayahlanganiswa, njengoba ama-ontologies asebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-schema ayivamile.
Wonke ama-circuits avame ukusebenzisa ama-opharetha anengqondo. Ngokuzisebenzisa, ungasebenzisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezintathu, ezine noma ngaphezulu. Umsebenzisi onengqondo angase aveze ibhizinisi elithile elivamile lapho inqubo eyenziwa khona noma elibamba iqhaza kobunye ubudlelwano. Isibonelo, ungahlanganisa izibonelo zangaphambili zibe sinye kanje:
Esimweni esithile, uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lisebenzisa uhlelo lokubunjwa (isibuko + imoto ngaphandle kwesibuko = imoto enesibuko) kanye nohlelo lokushintsha (imoto enesibuko iba imoto ebomvu ngaphansi kwethonya lenqubo yokupenda ebomvu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto enesibuko ayivezwanga ngokucacile - esikhundleni salokho, kubonisiwe u-opharetha onengqondo KANYE.
isiphetho
Kulesi sihloko, ngizame ukuchaza izinto eziyinhloko nobudlelwano ku-IDEF5 methodology. Njengesibonelo, ngasebenzisa indawo yesihloko esihlobene nezimoto, njengoba kwaba lula kakhulu ukwakha imidwebo esibonelweni sabo. Kodwa-ke, ama-schema e-IDEF5 angasetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi enye indawo yobuchwepheshe.
I-Ontology kanye nokuhlaziywa kolwazi mayelana nendawo yesifundo kuyisihloko esibanzi futhi esidla isikhathi. Nokho, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-IDEF5, konke kuvela akunzima kangako, okungenani izisekelo zalesi sihloko zifundwa kalula. Inhloso ye-athikili yami iwukuheha izethameli ezintsha enkingeni yokuhlaziywa kolwazi, nakuba ngezindleko zalelo thuluzi lakudala le-IDEF5 njengolimi oluyingcaca.
Inkinga yolimi oluyingcaca ukuthi alukwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha ubudlelwano obuthile (ama-axiom) e-ontology ngokucacile ngokwanele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona ulimi lombhalo IDEF5. Kodwa-ke, esigabeni sokuqala, ulimi olunezithombe lungaba usizo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezidingo zokuqala ze-ontology kanye nokunquma ivekhtha yokuthuthukisa i-ontology enemininingwane eminingi ngolimi lombhalo lwe-IDEF5 noma kunoma yiliphi elinye ithuluzi.
Ngithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sizoba usizo kwabaqalayo kulo mkhakha, mhlawumbe ngisho nalabo abaye babhekana nendaba yokuhlaziywa kwe-ontological isikhathi eside. Zonke izinto ezisemqoka zalesi sihloko zihunyushwe futhi zaqondwa kusukela ezingeni le-IDEF5, engikhulume ngalo ekuqaleni (). Ngiphinde ngagqugquzelwa yincwadi enhle evela kubabhali bakwa KNOW INTUIT ().
Source: www.habr.com