"Sithandwa, ngithole umlayezo ovela ku-Google Amor izolo. Incoma ukuthi ngikuhlukanise futhi ngishade nenye indoda. Ngokokuhlaziywa kwamasongo ami nawe-Amorous, umlando wethu wokuphequlula, kanye nemiyalezo yethu esheshayo, ukusebenzisana kwethu kwehle kwangaphansi kuka-31%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imizwa emihle esiyitholayo ngamunye emshadweni wethu ingaphansi kwenani elilinganiselwe."
"Kanti ubani ozoba umyeni wakho omusha?" Ezwini lendoda yayizwakala isikhwele, okungalindelekile nakuyo.
Athule lo wesifazane amnike ucingo lwakhe.
- Ngakho... Imali engenayo yonyaka ingu-$230, uhlala e-Oklahoma. Uke wahlangana naye?
- Cha, sithandwa. Ngibone kungcono ngimfonele sengiqedile ukukhuluma nawe. Uthini?
- Kuphuma kuwe.
"Hhayi-ke, uyakwazi lokho. I-Google ayinalo neze iphutha. Kanye nesaphulelo sentela sonyaka esingu-15% sakho nami. Amaphuzu ayishumi esimweni sethu senhlalo. Kuyimali enhle, imali enhle. Sesishade iminyaka engu-12 manje, futhi akekho omunye ozosinika inani elingcono."
- Yiqiniso, othandekayo. Leyo inketho enhle...
Kunjalo, lokhu akulona iqiniso okwamanje. Kuyinganekwane yesayensi. Kodwa cishe kuyiphupho. Ithonya le-inthanethi elikhula njalo esintwini selivele libonakale ngisho nakwabayizimpumputhe nezithulu.
Ukuxhaphaza umbono womphakathi ukwandisa ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla ezithile ngisho nokukhetha umongameli othile (!) Sekuvele kube IQINISO! Ukuphathwa kwemibhalo ye-elekthronikhi, ukuthenga ku-inthanethi, nokuqomisana nge-inthanethi akuseyona into engokoqobo, kodwa indawo evamile, engajwayelekile kunomthandazo wangoLwesihlanu wamaMuslim kanye nesonto lamaKrestu. Esinye isinyathelo nje noma ezimbili, iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi, futhi ngaphandle kokuqaphela, sizonqotshwa ngokuphelele ku-inthanethi, sicwiliswe kuyo kuze kube sekupheleni.
Ingabe lolu uhlobo lwekusasa olufunayo? Ngiyavuma, kuzoba ngokunethezeka kakhulu ekuqaleni. Kodwa kuwukunethezeka kwexoxo emgodini wamanzi phezu komlilo. Kuhle ekuqaleni, kodwa awukwazi ngisho nokuphatha ukuphuma ngaphandle kokubiliswa.
Uma ukuthambekela kokungena okuphelele kwe-inthanethi kuqhubeka, kuzofaneleka ngokuphelele ukuthi, "Noma ubani umnikazi we-inthanethi, ungumnikazi womhlaba." Kodwa ubani ngempela umnikazi we-inthanethi? Noma ukholelwa ukuthi umhlaba obonakalayo awunamnikazi, okusho ukuthi owawo wonke umuntu? Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi awunangqondo kangako.
I-inthanethi ngeyawo wonke umuntu, njengoba nje ne-Antarctica ingeyawo wonke umuntu. Nakuba umuntu wasePapua waseGuinea Bissau engakwazi ukuya lapho ngokukhululeka ngokuphelele, empeleni, izwekazi lesithupha lingelamazwe ambalwa angakwazi ukusebenzisa izizumbulu zemali ekunakekeleni iziteshi zawo lapho.
Ngakho-ke ngubani umnikazi we-inthanethi, kubiza malini ukuba umnikazi wayo, futhi kungenzeka yini ukuhlehlisa inkambiso yokuthi abantu baqotshwe yi-inthanethi? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, ake siqale siqonde ukuthi i-inthanethi iyini ngempela.
"Lawa izigidigidi zamakhompyutha axhunywe ngoxhumo olunezintambo noma olungenantambo anamarutha, amamodemu, nesofthiwe ekhethekile," ungase usho. Labo abaneso elibukhali bangase bakhumbule amakheli e-HTTP, IPv4, kanye ne-IP. Lokho kuyiqiniso, kodwa akunjalo. UDeveli, njengoba besho, usemininingwaneni.
I-inthanethi akuyona inethiwekhi, kodwa inethiwekhi yamanethiwekhi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezinkulungwane, amakhulu ezinkulungwane, zamanethiwekhi endawo, ngalinye lixhuma iqembu elithile lamakhompyutha ashintshisana ngolwazi ngerutha eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Inethiwekhi yendawo ngayinye inomnikazi—Umhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP). Lawa ma-routers abe esexhunywa enye nenye ngezintambo zocingo, izintambo ze-inthanethi ezikhethekile, noma ukuxhumana okungenantambo. Umphumela uba i-inthanethi.
Umhlinzeki wesevisi ye-inthanethi (ISP) iyinhlangano esemthethweni esemthethweni, inkampani, ngakho-ke ingaphansi kweziphathimandla zezwe esebenza kulo. Ngenxa yalokho, iziphathimandla zinganqamula kalula uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi noma zivimbe ukufinyelela olwazini oluthile lwe-inthanethi. Lokhu kungasukela kumawebhusayithi athile kuye kokuvalwa komhlaba jikelele. Isibonelo, phakathi nezinxushunxushu ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi e-Iraq, Iran, Libya, nakwezinye izindawo, iziphathimandla zayala ukuthi kuvalwe ngokuphelele i-inthanethi noma zivimbe ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Ukufakwa endaweni eyodwa kwe-inthanethi yesimanje kwenza kube lula ukuvala ukugeleza kolwazi, hhayi nje ngesenzo sikahulumeni. Ukusikeka kwekhebula elingokoqobo, ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS, noma ezinye izinkinga nazo zingenzeka. Sonke siyakhumbula ukuthi i-Facebook, ezinye izinkundla zokuxhumana, nezinye izinsiza ze-inthanethi ziba yiqhwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ububi besibili ukuthi i-ISP yakho ingaqoqa ulwazi mayelana nomsebenzi wakho we-inthanethi. Phela, ilawula i-router, eyazi kahle ukuthi iyiphi i-IP oyisebenzisile ukuyifinyelela nokuthi iphakethe lakho ledatha livela kuliphi i-IP. Futhi ayikho indlela. i-VPN Noma i-Tor ngeke ikusize. Bangakufihla ubuwena bakho kubantu abangaphandle, kodwa hhayi ku-ISP yakho. Bazokwazi kahle ukuthi ulwazi luvelaphi nokuthi lwaluyini ngempela.
Kukhona okunye, okungabalulekile kangako, ukushiyeka. Ikakhulukazi, i-inthanethi yesimanje iwukubonakaliswa komphakathi wesimanje, nezikhungo zayo zamandla, ukubusa okunamandla, kanye neningi labantu abangenamalungelo, okukhohlisayo kokubaluleka kugcinwa ngabezindaba. Kungokufanayo nange-inthanethi. Kukhona abahlinzeki abathobela iziphathimandla. Kunezinkampani ezinkulu ze-inthanethi ezinobuhlakani obukhulu kanye nezinsiza zezezimali, ngenxa yalokho eziye zalawula konke okuqukethwe futhi zaphatha ngempumelelo imibono yomphakathi, ziphoqelela izintshisekelo zazo kithi. Bese kuba nabasebenzisi abajwayelekile, abangenawo amalungelo.
Ngakho-ke, i-inthanethi ishintsha ngokuya ishintsha isuka ethuluzini lokuxhumana kanye nokugcinwa kolwazi ngendlela elula ibe ithuluzi lezohwebo lokukhiqiza inzuzo kanye nethuluzi lokuphatha umphakathi.
I-Evolution noma inguquko?
Ukushiyeka kwe-intanethi yesimanje kusobala kangangokuthi, ngokwemvelo, abantu abaningi banesifiso esinamandla ngandlela-thile ukushintsha lesi simo. Isibonelo, akekho omunye ngaphandle kukababa we-intanethi ngokwakhe, u-Tim Berners-Lee, owazi kahle ukushiyeka kwengqondo yakhe, uthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-Solid neqembu labantu abanomqondo ofanayo-ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ngenhloso yokuphula ukubusa kwezinkampani ezinkulu ze-intanethi njenge-Google ne-Facebook. Ngokwahlukaniswa, i-Berners-Lee isho ukunikeza abasebenzisi ukulawula okuphelele kuyo yonke idatha yabo kuwo wonke amasevisi. Uma le phrojekthi isetshenziswa ngempumelelo, izikhondlakhondla ze-inthanethi ngeke zisakwazi ukuqoqa isamba esikhulu solwazi, zilihlaziye kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms akhethekile, bese zithonya umphakathi uwonke futhi ngamunye wethu ngamunye.
Lokhu, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, indlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Futhi, ngokubona kwethu, inesici esibi kakhulu. Sisazophoqeleka ukuthi siphendukele kwalezo ziqhwaga ze-inthanethi ukuze sithole ulwazi. Futhi uma kunjalo, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi singabelani ngolunye ulwazi lwethu lomuntu siqu nabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Solid ayibheki indaba yokuvimbela ukufinyelela kolwazi ngama-oda kahulumeni, ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS, njll.
Ngakho mhlawumbe izinto ngeke zihambe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa izinguquko? Ngayiphi indlela?
Dala isistimu yokusebenza ezinikele (OS) lapho bonke abasebenzisi banamalungelo alinganayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngamunye wethu uzonquma ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi olumayelana nathi esabelana ngalo ku-inthanethi nokuthi ubani, futhi ngamunye wethu angathola noma adlulisele lokhu noma lolo lwazi. Ngamanye amazwi, singaba kokubili umthengi kanye nomhlinzeki. Ngamanye amazwi, okuqukethwe akugcinwa endaweni eyodwa, kodwa kusakazwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi. Ukusesha ulwazi olufanele kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ithebula le-hash, ngokuyisisekelo uhla lwemibhalo olurekhoda ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi olugcinwe kumakhompyutha. Ubuchwepheshe beBlockchain buzosetshenziswa ukugcina nokusabalalisa ulwazi olubucayi ikakhulukazi.
Ukuze uhlonze umsebenzisi ngamunye futhi uvimbele ukukhwabanisa, kuhlongozwa ukuthi kudalwe iphrofayela yedijithali. Kodwa lokhu akusona nje isiginesha yedijithali. Kuyisisekelo lapho umsebenzisi azokwakhela khona ulwazi lwakhe lwe-inthanethi. Ngokusekelwe kule phrofayela yedijithali, i-OS izokhetha okuqukethwe okudingayo—ukuzijabulisa, ulwazi, nezohwebo. Ngamanye amazwi, esikhundleni sokuthi i-Google inhlolile futhi ihlaziye ulwazi lwakho, iphushele amamuvi, izindaba, nemikhiqizo kuwe, uzoba nguwe ocacisa ukuthi yini ofuna ukuyibona kukhompuyutha yakho. Lokhu kuzoqeda iqiniso lesimanje elithi "bangishada ngaphandle kwami."
Amanethiwekhi ontanga kuya kontanga, noma amanethiwekhi e-P2P, angasebenza njengesibonelo se-inthanethi yesikhathi esizayo. Ikakhulukazi, i-BitTorrent edumile. Lokhu kushintsha kakhulu indlela esesha nesibuyisa ngayo ulwazi. Njengamanje, yonke into isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi ifayela elithile (okuqukethwe) litholakala kuseva ethile. Ku-inthanethi yesikhathi esizayo ehlongozwayo, i-hashi yefayela elithile elitholakala ndawana thize ku-inthanethi. Ihashi yisihlonzi sefayela esiyingqayizivele esibalwa kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ethile.
Kulesi simo, uma ifayela ligcinwe kumakhompyutha amaningi, ukulahlekelwa uxhumano kwelinye lawo ngeke kukuvimbele ekufinyeleleni ulwazi. Ngeke usebenzise i-Google noma enye injini yokusesha ukuze uyithole, okusho ukuthi ngeke wabelane nganoma yiluphi ulwazi lomuntu siqu nayo.
Ukuvikeleka kolwazi oludlulisiwe kuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Nge-OS entsha, i-imeyili efanayo ingadluliselwa ngqo kukhompuyutha yomamukeli, idlule amaseva e-imeyili athanda ukuhlola okuqukethwe. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidumile zokuthumela imiyalezo njenge-Viber neTelegram okwamanje zisebenza zisebenzisa le ndlela.
Umgomo ohlongozwayo wokuklama i-inthanethi uyixazulula kalula inkinga yokuncipha. Okwamanje, ukuphinda kabili inani labasebenzisi kubangela ukwanda okuhambisanayo komthwalo kumaseva ahlukahlukene agcina okuqukethwe. Lokhu kuholela ekunqamukeni nasekudlulisweni kwedatha okunensa. Ngomklamo omusha we-inthanethi, umthwalo kukhompuyutha ngayinye uzokwenyuka kancane, futhi ungase wehle, ngoba wonke amakhompyutha azosebenza njengamaseva.
Umgomo omusha wokugcina idatha
Sishilo ngenhla ukuthi i-inthanethi ayithembekile ngoba okuqukethwe kugcinwa enanini elilinganiselwe lamakhompyutha (uma kuqhathaniswa nenethiwekhi iyonke). Lawa makhompuyutha angaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS, aba yizigebengu ze-inthanethi, futhi avele aphume angaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ngenxa yezinkinga zobuchwepheshe.
Uhlelo olusha lokusebenza, olusebenzisa i-inthanethi ehlukanisiwe, luzothuthukisa kakhulu ukwethembeka kokubuyiswa kwedatha. Kuhlongozwa umqondo olandelayo wokugcina idatha:
- amakhompyutha abasebenzisi;
- izindawo zokugcina idatha ezizimele.
Ukudluliswa kwedatha kuzokwenziwa kusetshenziswa izivumelwano ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-blockchain. Lo mqondo:
- izokuvumela ukuthi uvikele ngokuthembekile futhi udlulise ulwazi;
- izoqinisekisa isivinini esikhulu sokudlulisa idatha;
- izonika amandla ukwethulwa okusheshayo kwanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi edinga inani elikhulu lekhompuyutha (ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe);
- izosungula inhlangano elula yesizindalwazi sakho.
Ungawina kanjani?
Kuwubuwula ukucabanga ukuthi izikhondlakhondla ze-inthanethi zizovele zinikeze inzuzo yazo yezigidigidi zamadola. Ngakho yini okufanele siyenze?
Okokuqala, isistimu yokusebenza idinga ukudalwa. Singalandela indlela ka-Tim Berners-Lee, owakha isiqalo sephrojekthi yakhe eqinile, enabasebenzi abahlela izinhlelo zokuzithandela. Ngokombono wethu, i-OS yesikhathi esizayo kufanele ekuqaleni iqondiswe kumadivayisi eselula, okusho ukuthi uxhumano lwe-inthanethi kufanele lwenziwe ngamanethiwekhi angenantambo, kuncishiswe inani labahlinzeki. Bese, iphrothokholi ye-inthanethi eyinhloko izoba i-BGP (iphrothokholi yesango lomngcele), iphrothokholi yomzila eguqukayo.
I-OS entsha kufanele ifakwe phezu kwezikhona (i-Android noma i-iOS), okungukuthi, izoba isengezo ku-inthanethi (inethiwekhi yokumbondelana).
Yiqiniso, le OS, kanye nokuqukethwe abahlanganyeli benethiwekhi abazokushintshana, kufanele kube mahhala.
Yebo, ama-monopolies e-inthanethi anamandla, kokubili ngokwezimali nangokwengqondo. Kodwa abakwazi ukumelana nemizamo ehlangene yezigidigidi zabantu. Ngisho nezinkampani ezinamandla azikwazi ukuhlula umqondo wokuthuthuka komphakathi wabantu, okuhlanganisa i-inthanethi njengengxenye yawo, ebeka inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ubumfihlo, nokuphepha. Lo mqondo ofanayo ubeka ukuthi kudalwe isistimu yokusebenza entsha, ephakathi kwezinkanyezi. Izinkanyezi endaweni yonke azizimele zodwa. Zikhipha ukukhanya futhi zimunce izinto. Futhi nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, zihlanganiswe insimu eyodwa yamandla adonsela phansi. Masibe nesistimu yokusebenza ye-interstellar!
"Sthandwa, ngisanda kuthola le imeyili ehlekisayo evela kwa-Google. Baphakamisa ukuthi sihlukanise. Bathi benze ucwaningo lwabo futhi banquma ukuthi asifanelani. Baze bangiphakamisela umyeni omusha."
– Abasakwazi ukuzola. Phonsa leli phepha kufolda yogaxekile.
"Ngincamela ukuvimba i-Google. Ngikhathele yizikhangiso zayo kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokunikezwayo okungenelele."
- Lokho kungenzeka futhi. Sengivele ngakhohlwa ngigcina ukuyivula.
Source: www.habr.com
