Uma uhamba ngendiza ohambweni lwebhizinisi noma useholidini, ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi kuphephe kangakanani emhlabeni wesimanje wezinsongo zedijithali? Ezinye izindiza zesimanje zibizwa ngokuthi ama-computer anamaphiko, izinga lokungena kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha liphezulu kakhulu. Bazivikela kanjani kuma-hacks? Yini abashayeli bezindiza abangayenza kulesi simo? Yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo ezingaba sengozini? Umshayeli wendiza osebenzayo, ukaputeni we-Boeing 737 enamahora okundiza angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10, ukhulume ngalokhu esiteshini sakhe se-MenTour Pilot.
Ngakho-ke, ukungena kumasistimu ezindiza. Eminyakeni yamuva, le nkinga iye yaphuthuma kakhulu. Njengoba izindiza ziba nekhompuyutha kakhudlwana kanye nevolumu yedatha eshintshaniswa phakathi kwazo namasevisi aphansi akhuphuka, amathuba okuba abahlaseli abazama ukuhlasela okuhlukahlukene ayanda. Abakhiqizi bezindiza baye bazi ngalokhu iminyaka eminingi, kodwa ngaphambili lolu lwazi aluzange ludluliselwe kithi, abashayeli bezindiza. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi lezi zinkinga bezisaxazululwa ezingeni lezinkampani.
Uzwani lapho?..
Emuva ngo-2015, uMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya wase-US ushicilele umbiko wokuthi bakwazile ukugebenga amasistimu eBoeing 757 yabo ngenkathi iphansi. Ukugebenga kwakuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi atholakala kabanzi angase aphathwe ngezilawuli zokuphepha zesikhathi esidlule. Ukungena kuzuzwe ngohlelo lokuxhumana ngomsakazo. Ngokwemvelo, abazange babike ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo abakwazi ukuzigebenga. Eqinisweni, abazange babike lutho, ngaphandle kokuthi bakwazi ukungena endizeni.
Futhi ngo-2017, kwakukhona umlayezo ovela ku-hacker ozimele uRuben Santamarta. Ubike ukuthi ngokwakha umshini wokuthungatha izinto ezincane nokubeka uthi egcekeni lakhe, wakwazi ukungena ezinhlelweni zokuzijabulisa zezindiza ezindiza ngaphezu kwakhe.
Konke lokhu kusiletha eqinisweni lokuthi kusenengozi ethile. Ngakho-ke yini abagqekezi abangafinyelela kuyo futhi yini abangakwazi ukuyenza? Ukuze siqonde lokhu, ake siqale siqonde ukuthi amakhompyutha endiza asebenza kanjani. Into yokuqala okufanele siyiqaphele ukuthi izindiza zesimanje kakhulu nazo ziyi-computer. Amakhompuyutha angaphakathi ebhodini enza cishe yonke imisebenzi, kusukela ezindaweni zokulawula ukubeka (amaphini amaphini, ama-slats, ama-flap...) kuya ekuthumeleni ulwazi lwendiza.
Kodwa kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi abakhiqizi bezindiza bazi kahle lesi sici sokuklama sezindiza zesimanje, ngakho-ke bakhe ukuphepha kwe-cybersecurity ekwakhiweni kwabo. Ngakho-ke, amasistimu ofinyelela kuwo ngemuva kwesihlalo esingaphambili namasistimu alawula indiza ahlukene ngokuphelele. Zihlukaniswe ngokomzimba emkhathini, zihlukaniswe nengqalasizinda, zisebenzisa amasistimu ahlukene, izilimi ezihlukene zokuhlela - ngokuvamile, ngokuphelele ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kungashiyi noma yimaphi amathuba okuthola ukufinyelela kumasistimu okulawula ngohlelo lokuzijabulisa olusebhodini. Ngakho-ke lokhu kungase kungabi inkinga ezindizeni zesimanje. I-Boeing, i-Airbus, i-Embraer zilwazi kahle lolu songo futhi ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ukuze zihlale ngaphambi kwabaduni.
Inothi lomhumushi: kube nemibiko yokuthi abathuthukisi be-Boeing 787 basafuna ukuhlanganisa lezi zinhlelo futhi bakhe ukuhlukaniswa okubonakalayo kwamanethiwekhi. Lokhu kuzokonga isisindo (amaseva akubhodi) futhi kunciphise inani lezintambo. Nokho, iziphathimandla zenqaba ukwamukela lo mbono futhi zaphoqelela βisikoβ sokuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba ukuba ligcinwe.
Isithombe sisonke sibukeka sisibi kakhulu uma sithatha lonke uhla lwezindiza. Impilo yesevisi yendiza ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-20-30. Futhi uma sibheka emuva kubuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha eminyakeni engu-20-30 edlule, izohluka ngokuphelele. Kucishe kufane nokubona ama-dinosaur ehambahamba. Ngakho-ke ezindizeni ezifana ne-737 engiyindizayo, noma i-Airbus 320, vele kuzoba nezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha ezingaklanyelwe kahle ukumelana nabaduni kanye nokuhlasela kwe-cyber. Kodwa kukhona uhlangothi olukhanyayo - ayengekho njengekhompuyutha futhi ahlanganiswe njengemishini yesimanje. Ngakho-ke amasistimu esiwafakile ku-737 (angikwazi ukukhuluma nge-Airbus, ngoba angiwajwayele) aklanyelwe kakhulu ukudlulisa idatha yokuzulazula kithi. Asinayo . Kuma-737s wethu i-helm isaxhunywe ezindaweni zokulawula. Ngakho-ke yebo, kungenzeka ukuthi abahlaseli babe nomthelela ekubuyekezweni kwedatha kumasistimu ethu okuzulazula, isibonelo, kodwa singakuqaphela lokhu ngokushesha okukhulu.
Asilawula indiza hhayi ngokususela ku-GPS esebhodini kuphela, futhi sisebenzisa amasistimu wokuzulazula avamile, sihlala siqhathanisa idatha evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwe-GPS, lezi futhi amabhakhoni omsakazo asekelwe phansi kanye namabanga ukuya kuwo. Sinesistimu ebhodini ebizwa nge-IRS. Empeleni, lawa ama-laser gyroscope athola idatha ngesikhathi sangempela futhi ayiqhathanise ne-GPS. Ngakho-ke uma kungazelelwe kukhona okungahambi kahle kwenye yezinhlelo ezitholakalayo ukuze zihlaselwe, sizokuqaphela ngokushesha futhi sishintshele kwenye.
Amasistimu angaphakathi
Yiziphi ezinye izinhloso zokuhlasela ezingase zifike engqondweni yakho? Esokuqala nesisobala kakhulu uhlelo lokuzijabulisa endizeni. Kwezinye izindiza, kungenxa yokuthi uthenga ukufinyelela ku-Wi-Fi, uku-oda ukudla, njll. Futhi, i-Wi-Fi ngokwayo ebhodini ingaba yimpokophelo yabahlaseli; kulokhu, ingafaniswa nanoma iyiphi i-hotspot yomphakathi. Cishe uyazi ukuthi uma usebenzisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi ngaphandle kwe-VPN, kungenzeka ukuthola idatha yakho - idatha yomuntu siqu, izithombe, amaphasiwedi agciniwe e-Wi-Fi, kanye nanoma yimaphi amanye amaphasiwedi, idatha yekhadi lasebhange, njalonjalo. Ngeke kube nzima ku-hacker enolwazi ukufinyelela lolu lwazi.
Uhlelo lokuzijabulisa olwakhelwe ngaphakathi ngokwalo luhlukile kulokhu, ngoba... iyisethi ezimele yezingxenye zehadiwe. Futhi lawa makhompyutha, ngifuna ukukukhumbuza futhi, awaxhumekile nganoma iyiphi indlela noma asebenzisana namasistimu okulawula indiza. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukugebenga uhlelo lokuzijabulisa akukwazi ukudala izinkinga ezinkulu. Isibonelo, umhlaseli angakwazi ukuthumela izaziso kubo bonke abagibeli abasendlini, ukwazisa, isibonelo, ukuthi ukulawula kwendiza kuthathiwe. Lokhu kuzodala ukwethuka. Noma izaziso mayelana nezinkinga zendiza, nanoma yiluphi olunye ulwazi olunganembile. Ngokuqinisekile kuyothusa futhi kushaqise, kodwa ngeke kube yingozi nganoma iyiphi indlela. Njengoba ithuba elinjalo lingase libe khona, abakhiqizi bathatha zonke izinyathelo ezingenzeka ngokufaka ama-firewall kanye nezinqubo ezidingekayo zokuvimbela izinkinga ezinjalo.
Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe abasengozini kakhulu uhlelo lokuzijabulisa endizeni kanye ne-Wi-Fi. Nokho, i-Wi-Fi ivamise ukuhlinzekwa ngu-opharetha wangaphandle, hhayi inkampani yezindiza ngokwayo. Futhi nguye onakekela i-cybersecurity yesevisi ayihlinzekayo.
Okulandelayo okufika emqondweni wami amaphilisi endiza yabashayeli bezindiza. Lapho ngiqala ukundiza, zonke izincwadi zethu zaziyiphepha. Isibonelo, imanuwali yokusebenza enayo yonke imithetho, izinqubo ezidingekayo, imanuwali yokuzulazula enemizila esemoyeni uma kwenzeka siyikhohlwa, amashadi okuzulazula kanye nokusondela endaweni yesikhumulo sezindiza, amamephu esikhumulo sezindiza - yonke into yayisefomini lephepha. Futhi uma kukhona okushintshile, bekufanele uthole ikhasi elilungile, ulidabule, ufake elibuyekeziwe esikhundleni salo, ubhale ukuthi lishintshiwe. Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi omningi. Ngakho lapho siqala ukuthola amaphedi endiza, kwakumangalisa nje. Ngokuchofoza okukodwa, konke lokhu kungalandwa ngokushesha, nazo zonke izibuyekezo zakamuva, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakungenzeka ukuthola izibikezelo zesimo sezulu, izinhlelo ezintsha zendiza - konke kungathunyelwa kuthebhulethi.
Kodwa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma uxhuma endaweni ethile, kunethuba lokungenwa kwezinkampani zangaphandle. Izinkampani zezindiza ziyasazi lesi simo, kanjalo neziphathimandla zezindiza. Yingakho singavunyelwe ukwenza yonke into nge-elekthronikhi. Kufanele sibe nezinhlelo zendiza ezingamaphepha (nokho, le mfuneko iyahlukahluka kuye ngenkampani yezindiza) futhi kufanele sibe nekhophi eyisipele yazo. Ukwengeza, akukho ngaphansi kwezimo esivunyelwe ukufaka noma yini enye ngaphandle kwezicelo ezigunyaziwe nezigunyaziwe zenkampani yezindiza kuthebhulethi yakho. Ezinye izindiza zisebenzisa ama-iPads, ezinye zisebenzisa amadivaysi azinikele (zombili zinobuhle nobubi bazo). Kunoma yikuphi, konke lokhu kulawulwa ngokuqinile, futhi abashayeli bezindiza abakwazi ukuphazamisa nganoma iyiphi indlela ukusebenza kwamaphilisi. Esokuqala lesi. Okwesibili, asivunyelwe ukuwaxhuma kunoma yini sisemoyeni. Thina (okungenani endizeni yami) asikwazi ukuxhuma ku-Wi-Fi yokugibela ngemva kokusuka. Asikwazi nokusebenzisa i-GPS eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ye-iPad. Ngokushesha lapho sivala iminyango, sishintsha amaphilisi kumodi yendiza, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke akufanele kube nezinketho zokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwazo.
Uma othile ngandlela thize ephazamisa noma ephazamisa yonke inethiwekhi yezindiza, sizokuqaphela lokho ngemva kokuxhuma phansi. Futhi-ke singaya ekamelweni labasebenzi esikhumulweni sezindiza, siphrinte imidwebo yamaphepha futhi sithembele kuyo ngesikhathi sendiza. Uma kwenzeka okuthile kwelinye lamaphilisi, sineyesibili. Esimeni esibi kakhulu, uma womabili amaphilisi engasebenzi, sinayo yonke imininingwane edingekayo yendiza kukhompyutha esebhodini. Njengoba ubona, le nkinga isebenzisa i-reinsurance kathathu lapho ixazulula inkinga efanayo.
Izinketho ezilandelayo ezingenzeka yizinhlelo zokuqapha nokulawula ezisebhodini. Isibonelo, isistimu yokuzulazula kanye nesistimu yokulawula indiza okukhulunywe ngayo ekuqaleni. Futhi, angikwazi ukusho lutho ngabanye abakhiqizi, kuphela mayelana ne-737, engiyindiza mina ngokwami. Futhi esimweni sakhe, kusukela kukhompyutha - isizindalwazi sokuzulazula esiqukethe, njengoba igama libonisa, ulwazi lokuzulazula, imininingwane yolwazi lomhlaba. Bangase benze izinguquko ezithile. Isibonelo, uma ubuyekeza isofthiwe yekhompuyutha esebhodini ngonjiniyela, ifayela elishintshiwe noma elilimele lingase lilayishwe. Kodwa lokhu kuzovela ngokushesha, ngoba ... indiza ihlale izihlola. Isibonelo, uma injini ihluleka, siyayibona. Kulokhu, thina, vele, asisuki futhi sicele onjiniyela ukuthi bahlole.
Uma kukhona ukwehluleka, sizothola isignali yesixwayiso sokuthi enye idatha noma amasignali awahambelani. Indiza ihlale ihlola imithombo ehlukene. Ngakho-ke uma ngemva kokusuka kuvela ukuthi i-database ayilungile noma yonakele, sizokwazi ngokushesha ngakho futhi sishintshele kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izindlela zokuzulazula zendabuko.
Amasistimu namasevisi aphansi
Okulandelayo ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi yezindiza nezikhumulo zezindiza. Amasevisi okulawula asekelwe phansi, futhi ukuwagenca kuzoba lula kunokugebenga indiza ehamba emoyeni. Uma abahlaseli, ngokwesibonelo, beqeda amandla noma becisha i-radar yombhoshongo wokuzulazula, kungenzeka ukushintshela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuzulazula kwenqubo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwendiza yenqubo. Lena inketho ehamba kancane yokuhambisa izindiza ezikhumulweni zezindiza, ngakho-ke ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi ezimatasa njengeLondon noma i-Los Angeles kuzodala inkinga enkulu. Kodwa izisebenzi ezisemhlabeni basazokwazi ukuhlanganisa izindiza zibe "isitaki sokubamba" ngezikhathi eziyi-1000-foot. (cishe amamitha angu-300), futhi njengoba uhlangothi olulodwa ludlula iphuzu elithile, qondisa olulandelayo ukuba lusondele. Futhi ngale ndlela isikhumulo sezindiza sizogcwaliswa ngezindlela zenqubo, hhayi ngosizo lwe-radar.
Uma isistimu yomsakazo ishaywa, kukhona uhlelo lokusekelayo. Kanye nemvamisa ekhethekile yamazwe ngamazwe, engafinyelelwa nayo. Noma indiza ingase idluliselwe kolunye uphiko lokulawula ukuhamba kwezindiza, oluzolawula indlela osondela ngayo. Kukhona ukungafuneki ohlelweni kanye nezinye izindawo nezinhlelo ezingasetshenziswa uma umuntu ehlaselwa.
Okufanayo kusebenza nasezikhumulweni zezindiza. Uma isikhumulo sezindiza sihlaselwa futhi abahlaseli bacisha, ake sithi, uhlelo lokuzulazula noma amalambu endlela yezindiza nanoma yini enye esikhumulweni sezindiza, sizokuqaphela ngokushesha. Isibonelo, uma singakwazi ukuxhumana nabo noma silungiselele amathuluzi okuzulazula asizayo, sizobona ukuthi kunenkinga, futhi isibonisi sethu esikhulu sendiza sizobonisa amafulegi akhethekile okuthi isistimu yokuhlalisa insimbi ayisebenzi, noma isistimu yokuzulazula ayisebenzi, uma kunjalo sizovele siyiyeke indlela. Ngakho lesi simo asifaki ingozi. Impela nathi sizocasuka njengawe uma sigcina sisendaweni ehlukile kunalapho besindizela khona. Kukhona ukungadingeki okwanele okwakhelwe ohlelweni; indiza inezokugcina zikaphethiloli ezanele. Futhi uma leli qembu labaduni lingahlaselanga lonke izwe noma isifunda, okunzima kakhulu ukukwenza, ngeke kube khona ingozi endizeni.
Okunye?
Lokhu cishe yikho konke okufika engqondweni yami mayelana nokuhlaselwa okungenzeka. Kube nombiko ovela kuchwepheshe we-Cyber ββye-FBI owathi ukwazile ukungena kumakhompyutha okulawula izindiza esebenzisa uhlelo lokuzijabulisa. Uthe ukwazile "ukushayela" indiza kancane (amazwi akhe, hhayi awami), kodwa lokhu akuzange kuqinisekiswe futhi akukho cala elibekwe owesilisa. Uma ngempela ekwenzile lokhu (angiqondi ngempela ukuthi kungani umuntu engenza lokhu esendizeni eyodwa), uzobekwa amacala okubeka impilo yabantu engozini. Lokhu kungenza ngikholelwe ukuthi lawa angamahemuhemu namanga. Futhi, njengoba ngishilo kakade, ngokusho kwabakhiqizi, ayikho indlela engokwenyama yokuxhuma ohlelweni lokuzijabulisa olusebhodini ohlelweni lokulawula.
Futhi njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, uma thina, abashayeli bezindiza, siqaphela ukuthi enye yezinhlelo, isibonelo, ukuhamba, inikeza idatha engalungile, sizoshintshela ekusebenziseni eminye imithombo yedatha - izimpawu zendawo, i-laser gyroscopes, njll. Uma izindawo zokulawula zingaphenduli, kunezinketho ku-737 efanayo. I-autopilot ingakhutshazwa kalula, lapho ikhompyutha akufanele ithonye ukuziphatha kwendiza nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi ngisho noma ama-hydraulics ehluleka, indiza isengakwazi ukulawulwa njenge-Tsesna enkulu ngosizo lwezintambo ezixhunywe ngokomzimba esiteringini. Ngakho sihlala sinezinketho zokulawula indiza uma indiza ngokwayo ingalinyazwanga ngokwesakhiwo.
Sengiphetha, ukugebenga indiza nge-GPS, iziteshi zomsakazo, njll. ngokwethiyori kungenzeka, kodwa kuzodinga inani elimangalisayo lomsebenzi, ukuhlela okuningi, ukudidiyelwa, kanye nemishini eminingi. Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama, indiza ihamba ngesivinini kusuka ku-300 kuya ku-850 km / h.
Yini oyaziyo ngama-vectors okuhlasela kwezindiza? Ungakhohlwa ukwabelana kumazwana.
Ezinye izikhangiso π
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Source: www.habr.com