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Unganquma kanjani ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-antenna oluphethe ezandleni zakho uma kungekho uphawu kulo? Ungaqonda kanjani ukuthi iyiphi i-antenna engcono noma embi? Le nkinga isingihluphe isikhathi eside.
I-athikili ichaza ngolimi olulula indlela yokulinganisa izici ze-antenna kanye nendlela yokunquma ububanzi befrikhwensi yothi.
Konjiniyela bomsakazo abanolwazi, lolu lwazi lungase lubonakale luncane, futhi indlela yokulinganisa ingase ingabi nemba ngokwanele. I-athikili ihloselwe labo abangaqondi lutho nhlobo mayelana nama-radio electronics, njengami.
TL; DR Sizokala i-SWR yezimpondo kumaza ahlukahlukene sisebenzisa i-OSA 103 Mini device kanye ne-directional coupler, sihlela ukuncika kwe-SWR kumafrikhwensi.
Umbono
Lapho isidluliseli sithumela isignali ethithini, amanye amandla asakazwa emoyeni, futhi amanye ayavela futhi abuyiselwe emuva. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla acwebezelayo nabonisiwe bubonakala ngesilinganiso samagagasi okuma (SWR noma SWR). Lapho i-SWR iphansi, amandla amaningi esithumeli aphuma njengamaza omsakazo. Ku-SWR = 1 akukho ukubonakaliswa (wonke amandla asakazwa). I-SWR yothi lwangempela ihlale inkulu kuno-1.
Uma uthumela isignali yamafrikhwensi ahlukene ku-antenna futhi ukala i-SWR ngasikhathi sinye, ungathola ukuthi ukuboniswa kuzoba kuncane kangakanani. Lokhu kuzoba uhla lokusebenza lwe-antenna. Ungakwazi futhi ukuqhathanisa izimpondo ezihlukene zebhendi efanayo futhi uthole ukuthi iyiphi engcono.
Ingxenye yesiginali yokudlulisela ibonakala othini
I-antenna eyenzelwe imvamisa ethile, ngokombono, kufanele ibe ne-SWR ephansi kakhulu kumaza ayo okusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwanele ukuphumela othini ngamaza ahlukene futhi uthole ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kuyikhona kuncane kangakanani, okungukuthi, inani eliphezulu lamandla eliphumayo ngendlela yamaza omsakazo.
Ngokukwazi ukukhiqiza isignali kumafrikhwensi ahlukene futhi silinganise ukuboniswa, singakha igrafu enemvamisa ku-eksisi engu-X kanye nokubonakala kwesiginali ku-eksisi ye-Y. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kukhona khona ukucwiliswa kugrafu (okungukuthi, ukubonakaliswa okuncane kwesignali), kuzoba nobubanzi bokusebenza kwe-antenna.
Igrafu engokomfanekiso yokubonisa iqhathaniswa nemvamisa. Kubo bonke ububanzi, ukuboniswa kungu-100%, ngaphandle kwemvamisa yokusebenza kothi.
Idivayisi ye-Osa103 Mini
Ukulinganisa sizokusebenzisa . Lena idivayisi yokulinganisa yendawo yonke ehlanganisa i-oscilloscope, i-generator yesignali, i-spectrum analyzer, imitha yokuphendula ye-amplitude-frequency/isigaba, i-vector antenna analyzer, imitha ye-LC, ngisho ne-SDR transceiver. Ibanga lokusebenza le-OSA103 Mini lilinganiselwe ku-100 MHz, imojula ye-OSA-6G inweba ububanzi befrikhwensi kumodi ye-IAFC ukuya ku-6 GHz. Uhlelo lwendabuko olunayo yonke imisebenzi inesisindo esingu-3 MB, lusebenza ku-Windows nangewayini ku-Linux.
I-Osa103 Mini - idivayisi yokulinganisa yendawo yonke yezimfundamakhwela zomsakazo nonjiniyela
I-coupler eyisiqondiso
I-coupler eqondisayo iyidivayisi ephambukisa ingxenye encane yesiginali ye-RF ehamba ngendlela ethile. Esimweni sethu, kufanele isuse ingxenye yesiginali ebonisiwe (isuka ku-antenna ibuyele kujeneretha) ukuyikala.
Incazelo ebonakalayo yokusebenza kwe-coupleal eqondisayo:
Izici eziyinhloko ze-coupler eqondisayo:
- Amafrikhwensi okusebenza - ububanzi befrikhwensi lapho izinkomba eziyinhloko zingeqi imingcele evamile. I-coupler yami yakhelwe amafrikhwensi ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-1000 MHz
- Igatsha (Ukuhlanganisa) - iyiphi ingxenye yesiginali (ngamadecibel) ezosuswa uma igagasi liqondiswa ukusuka ku-IN kuya ku-OUT
- Ukuqondisa - ingakanani isignali ezosuswa lapho isignali isuka kwelinye ihlangothi isuka OUT iye IN
Uma uthi nhlΓ‘ lokhu kubonakala kudida kakhulu. Ukuze kucace, ake sicabange i-coupler njengepayipi lamanzi, elinendawo encane ngaphakathi. I-drainage yenziwa ngendlela yokuthi lapho amanzi ehamba phambili (kusuka ku-IN kuya ku-OUT), ingxenye ebalulekile yamanzi iyasuswa. Inani lamanzi akhishelwayo kuleli cala linqunywa ipharamitha ye-Coupling kudatha ye-coupler.
Lapho amanzi ehamba ebheke kolunye uhlangothi, kukhishwa amanzi amancane kakhulu. Kufanele kuthathwe njengomphumela ohlangothini. Inani lamanzi akhishwayo phakathi nalokhu kunyakaza linqunywa ipharamitha ye-Directivity kumininingwane. Incane le pharamitha (inani elikhulu le-dB), ingcono ngomsebenzi wethu.
Umdwebo wesekethe
Njengoba sifuna ukukala izinga lesignali elivela othini, silixhuma ku-IN ye-coupler, kanye nejeneretha ku-OUT. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yesiginali evezwa othini izofinyelela kumamukeli ukuze ilinganiswe.
Umdwebo wokuxhuma wompompi. Isignali ebonisiwe ithunyelwa kumamukeli
Ukusetha ukulinganisa
Masihlanganise ukusetha kokulinganisa i-SWR ngokuhambisana nomdwebo wesifunda. Ekuphumeni kwejeneretha yedivayisi, sizophinda sifake i-attenuator ene-attenuator engu-15 dB. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa ukufaniswa kwe-coupler nokukhishwa kwejeneretha futhi kukhuphule ukunemba kokulinganisa. I-attenuator ingathathwa ngokunciphisa okungu-5..15 dB. Inani lokuncishiswa lizocatshangelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi nokulinganisa okulandelayo.
I-attenuator inciphisa isignali ngenani elinqunyiwe lama-decibel. Isici esiyinhloko se-attenuator yi-coefficient yokunciphisa isignali kanye nobubanzi befrikhwensi yokusebenza. Kumafrikhwensi angaphandle kwebanga lokusebenza, ukusebenza kwe-attenuator kungase kushintshe ngokungalindelekile.
Yilokhu ukufakwa kokugcina kubukeka. Kufanele futhi ukhumbule ukunikeza isignali yefrikhwensi ephakathi (IF) esuka kumojula ye-OSA-6G ukuya ebhodini elikhulu ledivayisi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, xhuma imbobo ye-IF OUTPUT ebhodini elikhulu ku-INPUT kumojuli ye-OSA-6G.
Ukuze nginciphise izinga lokuphazamiseka okuvela ekushintsheni kwamandla e-laptop, ngenza zonke izilinganiso lapho ikhompuyutha ephathekayo inikwa amandla yibhethri.
Ukulinganisa
Ngaphambi kokuqala izilinganiso, udinga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi zonke izingxenye zedivayisi zisebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yezintambo; ukwenza lokhu, sixhuma ijeneretha nomamukeli ngqo ngekhebula, sivule ijeneretha bese sikala imvamisa. impendulo. Sithola cishe igrafu eyisicaba ku-0dB. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kulo lonke ibanga lefrikhwensi, wonke amandla akhipha umsebe wejeneretha afinyelele kumamukeli.
Ukuxhuma ijeneretha ngqo kumamukeli
Ake sengeze i-attenuator kusekethe. Ukuncishiswa kwesignali okucishe kulingane kwe-15dB kubonakala kulo lonke uhla.
Ukuxhuma ijeneretha nge-attenuator engu-15dB kumamukeli
Ake sixhume ijeneretha kusixhumi se-OUT se-coupler, kanye nomamukeli kusixhumi se-CPL se-coupler. Njengoba ungekho umthwalo oxhumeke ku-IN port, yonke isignali ekhiqiziwe kufanele ibonakale futhi ingxenye yayo ixhunywe kumamukeli. Ngokusho kwedatha ye-coupler yethu (), ipharamitha ye-Coupling ingu-~15db, okusho ukuthi kufanele sibone umugqa ovundlile ezingeni elingaba ngu--30 dB (ukuhlanganisa + ukuncishiswa kwe-attenuator). Kodwa njengoba ububanzi bokusebenza be-coupler bukhawulelwe ku-1 GHz, zonke izilinganiso ezingaphezulu kwalesi simiso zingabhekwa njengezingenangqondo. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile kugrafu; ngemva kwe-1 GHz ukufundwa kunesiphithiphithi futhi akunangqondo. Ngakho-ke, sizokwenza zonke izilinganiso ezengeziwe ebangeni lokusebenza le-coupler.
Ixhuma empompini ngaphandle kokulayisha. Umkhawulo webanga lokusebenza le-coupler uyabonakala.
Njengoba idatha yokulinganisa ingaphezulu kwe-1 GHz, kithi, ingenangqondo, sizokhawulela imvamisa ephezulu yejeneretha kumanani okusebenza we-coupler. Lapho sikala, sithola umugqa oqondile.
Ikhawulela ububanzi bejeneretha ebangeni lokusebenza le-coupler
Ukuze silinganise ngokubukeka i-SWR yezimpondo, sidinga ukwenza ukulinganisa ukuze sithathe amapharamitha amanje wesekethe (ukuboniswa okungu-100%) njengendawo eyireferensi, okungukuthi, i-zero dB. Ngale njongo, uhlelo lwe-OSA103 Mini lunomsebenzi wokulinganisa owakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ukulinganisa kwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-antenna exhunyiwe (umthwalo), idatha yokulinganisa ibhalwa efayeleni futhi ngemva kwalokho icatshangwe ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho kwakhiwa amagrafu.
Umsebenzi wokulinganisa impendulo yemvamisa kuhlelo lwe-OSA103 Mini
Ukusebenzisa imiphumela yokulinganisa kanye nezilinganiso ezisebenzayo ngaphandle komthwalo, sithola igrafu eyisicaba kokuthi 0dB.
Igrafu ngemva kokulinganisa
Sikala izimpondo
Manje ungaqala ukukala izinti. Ngenxa yokulinganisa, sizobona futhi silinganise ukuncishiswa kokubonisa ngemva kokuxhuma uthi.
I-Antenna evela ku-Aliexpress ku-433MHz
I-antenna imakwe ngu-443MHz. Kuyabonakala ukuthi i-antenna isebenza kahle kakhulu kububanzi be-446MHz, kule mvamisa i-SWR ingu-1.16. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwimvamisa emenyezelwe ukusebenza kubi kakhulu, ku-433MHz i-SWR ingu-4,2.
I-antenna engaziwa 1
I-antenna ngaphandle kwezimpawu. Uma sibheka igrafu, yakhelwe u-800 MHz, cishe ibhendi ye-GSM. Ukukhuluma iqiniso, le antenna futhi isebenza ku-1800 MHz, kodwa ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-coupler, angikwazi ukwenza izilinganiso ezivumelekile kulawa maza.
I-antenna engaziwa 2
Enye i-antenna ebilokhu ilele emabhokisini ami isikhathi eside. Ngokusobala, futhi kububanzi be-GSM, kodwa kangcono kunangaphambili. Ngemvamisa engu-764 MHz, i-SWR iseduze nobunye, ku-900 MHz i-SWR ingu-1.4.
I-antenna engaziwa 3
Kubukeka sengathi i-antenna ye-Wi-Fi, kodwa ngesizathu esithile isixhumi siyi-SMA-Male, hhayi i-RP-SMA, njengawo wonke ama-antenna e-Wi-Fi. Uma sibheka izilinganiso, kumafrikhwensi afika ku-1 MHz lolu luthi alunamsebenzi. Futhi, ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-coupler, ngeke sazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-antenna.
I-antenna ye-Telescopic
Ake sizame ukubala ukuthi i-antenna ye-telescopic idinga ukunwetshwa kangakanani kububanzi obungu-433MHz. Indlela yokubala i-wavelength ithi: Ξ» = C/f, lapho u-C eyijubane lokukhanya, f imvamisa.
299.792.458 / 443.000.000 = 0.69719176279
Ubude begagasi obugcwele - 69,24 cm
Uhhafu wamaza - 34,62 cm
Ubude begagasi bekota - 17,31 cm
I-antenna ebalwe ngale ndlela ibonakale ingenamsebenzi nhlobo. Imvamisa engu-433MHz inani le-SWR ngu-11.
Ngokuzama ukunweba i-antenna, ngikwazile ukuzuza ubuncane be-SWR obungu-2.8 ngobude obungamasentimitha angama-50. Kuvele ukuthi ukujiya kwezigaba kubaluleke kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, lapho kunwetshwa izingxenye zangaphandle ezincanyana kuphela, umphumela wawungcono kunalapho unweba kuphela izingxenye eziwugqinsi zibe ubude obufanayo. Angazi ukuthi kufanele uthembele kangakanani kulezi zibalo ngobude be-antenna ye-telescopic esikhathini esizayo, ngoba ekusebenzeni azisebenzi. Mhlawumbe isebenza ngendlela ehlukile namanye ama-antenna noma amaza, angazi.
Ucezu locingo ku-433MHz
Ngokuvamile kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene, njengamaswishi omsakazo, ungabona ucezu locingo oluqondile njengothi. Ngisike ucezu lwentambo olulingana nekota yewavelength engu-433 MHz (17,3 cm) ngase ngifaka ithini ekugcineni ukuze ingene kahle kusixhumi se-SMA Female.
Umphumela wawuyinqaba: ucingo olunjalo lusebenza kahle ku-360 MHz kodwa alunamsebenzi ku-433 MHz.
Ngaqala ukusika intambo ekupheleni isiqephu by piece futhi ngibheka okufundwayo. Ukucwiliswa kugrafu kuqale ukuhamba kancane kuya kwesokudla, kubheke ku-433 MHz. Ngenxa yalokho, ngobude bentambo obungaba ngu-15,5 cm, ngikwazile ukuthola inani elincane kakhulu le-SWR elingu-1.8 imvamisa ye-438 MHz. Ukufinyezwa okwengeziwe kwekhebuli kuholele ekwenyukeni kwe-SWR.
isiphetho
Ngenxa yemikhawulo ye-coupler, akwenzekanga ukukala izinti ngamabhendi angaphezu kuka-1 GHz, njengezimpondo ze-Wi-Fi. Lokhu bekungenziwa ukube ngine-coupler yomkhawulokudonsa ephezulu.
I-coupler, izintambo zokuxhuma, idivayisi, ngisho nekhompyutha ephathekayo zonke izingxenye zesistimu ye-antenna ewumphumela. Ijiyomethri yazo, isikhundla esikhaleni kanye nezinto ezizungezile zithonya umphumela wokulinganisa. Ngemuva kokufakwa esiteshini somsakazo sangempela noma imodemu, imvamisa ingashintsha, ngoba umzimba wesiteshi somsakazo, imodemu, nomzimba womsebenzisi uzoba yingxenye yothi.
I-OSA103 Mini iyidivayisi epholile kakhulu enemisebenzi eminingi. Ngizwakalisa ukubonga kwami ββkunjiniyela wayo ngokubonisana ngesikhathi sokulinganisa.
Source: www.habr.com