Sikhuluma ngezimfuneko futhi sinikeza imibono yochwepheshe.
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Kungani i-helium idingeka kumakhompyutha we-quantum?
Ngaphambi kokudlulela endabeni yesimo sokushoda kwe-helium, ake sikhulume ngokuthi kungani amakhompyutha we-quantum edinga i-helium kwasekuqaleni.
Imishini ye-quantum isebenza kuma-qubits. Bona, ngokungafani namabhithi e-classical, angaba sezifundazweni 0 no-1 ngesikhathi esifanayo - endaweni ephezulu. Kuhlelo lwekhompiyutha, isenzeko sokufana kwe-quantum senzeka lapho imisebenzi yenziwa kanyekanye ngoziro noyedwa. Lesi sici sivumela imishini esekelwe ku-qubit ukuthi ixazulule izinkinga ezithile ngokushesha kunamakhompuyutha akudala, njengokulingisa ukusabela kwamangqamuzana namakhemikhali.
Kepha kunenkinga: ama-qubits ayizinto ezintekenteke futhi angakwazi ukugcina indawo ephezulu kuma-nanosecond ambalwa. Iphazanyiswa ngisho nokuguquguquka okuncane kwezinga lokushisa; okuthiwa . Ukuze ugweme ukubhujiswa kwe-qubit, amakhompyutha we-quantum emazingeni okushisa aphansi - 10 mK (-273,14 Β° C). Ukufinyelela amazinga okushisa asondele ku-zero ngokuphelele, izinkampani zisebenzisa i-helium ewuketshezi, noma ngokuqondile, i-isotope. , engaqini ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kangaka.
Yini inkinga
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, imboni ye-IT ingase ibhekane nokushoda kwe-helium-3 yokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha we-quantum. Emhlabeni, le nto ayitholakali ngendlela yayo yemvelo - umthamo wayo usemkhathini weplanethi (1,37 ppm uma kuqhathaniswa ne-helium-4). I-Helium-3 ingumkhiqizo wokubola we-tritium, ukukhiqizwa kwayo (i-reactor yokugcina yamanzi esindayo yenuzi yavalwa e-USA). Ngemva kwalokho, i-tritium yaqala ukukhishwa ezingxenyeni zezikhali zenuzi ezingasasebenzi, kodwa Ngokusho kwe-US Congressional Research Service, lesi sinyathelo asizange sikhulise kakhulu inqwaba yezinto zamasu. I-Russia ne-US banezindawo ezithile ezigciniwe, kodwa .
Isimo sibhebhethekiswa ukuthi ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-helium-3 ichithwa ekukhiqizeni izikena ze-neutron ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlola emngceleni ukuze kuphenywe izinto ezikhipha imisebe. Isithwebuli se-neutron bekuyithuluzi eliyimpoqo kuwo wonke amahhovisi entela ase-US kusukela ngo-2000. Ngenxa yalezi zici eziningi, ukuhlinzekwa kwe-helium-3 e-United States sekuvele kulawulwa ama-ejensi kahulumeni akhipha ama-quota ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi nezizimele, futhi ochwepheshe be-IT bakhathazekile ngokuthi maduzane ngeke ibe khona i-helium-3 eyanele kuwo wonke umuntu.
Kubi kangakanani?
Kukholakala ukuthi ukushoda kwe-helium-3 kuzoba nomthelela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-quantum. UBlake Johnson, iphini likamongameli womkhiqizi we-quantum i-Rigetti Computing, engxoxweni ne-MIT Tech Review. leso siqandisi sinzima ngendlela emangalisayo ukusithola. Izinkinga zibhebhethekiswa izindleko zayo eziphakemeβkubiza u-$40 XNUMX ukugcwalisa isiqandisi esisodwa.
Kodwa abameleli abavela ku-D-Wave, enye isiqalo se-quantum, abavumelani nombono kaBlake. Ngu IPhini likaMongameli wenhlangano, ukukhiqizwa kwekhompiyutha eyodwa ye-quantum kudinga kuphela inani elincane le-helium-3, elingabizwa ngokuthi alinalutho uma liqhathaniswa nenani eliphelele elitholakalayo lezinto. Ngakho-ke, ukushoda kwesiqandisi ngeke kubonakale embonini ye-quantum.
Futhi, ezinye izindlela zokukhipha i-helium-3 ezingabandakanyi i-tritium ziyathuthukiswa namuhla. Enye yazo ukukhishwa kwe-isotope kugesi yemvelo. Okokuqala, ithola ukufingqa okujulile emazingeni okushisa aphansi, bese ihamba ngezinqubo zokuhlukaniswa nokulungiswa (ukuhlukaniswa kokungcola kwegesi). Ngaphambili, le ndlela yayibhekwa njengento engenakwenzeka ngokwezomnotho, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe isimo sishintshile. Ngonyaka odlule mayelana nezinhlelo zakhe zokuqala ukukhiqiza i-helium-3 .
Amazwe amaningana enza izinhlelo zokumba i-helium-3 eNyangeni. Ungqimba lwaso olungaphezulu luqukethe kufika ku (Ithebula 2) yalesi sici. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi insiza izohlala iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu. I-NASA isivele iqalile ukudala lokho kugaywa kabusha ku-helium-3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ehambisanayo yasemhlabeni neyenyanga kuyenziwa ΠΈ . Kepha ngeke kwenzeke ukukusebenzisa ngokusebenza kuze kube ngu-2030.
Enye indlela yokuvimbela ukushoda kwe-helium-3 ukuthola enye indawo yayo ekukhiqizeni izikena ze-neutron. Ngendlela, yena ngo-2018 - yaba amakristalu e-zinc sulfide ne-lithium-6 fluoride. Benza kube nokwenzeka ukubhalisa izinto ezikhipha imisebe ngokunemba okudlula ama-90%.
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Ezinye izinkinga "ze-quantum".
Ngaphandle kokushoda kwe-helium, kunobunye ubunzima obuthiya ukwakhiwa kwamakhompyutha e-quantum. Okokuqala ukuntuleka kwezingxenye zehadiwe. Asembalwa amabhizinisi amakhulu emhlabeni athuthukisa "ukugcwalisa" imishini ye-quantum. Kwesinye isikhathi izinkampani kufanele zilinde kuze kukhiqizwe uhlelo lokupholisa, .
Amazwe amaningana azama ukuxazulula le nkinga ngezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Imizamo enjalo isivele yethuliwe e-US naseYurophu. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje e-Netherlands, ngosizo loMnyango Wezomnotho, i-Delft Circuits yaqala ukusebenza. Ikhiqiza izingxenye ze-quantum computing systems.
Obunye ubunzima ukuntuleka kochwepheshe. Isidingo sabo siyakhula, kodwa ukutholakala kwabo akulula kangako. Ngu I-NYT, abekho "onjiniyela be-quantum" abanolwazi abangaphezu kwenkulungwane emhlabeni. Amanyuvesi aphambili ezobuchwepheshe ayixazulula inkinga. Isibonelo, e-MIT kakade izinhlelo zokuqala zokuqeqesha ochwepheshe ekusebenzeni ngemishini ye-quantum. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo ezifanele kanye naku-American National Quantum Initiative.
Ngokuvamile, ochwepheshe be-IT bayaqiniseka ukuthi izinkinga ezibhekene nabadali bamakhompiyutha e-quantum zingenakunqotshwa ngokuphelele. Futhi esikhathini esizayo singalindela impumelelo entsha yezobuchwepheshe kule ndawo.
Esibhala ngakho kubhulogi yokuqala mayelana ne-IaaS yebhizinisi:
Source: www.habr.com