🥇Okuncane mayelana nezindinganiso zokuxhumana emkhathini

Isethelayithi ye-Meteor M1
Umthombo: vladtime.ru

Isingeniso

Ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe bomkhathi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngomsakazo, futhi kulesi sihloko ngizozama ukuchaza imibono eyinhloko eyakha isisekelo samazinga athuthukiswe yi-International Advisory Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS. Lesi sifinyezo sizosetshenziswa ngezansi) .

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuzogxila ikakhulukazi kusendlalelo sesixhumanisi sedatha, kodwa imiqondo eyisisekelo yezinye izendlalelo nayo izokwethulwa. Lesi sihloko asihlosile neze ukuba yincazelo ephelele nephelele yamazinga. Ungayibuka kokuthi isayithi I-CCSDS. Kodwa-ke, zinzima kakhulu ukuziqonda, futhi sachitha isikhathi esiningi sizama ukuziqonda, ngakho-ke lapha ngifuna ukunikeza ulwazi oluyisisekelo, okuzoba lula kakhulu ukuqonda konke okunye. Ngakho, ake siqale.

I-Noble Mission ye-CCSDS

Mhlawumbe othile unombuzo: kungani wonke umuntu kufanele abambelele ezindinganisweni uma ungazakhela esakho isitaki sephrothokholi yomsakazo (noma eyakho indinganiso, ene-blackjack nezici ezintsha), ngaleyo ndlela wandise ukuphepha kohlelo?

Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, kunenzuzo enkulu ukunamathela kumazinga e-CCSDS ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

Ikomidi elibhekele ukushicilela izindinganiso lihlanganisa abameleli abavela kuzo zonke i-ejensi ye-aerospace enkulu emhlabeni, eliletha ulwazi oluyigugu oluzuzwe eminyakeni eminingi yokuklama nokusebenza kwemishini ehlukahlukene. Kungaba okungenangqondo ukungaziba lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho bese ugibela erekeni yabo futhi.
Lawa mazinga asekelwa yimishini yesiteshi esiphansi kakade esemakethe.
Lapho uxazulula noma yiziphi izinkinga, ungahlala ucela usizo kozakwenu bakwamanye ama-ejensi ukuze bakwazi ukuqhuba iseshini yokuxhumana ngocingo esiteshini sabo esiphansi. Njengoba ubona, izindinganiso ziyinto ewusizo kakhulu, ngakho-ke ake sibheke amaphuzu awo abalulekile.

bokwakha

Amazinga ayisethi yamadokhumenti abonisa imodeli evame kakhulu ye-OSI (Open System Interconnection), ngaphandle kokuthi ezingeni lesixhumanisi sedatha ukufana kukhawulelwe ekuhlukaniseni ku-telemetry (downlink - space - Earth) kanye ne-telecommands (uplink).

Ake sibheke amanye amazinga ngokuningiliziwe, siqale ngokwasemzimbeni futhi siye phezulu. Ukuze kucace kakhudlwana, sizocabangela ukwakheka kohlangothi olutholayo. Okudlulisayo isithombe sayo sesibuko.

Isendlalelo esibonakalayo

Kuleli zinga, isignali yomsakazo eshintshiwe iguqulwa ibe ukusakaza kancane. Izindinganiso lapha ikakhulukazi ziyiziluleko ngokwemvelo, ngoba kuleli zinga kunzima ukukhipha ukuqaliswa okuqondile kwe-hardware. Lapha, indima ebalulekile ye-CCSDS iwukuchaza ukuguquguquka okwamukelekayo (BPSK, QPSK, 8-QAM, njll.) nokunikeza izincomo ezithile mayelana nokuqaliswa kwezindlela zokuvumelanisa izimpawu, isinxephezelo se-Doppler, njll.

Ukuvumelanisa nezinga lombhalo wekhodi

Ngokusemthethweni, iyisendlalelo esingaphansi sosendlalelo sesixhumanisi sedatha, kodwa ngokuvamile sihlukaniswa sibe isendlalelo esihlukile ngenxa yokubaluleka kwaso ngaphakathi kwamazinga e-CCSDS. Lesi sendlalelo siguqula i-bit stream ibe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi amafreyimu (i-telemetry noma i-telecommands), esizokhuluma ngayo kamuva. Ngokungafani nokuvumelanisa uphawu kusendlalelo esibonakalayo, esikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukusakaza kwebhithi okulungile, ukuvumelanisa kozimele kwenziwa lapha. Cabangela indlela idatha ethathwa ngayo kuleli zinga (kusuka phansi kuye phezulu):

Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kwalokho, kufanelekile ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nokubhala amakhodi. Le nqubo iyadingeka ukuze uthole kanye/noma ulungise amaphutha amancane okwenzeka ngokungenakugwenywa lapho kuthunyelwa idatha ngesiteshi somsakazo. Lapha ngeke sicabangele izinqubo zokukhipha amakhodi, kodwa sizothola kuphela ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze siqonde ukuqonda okwengeziwe kwezinga.

Amakhodi angaba vimba noma aqhubeke. Amazinga awaphoqi ukusetshenziswa kohlobo oluthile lombhalo wekhodi, kodwa kufanele kube khona kanjalo. Amakhodi aqhubekayo afaka amakhodi e-convolutional. Asetshenziselwa ukufaka ikhodi ukusakaza kancane kancane. Lokhu kuphambene namakhodi wokuvimba, lapho idatha ihlukaniswa ngama-codeblocks futhi ingaqoshwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwamabhulokhi aphelele. I-code block imele idatha edlulisiwe kanye nolwazi olunamathiselwe olungafuneki oludingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kwedatha etholiwe futhi kulungiswe amaphutha okungenzeka. Amakhodi wokuvimba afaka amakhodi adumile eReed-Solomon.

Uma ikhodi ye-convolutional isetshenziswa, i-bitstream ingena kusikhiphi khodi kusukela ekuqaleni. Umphumela womsebenzi wayo (konke lokhu, vele, kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo) amabhulokhi edatha ye-CADU (iyunithi yedatha yokufinyelela esiteshini). Lesi sakhiwo siyadingeka ekuvumelaniseni uzimele. Ekupheleni kwe-CADU ngayinye kunomenzi wokuvumelanisa onamathiselwe (ASM). Lawa angamabhayithi angu-4 aziwa kusengaphambili, lapho i-synchronizer ithola khona isiqalo nesiphetho se-CADU. Lena indlela ukuvumelanisa kozimele okufinyelelwa ngayo.

Isigaba sokuzikhethela esilandelayo sokuvumelanisa nesendlalelo sombhalo wekhodi sihlotshaniswa nezici zesendlalelo esibonakalayo. Lokhu i-derandomization. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvumelanisa uphawu, ukushintsha njalo phakathi kwezimpawu kuyadingeka. Ngakho-ke, uma sidlulisela, sithi, i-kilobyte yedatha ehlanganisa eyodwa, ukuvumelanisa kuzolahleka. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokudlulisa, idatha yokufaka ixubene nokulandelana okungahleliwe okungahleliwe ukuze ukuminyana koziro nakwabanye kufane.

Okulandelayo, amakhodi ebhulokhi ayahlukaniswa, futhi okusele kungumkhiqizo wokugcina wokuvumelanisa kanye nezinga lokufaka ikhodi - uhlaka.

Isendlalelo Sesixhumanisi Sedatha

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphrosesa yesendlalelo sesixhumanisi ithola amafreyimu, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi ikhipha amaphakethe. Njengoba ubukhulu bamaphakethe bunganqunyelwe ngokusemthethweni, ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwawo okuthembekile kuyadingeka ukuwahlephula abe yizakhiwo ezincane - amafreyimu. Lapha sizobheka izigatshana ezimbili: ngokwehlukana kwe-telemetry (TM) kanye ne-telecommands (TC).

I-Telemetry

Kalula nje, lena idatha isiteshi esingaphansi esiyithola kumkhumbi-mkhathi. Lonke ulwazi oludlulisiwe luhlukaniswe lwaba izingcezu ezincane zobude obugxilile - ozimele abaqukethe idatha edlulisiwe nezinkambu zesevisi. Ake sihlolisise uhlaka lohlaka:

Futhi ake siqale ukucabangela kwethu ngesihloko esikhulu sohlaka lwe-telemetry. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngizozivumela ukuthi ngivele ngihumushe amazinga kwezinye izindawo, nginikeze izincazelo ezithile endleleni.

Inkambu ye-ID Yesiteshi Esiyinhloko kufanele ibe nenombolo yenguqulo yozimele kanye nesihlonzi sedivayisi.

Umkhumbi-mkhathi ngamunye, ngokwezindinganiso ze-CCSDS, kufanele ube nesihlonzi sawo esiyingqayizivele, lapho, ngokuba nohlaka, umuntu angakwazi ukunquma ukuthi ungowayiphi idivayisi. Ngokusemthethweni, kuyadingeka ukuhambisa isicelo sokubhalisa idivayisi, futhi igama layo, kanye nesihlonzi sayo, kuzoshicilelwa emithonjeni evulekile. Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi baseRussia bavame ukuyiziba le nqubo, banikeze isihlonzi esingenangqondo kudivayisi. Inombolo yenguqulo yozimele isiza ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo yamazinga esetshenziswayo ukuze kufundwe kahle uhlaka. Lapha sizocubungula kuphela indinganiso elondoloza kakhulu enenguqulo "0".

Inkambu ye-Virtual Channel ID kufanele ibe ne-VCID yesiteshi lapho iphakethe liphuma khona. Ayikho imikhawulo ekukhethweni kwe-VCID; ikakhulukazi, iziteshi ezibonakalayo azibaliwe ngokulandelana kwazo.

Kaningi kunesidingo sokuphindaphinda idatha edluliswayo. Ngale njongo, kukhona indlela yamashaneli abonakalayo. Isibonelo, i-satellite ye-Meteor-M2 idlulisa isithombe sombala ebangeni elibonakalayo, ihlukanise kube okuthathu okumnyama nokumhlophe - umbala ngamunye udluliselwa esiteshini sawo esibonakalayo ephaketheni elihlukile, nakuba kukhona ukuphambuka kumazinga e- ukwakheka kwezinhlaka zayo.

Inkambu yefulegi Lokulawulwa Kokusebenza izoba inkomba yokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwenkambu Yokulawulwa Kokusebenza kuhlaka lwe-telemetry. Lawa mabhayithi angu-4 ekupheleni kohlaka asebenzela ukunikeza impendulo lapho kulawulwa ukulethwa kwamafreyimu e-telecommand. Sizokhuluma ngabo ngemva kwesikhashana.

Izibali zozimele zeshaneli eziyinhloko nezingokoqobo ziyizinkambu ezinyuswa ngeyodwa isikhathi ngasinye lapho kuthunyelwa uhlaka. Khonza njengenkomba yokuthi alukho uhlaka olulodwa olulahlekile.

Isimo sedatha yohlaka lwe-telemetry singamabhayithi amabili ngaphezulu amafulegi nedatha, esizobheka kuwo ambalwa nje.

Inkambu yefulegi Lesihloko Sesibili kufanele sibe inkomba yokuba khona noma ukungabikho Kwesihloko Sesibili kuhlaka lwe-telemetry.

Uma ufisa, ungakwazi ukwengeza unhlokweni owengeziwe kuzimele ngamunye futhi ubeke noma iyiphi idatha lapho ngokubona kwakho.

Inkambu Yesikhombi Senhlokweni Yokuqala, lapho ifulegi lokuvumelanisa lisethelwe ku-"1", izoqukatha ukumelwa okumbambambili kwendawo ye-octet yokuqala yePhakethi yokuqala Kunkambu Yedatha yozimele we-telemetry. Isikhundla sibalwa ukusuka ku-0 ngokulandelana okukhuphukayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkambu yedatha. Uma singekho isiqalo sephakethe kunkambu yedatha yohlaka lwe-telemetry, isikhombi esiya endaweni yokuqala kanhlokweni kufanele sibe nenani lokumelela kanambambili "11111111111" (lokhu kungenzeka uma iphakethe elilodwa elide lisakazwa phezu kohlaka olungaphezu kolulodwa. ).

Uma inkambu yedatha iqukethe iphakethe elingenalutho (Idatha Engasebenzi), khona-ke isikhombi esiya kunhlokweni yokuqala kufanele sibe nenani lokumelela kanambambili “11111111110”. Ngokusebenzisa le nkambu, umamukeli kufanele avumelanise ukusakaza. Le nkambu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvumelanisa kuyabuyiselwa ngisho noma ozimele behliswa.

Okusho ukuthi, iphakethe lingakwazi, ukusho, liqale phakathi kohlaka lwesi-4 futhi liphele ekuqaleni komhla wama-20. Le nkambu isetshenziselwa ukuthola isiqalo sayo. Amaphakethe anesihloko esichaza ubude bawo, ngakho-ke lapho i-pointer eya enhlokweni yokuqala itholakala, iphrosesa ye-link-layer kufanele ifunde, ngaleyo ndlela inqume ukuthi iphakethe lizophela kuphi.
Uma ngabe inkambu yokulawula iphutha ikhona, kufanele iqukethwe kulo lonke uhlaka lwe-telemetry yesiteshi esithile esingokoqobo kuyo yonke i-mission.

Le nkambu ibalwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-CRC. Inqubo kufanele ithathe amabhithi angu-n-16 ohlaka lwe-telemetry futhi ifake umphumela wesibalo kumabhithi angu-16 okugcina.

Amaqembu e-TV

Uhlaka lomyalo we-TV lunomehluko eminingana obalulekile. Phakathi kwazo:

Isakhiwo sesihloko esihlukile
Ubude obunamandla. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubude befreyimu abumisiwe ngokuqinile, njengoba kwenziwa ku-telemetry, kodwa bungahluka kuye ngamaphakethe adlulisiwe.
Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukulethwa kwephakethe. Okusho ukuthi, umkhumbi-mkhathi kufanele, ngemva kokuwuthola, uqinisekise ukulunga kokwamukela uhlaka, noma ucele ukudluliselwa ohlakeni okungenzeka lwamukelwe ngephutha elingalungiseki.

Izinkambu eziningi sezijwayelekile kithi kusukela kunhlokweni yohlaka lwe-telemetry. Banenjongo efanayo, ngakho lapha sizocabangela izinkambu ezintsha kuphela.

Ibhithi elilodwa lefulegi lokudlula kufanele lisetshenziswe ukulawula ukuhlolwa kozimele kumamukeli. Inani elithi "0" laleli fulegi lizobonisa ukuthi uhlaka luwuzimele woHlobo A futhi kufanele luqinisekiswe ngokuya nge-FARM. Inani elithi "1" laleli fulegi kufanele libonise umamukeli ukuthi lolu hlaka luwuzimele Wohlobo B futhi kufanele ludlule ukuhlola kwe-FARM.

Leli fulegi lazisa umamukeli ukuthi asebenzise yini indlela yokuvuma ukulethwa kohlaka ebizwa ngokuthi I-FARM - I-Frame Acceptance and Reporting Mechanism.

Ifulegi lomyalo wokulawula kufanele lisetshenziselwe ukuqonda ukuthi inkambu yedatha ihambisa umyalo noma idatha. Uma ifulegi lithi "0", khona-ke inkambu yedatha kufanele ibe nedatha. Uma ifulegi lithi "1", khona-ke inkambu yedatha kufanele iqukathe ulwazi lokulawula lwe-FARM.
I-FARM ingumshini wesimo esilinganiselwe amapharamitha awo angacushwa.

I-RSVD. I-SPARE - izingcezu ezigodliwe.

Kubonakala sengathi i-CCSDS inezinhlelo zayo esikhathini esizayo, futhi ngokuhambisana okusemuva kwezinguqulo zephrothokholi baye bagodla lezi zingcezu kakade kuzinguqulo zamanje zezinga.

Inkambu yobude befreyimu kufanele iqukathe inombolo emele ibhithi elingana nobude bozimele ngo-octets kukhishwe eyodwa.

Inkambu yedatha yozimele kufanele ilandele unhlokweni ngaphandle kwezikhala futhi iqukathe inombolo ephelele yama-octet, angaba umkhawulo ongama-octet angu-1019 ubude. Le nkambu kufanele iqukathe ukuvinjwa kwedatha yozimele noma ulwazi lomyalo lokulawula. Ibhulokhi yedatha yozimele kufanele iqukathe:

inombolo ephelele yama-octet wedatha yomsebenzisi
unhlokweni wengxenye ulandelwa inombolo ephelele yama-octet wedatha yomsebenzisi

Uma unhlokweni ukhona, ibhulokhi yedatha kufanele iqukathe Iphakethe, isethi yamaphakethe, noma ingxenye yePhakethi. Ibhulokhi yedatha engenasihloko ayikwazi ukuqukatha izingxenye zamaphakethe, kodwa ingaba namabhulokhi edatha yefomethi yangasese. Kulandela kulokhu ukuthi unhlokweni uyadingeka lapho ibhulokhi yedatha edlulisiwe ingangeni kuhlaka olulodwa. Ibhulokhi yedatha enesihloko ibizwa ngesegimenti

Inkambu yamabhithi amabili kufanele iqukathe:

"01" - uma ingxenye yokuqala yedatha ikuvimba wedatha
"00" - uma ingxenye ephakathi yedatha ikubhulokhi yedatha
"10" - uma ucezu lokugcina lwedatha lukubhulokhi yedatha
“11” - uma kungekho ukuhlukaniswa futhi iphakethe elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lilingana ngokuphelele kubhulokhi yedatha.

Inkambu ye-MAP ID kufanele ibe noziro uma iziteshi ze-MAP zingasetshenziswa.
Kwesinye isikhathi amabhithi angu-6 abelwe amashaneli abonakalayo awanele. Futhi uma kudingekile ukuphindaphinda idatha enanini elikhulu lamashaneli, kusetshenziswa amanye amabhithi angu-6 asuka enhlokweni yengxenye.

LIZOKUNA

Ake sibhekisise indlela yokusebenza kohlelo lokulawula ukulethwa kwabasebenzi. Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka kuphela ngokusebenza ngamafreyimu ezingcingo ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo (i-telemetry ingacelwa futhi, futhi umkhumbi-mkhathi kufanele uzwe isiteshi saphansi ngokucacile futhi ulalele njalo imiyalo yawo). Ngakho-ke, ake sithi sinquma ukukhanyisa kabusha isathelayithi yethu, futhi sithumele ifayela kanambambili lamakhilobhayithi ayi-10 ngosayizi kuyo. Ezingeni lesixhumanisi, ifayela lihlukaniswe ngamafreyimu angu-10 (0, 1, ..., 9), athunyelwa phezulu ngamunye ngamunye. Lapho ukudluliswa sekuqediwe, isathelayithi kufanele iqinisekise ukulunga kokwamukela iphakethe, noma ibike ukuthi iphutha lenzeke kuluphi uhlaka. Lolu lwazi luthunyelwa kunkambu yokulawula ukusebenza kuhlaka lwe-telemetry oluseduze (Noma umkhumbi-mkhathi ungaqalisa ukudluliselwa kohlaka olungenzi lutho uma lungenalutho olungasho). Ngokusekelwe ku-telemetry etholiwe, singenza isiqiniseko sokuthi yonke into ihamba kahle, noma siqhubeke nokuthumela umlayezo kabusha. Ake sicabange ukuthi isathelayithi ayizwanga ifreyimu #7. Lokhu kusho ukuthi simthumelela amafreyimu 7, 8, 9. Uma kungekho mpendulo, iphakethe lonke lithunyelwa futhi (kanye njalo izikhathi ezimbalwa kuze kube yilapho sibona ukuthi imizamo iyize).

Ngezansi isakhiwo senkambu yokulawula yokusebenza enencazelo yezinye izinkambu. Idatha equkethwe kulo mkhakha ibizwa nge-CLCW - IZwi Lokulawula Isixhumanisi Sokuxhumana.

Njengoba ungakwazi ukuqagela kalula esithombeni inhloso yezinkambu eziyinhloko, futhi ezinye ziyisicefe ukuzibuka, ngifihla incazelo enemininingwane ngaphansi komchithi.

Incazelo yezinkambu ze-CLCWLawula Uhlobo Lwegama:
Kulolu hlobo, igama lokulawula kufanele libe no-0

Lawula inguqulo ye-Word (inombolo yenguqulo ye-CLCW):
Kulolu hlobo, igama lokulawula kufanele lilingane no-"00" ekumeleleni okuncane.

Inkambu Yesimo:
Ukusetshenziswa kwalo mkhakha kunqunywa kumishini ngayinye ngokwehlukana. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo ngama-ejensi ahlukahlukene asemkhathini.

Ukuhlonza isiteshi esibonakalayo:
Kufanele iqukathe isihlonzi sesiteshi esibonakalayo leli gama lokulawula elihlotshaniswa naso.

Ifulegi elingokoqobo lokufinyelela esiteshini:
Ifulegi kufanele linikeze ulwazi mayelana nokulungela isendlalelo esingokomzimba somamukeli. Uma ungqimba olubonakalayo lomamukeli lungakalungeli ukwamukela amafreyimu, khona-ke inkambu kufanele iqukathe u-“1”, ngaphandle kwalokho u-“0”.

Umaka wokuhluleka kokuvumelanisa:
Ifulegi lingase libonise ukuthi isendlalelo esibonakalayo sisebenza kuleveli yesignali embi futhi inombolo yozimele abanqatshiwe iphezulu kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwale nkambu kungokuzithandela; uma isetshenziswa, kufanele ibe no-“0” uma ukuvumelanisa kutholakala, kanye no-“1” uma ingekho.

Ukuvinjwa kwefulegi:
Le bhithi izoqukatha isimo sokukhiya IFARM esiteshini ngasinye esibonakalayo. Inani elithi "1" kule nkambu kufanele libonise ukuthi i-FARM ivaliwe futhi ozimele bazolahlwa kusendlalelo ngasinye esibonakalayo, ngaphandle kwalokho "0".

Ifulegi lokulinda:
Le bhithi izosetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi umamukeli akakwazi ukucubungula idatha esiteshini esibonakalayo esicacisiwe. Inani elithi "1" libonisa ukuthi bonke ozimele bazolahlwa kulesi siteshi esibonakalayo, ngaphandle kwalokho "0".

Phambili ifulegi:
Leli fulegi lizoqukatha okuthi "1" uma uhlobo A olulodwa noma ngaphezulu lulahliwe noma kutholwe izikhala, ngakho ukuthumela kabusha kuyadingeka. Ifulegi elithi "0" libonisa ukuthi bekungekho ozimele abawisiwe noma ukweqa.

Inani lempendulo:
Inombolo yozimele engazange yamukelwe. Kunqunywa ikhawunta kunhlokweni yozimele we-telecommand

ungqimba lwenethiwekhi

Ake sithinte leli zinga kancane. Kunezinketho ezimbili lapha: noma sebenzisa iphrothokholi yephakethe lesikhala, noma hlanganisa noma iyiphi enye iphrothokholi kuphakethe le-CCSDS.

Ukubuka konke kwephrothokholi yephakethe lesikhala kuyisihloko sendatshana ehlukile. Iklanyelwe ukuvumela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ukushintshanisa idatha ngaphandle komthungo. Uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye lunekheli lalo kanye nokusebenza okuyisisekelo kokushintshisana ngedatha nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Kukhona nezinsizakalo ezilawula ithrafikhi yomzila, ukulawula ukulethwa, njll.

Nge-encapsulation yonke into ilula futhi icacile. Amazinga akwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa noma yiziphi izimiso eziyisisekelo kumaphakethe e-CCSDS ngokwengeza unhlokweni owengeziwe.

Lapho unhlokweni unezincazelo ezahlukene kuye ngobude bephrothokholi ehlanganiswayo:

Lapha inkambu eyinhloko ubude bobude. Ingahluka kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-4 amabhayithi. Futhi kulo unhlokweni kufanele ubonise uhlobo lwephrothokholi ehlanganisiwe usebenzisa ithebula kusuka lapha.

I-IP encapsulation isebenzisa esinye isengezo ukuze inqume uhlobo lwephakethe.
Udinga ukwengeza enye inhlokweni eyodwa, ubude be-octet eyodwa:

Lapho i-PID ingesinye isihlonzi sephrothokholi esithathwe khona kusuka lapha

isiphetho

Uma uthi nhlá, kungase kubonakale sengathi izihloko ze-CCSDS zisadingeka kakhulu futhi ezinye izinkambu zingalahlwa. Ngempela, ukusebenza kahle kwesiteshi esiphumela (kuze kufike ezingeni lenethiwekhi) cishe ku-40%. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho kuphakama isidingo sokusebenzisa la mazinga, kuyacaca ukuthi insimu ngayinye, isihloko ngasinye sinomsebenzi waso obalulekile, ukunganaki okuholela ekungaqondakalini okuningi.

Uma i-habrasociety ikhombisa intshisekelo kulesi sihloko, ngizojabula ukushicilela lonke uchungechunge lwama-athikili anikezwe ithiyori nokusebenza kokuxhumana kwasemkhathini. Ngiyabonga ukulalela kwenu!