0. Isingeniso, noma okuncane esihlokweniLesi sihloko sazalwa kuphela ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuthola izici zokuqhathanisa zesofthiwe enjalo, noma uhlu nje, endaweni eyodwa. Kufanele sifoshe inqwaba yezinto ukuze sifinyelele okungenani esiphethweni esithile.
Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, nginqume ukulondoloza isikhathi esincane nomzamo kulabo abanesithakazelo kulolu daba, futhi ngiqoqe endaweni eyodwa inani eliphakeme kakhulu, elifundwa yimina, inani lezinhlelo ze-network mapping'a endaweni eyodwa.
Ezinye zezinhlelo ezichazwe kulesi sihloko zizanywe yimi uqobo. Ngokunokwenzeka, lezi kwakuyizinguqulo eziphelelwe yisikhathi okwamanje. Ngiyaqala ukubona okunye kwalokhu okulandelayo, futhi ulwazi mayelana nakho luqoqwe kuphela njengengxenye yokulungiselelwa kwalesi sihloko.
Ngenxa yokuthi ngithinte izinhlelo isikhathi eside, futhi angizange ngithinte ezinye zazo nhlobo, angizange ngibe nezithombe-skrini noma izibonelo. Ngakho ngivuselele ulwazi lwami ku-Google, i-wiki, ku-youtube, amasayithi onjiniyela, ngemba izithombe-skrini lapho, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngathola ukubuka konke okunjalo.
1. Umbono
1.1. Kwani?
Ukuze uphendule umbuzo othi "Kungani?" Okokuqala udinga ukuqonda ukuthi iyini "Imephu Yenethiwekhi". Imephu yenethiwekhi - (imvamisa) ukumelwa okunengqondo-igraphical-schematic yokusebenzisana kwamadivayisi enethiwekhi nokuxhumeka kwawo, okuchaza amapharamitha awo abaluleke kakhulu nezici. Kulezi zinsuku, ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nokuqapha isimo samadivayisi kanye nesistimu yokuxwayisa. Ngakho: ke, ukuze ube nombono mayelana nendawo yama-node enethiwekhi, ukusebenzisana kwawo kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwawo. Ngokuhambisana nokuqapha, sithola ithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuxilonga ukuziphatha nokubikezela ukuziphatha kwenethiwekhi.
1.2. L1, L2, L3
Ziphinde ziyi-Layer 1, Layer 2 kanye ne-Layer 3 ngokuhambisana nemodeli ye-OSI. I-L1 - izinga lomzimba (izintambo nokushintsha), i-L2 - izinga lokukhuluma ngokomzimba (amakheli e-mac), i-L3 - izinga lokukhuluma elinengqondo (amakheli e-IP).
Eqinisweni, akukho phuzu ekwakheni imephu ye-L1, ilandela ngokunengqondo kusuka ku-L2 efanayo, ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, yabaguquli bemidiya. Futhi-ke, manje kukhona iziguquli zemidiya ezingalandelelwa futhi.
Ngokunengqondo - i-L2 yakha imephu yenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe kumakheli e-mac ama-node, L3 - kumakheli e-IP wama-node.
1.3. Iyiphi idatha okufanele iboniswe
Kuncike emisebenzini okufanele ixazululwe kanye nezifiso. Isibonelo, ngokwemvelo ngifuna ukuqonda ukuthi ucezu lwensimbi ngokwalo "luyaphila", "ilenga" kusiphi imbobo nokuthi ichweba liphezulu noma liphansi ngasiphi isimo. Kungaba yi-L2. Futhi ngokuvamile, i-L2 ibonakala kimi njenge-topology yemephu yenethiwekhi esebenza kakhulu ngomqondo osetshenzisiwe. Kodwa, ukunambitheka nombala ...
Isivinini sokuxhuma embobeni asisibi, kodwa asibalulekile uma kukhona isiphetho lapho - iphrinta ye-PC. Kungaba kuhle ukwazi ukubona izinga lomthwalo weprosesa, inani le-RAM yamahhala nezinga lokushisa ocezwini lwensimbi. Kodwa lokhu akuselula kangako, lapha uzodinga ukumisa uhlelo lokuqapha olungakwazi ukufunda i-SNMP futhi lubonise futhi luhlaziye idatha etholiwe. Okuningi ngalokhu kamuva.
Mayelana ne-L3, ngithole lena .
1.4. Kanjani?
Kungenziwa ngesandla, kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uma ngesandla, khona-ke isikhathi eside futhi udinga ukucabangela isici somuntu. Uma ngokuzenzekelayo, khona-ke udinga ukucabangela ukuthi wonke amadivaysi enethiwekhi kufanele "ahlakaniphile", akwazi ukusebenzisa i-SNMP, futhi le SNMP kufanele ilungiswe kahle ukuze uhlelo oluzoqoqa idatha kubo lukwazi ukufunda le datha.
Kubonakala kungenzima. Kodwa zikhona izihibe. Ukuqala ngeqiniso lokuthi akuwona wonke amasistimu azokwazi ukufunda yonke idatha esingathanda ukuyibona kusuka kudivayisi, noma akuwona wonke amadivaysi enethiwekhi anganikeza le datha, futhi aphethe ngokuthi akuwona wonke amasistimu angakha amamephu enethiwekhi imodi ezenzakalelayo.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza imephu ngokuzenzakalelayo cishe ilandelayo:
- uhlelo lufunda idatha evela kumpahla yenethiwekhi
- ngokusekelwe kudatha, yakha itafula lekheli elihambisanayo kumachweba echwebeni ngalinye le-router
- ifanisa amakheli namagama edivayisi
- yakha ukuxhumana kwe-port-portdevice
- udweba konke lokhu ngendlela yomdwebo, "enembile" yomsebenzisi
2. Prakthiza
Ngakho-ke, manje ake sikhulume ngalokho ongakusebenzisa ukwakha imephu yenethiwekhi. Ake sithathe njengesiqalo esifuna, vele, ukwenza le nqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Nokho, okungukuthi, i-Paint ne-MS Visio ayisekho... noma... Cha, ayisekho.
Kukhona isofthiwe ekhethekile exazulula inkinga yokwakha imephu yenethiwekhi. Eminye imikhiqizo yesofthiwe inganikeza kuphela indawo “yokwengeza mathupha” izithombe ezinezakhiwo, izixhumanisi zokudweba, kanye nokuqalisa “ukuqapha” ngendlela encishiswe kakhulu (ukuthi i-node iyaphila noma ayisaphenduli). Abanye abakwazi nje ukudweba umdwebo wenethiwekhi ngokwabo, kodwa futhi bafunde inqwaba yemingcele evela ku-SNMP, ukwazisa umsebenzisi nge-SMS uma kwenzeka ukuphuka, ukunikeza ulwazi oluningi kumachweba we-hardware yenethiwekhi, futhi konke lokhu kuphela. ingxenye yokusebenza kwazo (i-NetXMS efanayo).
2.1. Imikhiqizo
Uhlu lusekude nokuphelela, njengoba kunenqwaba yesofthiwe enjalo. Kodwa yilokhu kuphela i-Google ekunikezayo ngesihloko (kuhlanganise nezingosi zolimi lwesiNgisi):
Amaphrojekthi omthombo ovulekile:
I-LanTopoLog
I-Nagios
Ngicabanga
NeDi
IPandora FMS
I-PRTG
I-NetXMS
Zabbix
Amaphrojekthi akhokhelwayo:
I-LanState
I-Network Monitor ephelele
I-Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper
UVexplorer
I-Auvik
I-AdRem NetCrunch
2.2.1. Isofthiwe yamahhala
2.2.1.1. I-LanTopoLog
Isoftware eyenziwe nguYuri Volokitin. I interface ilula njengoba kungaba. I-Softina isekela, ake sithi, i-semi-automatic network building. Udinga "ukuphakela" izilungiselelo zawo wonke ama-routers (imininingwane ye-IP, i-SNMP), khona-ke yonke into izokwenzeka ngokwayo, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi kuzokwakhiwa okubonisa amachweba.
Kukhona izinguqulo ezikhokhelwayo nezimahhala zomkhiqizo.
I-2.2.1.2. I-Nagios
Isoftware yomthombo ovulekile ibikhona kusukela ngo-1999. Uhlelo lwenzelwe ukuqapha inethiwekhi, okungukuthi, ingakwazi ukufunda idatha nge-SNMP futhi yakha ngokuzenzakalelayo imephu yenethiwekhi, kodwa njengoba lokhu akuwona umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko, yenza lokhu ngendlela ... engavamile ... I-NagVis isetshenziswa. ukwakha amamephu.
2.2.1.3. Icinga
I-Icinga iwuhlelo lwe-Open Source olwake lwaphuma ku-Nagios. Uhlelo lukuvumela ukuthi wakhe ngokuzenzakalelayo amamephu enethiwekhi. Inkinga kuphela ukuthi yakha amamephu isebenzisa i-addon ye-NagVis, eyakhiwe ngaphansi kwe-Nagios, ngakho-ke sizothatha ngokuthi lezi zinhlelo ezimbili ziyefana ngokwakhiwa kwemephu yenethiwekhi.
2.2.1.4. NeDi
Iyakwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo amanodi kunethiwekhi, futhi ngokusekelwe kule datha, yakha imephu yenethiwekhi. I-interface ilula kakhulu, kukhona ukuqapha isimo nge-SNMP.
Kukhona izinguqulo zamahhala nezikhokhelwayo zomkhiqizo.
2.2.1.5. I-Pandora FMS
Iyakwazi ukuzitholela ngokuzenzakalela, ukwakha ngokuzenzakalelayo inethiwekhi, i-SNMP. Isikhombikubona esihle.
Kukhona izinguqulo zamahhala nezikhokhelwayo zomkhiqizo.
I-2.2.1.6. I-PRTG
Isofthiwe ayazi ukuthi ingakha kanjani ngokuzenzakalelayo imephu yenethiwekhi, kuphela idonsa futhi iwise izithombe ngesandla. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakwazi ukuqapha isimo samadivayisi nge-SNMP. I-interface ishiya okuningi okufanele ufise, ngombono wami oqondile.
Izinsuku ezingu-30 - ukusebenza okugcwele, bese - "inguqulo yamahhala".
2.2.1.7. I-NetXMS
I-NetMXS ngokuyinhloko iwuhlelo lokuqapha lomthombo ovulekile, ukwakha imephu yenethiwekhi kuwumsebenzi oseceleni. Kodwa wenziwa ngobunono. Ukwakha okuzenzakalelayo okusekelwe ekuzitholweni okuzenzakalelayo, ukuqapha kwenodi nge-SNMP, ekwazi ukulandelela isimo samachweba omzila nezinye izibalo.
I-2.2.1.8. Zabbix
I-Zabbix futhi iyisistimu yokuqapha yomthombo ovulekile, eguquguqukayo futhi enamandla kune-NetXMS, kodwa ingakha kuphela amamephu enethiwekhi ngemodi yezandla, kodwa ingakwazi ukuqapha cishe noma yimiphi imingcele ye-router, iqoqo layo elingacushwa kuphela.
2.2.2. Isofthiwe ekhokhelwayo
2.2.2..1 Lan State
Isofthiwe ekhokhelwayo ekuvumela ukuthi uskene ngokuzenzakalelayo i-topology yenethiwekhi futhi wakhe imephu yenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe kumathuluzi atholiwe. Ikuvumela ukuthi ugade isimo samadivayisi atholiwe kuphela ngokunyusa i-node ngokwayo.
2.2.2.2. I-Network Monitor ephelele
Isofthiwe ekhokhelwayo engakhi ngokuzenzakalelayo imephu yenethiwekhi. Akazi nokuthi angawathola kanjani ama-node ngokuzenzakalelayo. Eqinisweni, lena yi-Visio efanayo, egxile kuphela ku-topology yenethiwekhi. Ikuvumela ukuthi ugade isimo samadivayisi atholiwe kuphela ngokunyusa i-node ngokwayo.
Crap! Ngibhale ngenhla ukuthi siyenqaba i-Paint ne-Visio ... Kulungile, makube njalo.
Angizange ngithole imanuwali yevidiyo, futhi angiyidingi ... Uhlelo lunjalo-njalo.
2.2.2.3. I-Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper
Isofthiwe ekhokhelwayo, kunenkathi yesilingo. Ingakwazi ukuskena inethiwekhi ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi idale imephu ngokwayo ngokuya ngamapharamitha acacisiwe. I-interface ilula futhi imnandi.
2.2.2.4. UVexplorer
Isofthiwe ekhokhelwayo, isivivinyo sezinsuku eziyi-15. Ingakwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi idwebe imephu ngokuzenzakalelayo, iqaphe amadivayisi kuphela ngesimo sokuphakama / phansi, okungukuthi, ngokusebenzisa i-ping yedivayisi.
2.2.2.5. I-Auvik
Uhlelo oluhle olukhokhelwayo olukwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo nokuqapha amadivayisi enethiwekhi.
2.2.2.6. I-AdRem NetCrunch
Isofthiwe ekhokhelwayo enesivivinyo sezinsuku eziyi-14. Iyakwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nokwakha ngokuzenzakalelayo inethiwekhi. I-interface ayizange ibangele isasasa. Ingakwazi futhi ukuqapha nge-SNMP.
3. Ipuleti lokuqhathanisa
Njengoba kwenzeka, kunzima kakhulu ukuqhamuka nemingcele efanele futhi ebalulekile yokuqhathanisa amasistimu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uwafake epuleti elilodwa elincane. Nakhu engikutholile:
*Isilungiselelo esithi "Okulungele Umsebenzisi" sincike kakhulu futhi ngiyakuqonda lokho. Kodwa ngingakuchaza kanjani okunye "ukushuba nokungafundeki" angizange ngiqhamuke nakho.
**“Ukwengamela hhayi inethiwekhi kuphela” kusho ukusebenza kwesistimu “njengesistimu yokuqapha” ngomqondo ojwayelekile waleli gama, okungukuthi, ikhono lokufunda amamethrikhi ku-OS, abasingathi be-virtualization, ukuthola idatha evela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza esivakashi. Ama-OS, njll.
4. Umbono womuntu siqu
Ngokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, angiboni iphuzu ekusebenziseni isofthiwe ngokuhlukana kokuqapha inethiwekhi. Ngihlabeke umxhwele kakhulu ngombono wokusebenzisa isistimu yokuqapha yonke into nawo wonke umuntu onekhono lokwakha imephu yenethiwekhi. UZabbix unobunzima kulokhu. U-Nagios no-Icinga futhi. Futhi yi-NetXSM kuphela ethokozile ngalokhu. Noma, uma udideka futhi wenze imephu ku-Zabbix, lapho-ke ibukeka ithembisa kakhulu kune-NetXMS. Kukhona futhi i-Pandora FMS, i-PRTG, i-Solarwinds NTM, i-AdRem NetCrunch, futhi cishe inqwaba yezinye izinto ezingafakiwe kulesi sihloko, kodwa ngizibone kuphela ezithombeni nakumavidiyo, ngakho-ke angikwazi ukusho lutho ngazo.
Mayelana ne-NetXMS yabhalwa ngombono omncane wamakhono wesistimu kanye nendlela encane yokwenza.
I-PS:
Uma ngenze iphutha endaweni ethile, futhi cishe ngenze iphutha, ngicela, ulilungise kumazwana, ngizolungisa lesi sihloko ukuze labo abathola lolu lwazi luwusizo akudingeki bahlole kabili yonke into kusuka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.
Спасибо.
Source: www.habr.com