Sawubona Habr! Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi kuyafaneleka yini ukuhlela i-RAID arrays ngokusekelwe kuzixazululo ze-SATA SSD ne-NVMe SSD, futhi ingabe kuzoba nenzuzo enkulu kulokhu? Sinqume ukubheka lolu daba ngokucabangela izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezilawuli ezivumela lokhu ukuthi kwenziwe, kanye nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kokucushwa okunjalo.
Ngandlela thize, ngamunye wethu okungenani kanye empilweni yethu wezwa izincazelo ezinjengokuthi “RAID”, “RAID-array”, “RAID-controller”, kodwa mancane amathuba okuthi sikunamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu kulokhu, ngoba konke lokhu akunakwenzeka nge-PC boyar evamile Kuyathakazelisa. Kodwa wonke umuntu ufuna isivinini esikhulu esivela kumadrayivu angaphakathi nokusebenza okungenazinkinga. Phela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-hardware yekhompiyutha inamandla kangakanani, isivinini se-drive siba ibhodlela uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni okuhlangene kwe-PC neseva.
Lokhu kwaba njalo kwaze kwaba yilapho ama-HDD endabuko ethathelwa indawo ama-NVMe SSDs anamandla afanayo we-1 TB noma ngaphezulu. Futhi uma ngaphambili kuma-PC bekuvame ukuba nezinhlanganisela ze-SATA SSD + ama-HDD ambalwa anamandla, namuhla aqala ukushintshwa ngesinye isixazululo - i-NVMe SSD + ama-SATA SSD ambalwa anamandla. Uma sikhuluma ngamaseva ezinkampani kanye "namafu," abaningi sebevele bathuthele ngempumelelo kuma-SATA SSD, ngenxa nje yokuthi bayashesha "kunamathini" avamile futhi bayakwazi ukucubungula inombolo enkulu yemisebenzi ye-I / O ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kodwa-ke, ukubekezelelana kwamaphutha kwesistimu kusesezingeni eliphansi kakhulu: asikwazi, njengasempini ethi "Battle of Psychics," ukubikezela ngokunemba ngisho kuze kube isonto lapho kuzofa khona idrayivu ethile yesimo esiqinile. Futhi uma ama-HDD "efa" kancane kancane, okukuvumela ukuba ubambe izimpawu futhi uthathe isinyathelo, khona-ke ama-SSD "afa" ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Futhi manje yisikhathi sokuthola ukuthi kungani konke lokhu kuyadingeka nhlobo? Ingabe kufanelekile ukuhlela ama-RAID array ngokusekelwe kuzisombululo ze-SATA SSD ne-NVMe SSD, futhi ingabe kuzoba nenzuzo enkulu kulokhu?
Kungani udinga uhlu lwe-RAID?
Lona kanye igama elithi “uhlu” selivele lisho ukuthi amadrayivu amaningana (i-HDD ne-SSD) asetshenziselwa ukuyidala, ahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa isilawuli se-RAID futhi aqashelwa yi-OS njengendawo yokugcina idatha eyodwa. Umsebenzi womhlaba wonke amaqembu e-RAID angawaxazulula ukunciphisa isikhathi sokufinyelela idatha, ukwandisa isivinini sokufunda/sokubhala nokwethembeka, okufinyelelwa ngenxa yekhono lokululama ngokushesha uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka. Ngendlela, akudingekile neze ukusebenzisa i-RAID kumakhophi asekhaya. Kodwa uma uneseva yakho yasekhaya, lapho udinga ukufinyelela khona njalo 24/7, lokho kuyindaba ehlukile.
Kunamazinga angaphezu kweshumi nambili ezinhlaka ze-RAID, ngalinye elihluka ngenani lamadrayivu asetshenziswa kuwo futhi linobuhle nobubi balo: ngokwesibonelo, i-RAID 0 ikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukusebenza okuphezulu ngaphandle kokubekezelela iphutha, i-RAID 1 ikuvumela ukuthi zibukise ngokuzenzakalelayo idatha ngaphandle kokukhuphuka kwejubane, futhi i-RAID 10 ihlanganisa iqukethe amathuba angenhla. I-RAID 0 ne-1 ilula kakhulu (njengoba ayidingi izibalo zesofthiwe) futhi, ngenxa yalokho, idume kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ukukhetha okuvuna ileveli eyodwa noma enye ye-RAID kuncike emisebenzini eyabelwe uhlu lwediski kanye namandla esilawuli se-RAID.
I-RAID yasekhaya neyebhizinisi: yini umehluko?
Isisekelo sanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi lesimanje siwumthamo omkhulu wedatha okufanele igcinwe ngokuphephile kumaseva enkampani. Futhi, njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, kufanele banikezwe ukufinyelela njalo 24/7. Kuyacaca ukuthi, kanye ne-hardware, ingxenye yesofthiwe nayo ibalulekile, kodwa kulokhu sisakhuluma ngemishini eqinisekisa ukugcinwa okuthembekile nokucubungula ulwazi. Ayikho isofthiwe ezosindisa inkampani emonakalweni uma i-hardware ingahlangabezani nemisebenzi eyabelwe yona.
Kule misebenzi, noma yimuphi umkhiqizi wezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha unikeza lokho okubizwa ngamadivaysi ebhizinisi. I-Kingston inezixazululo ezinamandla zesimo esiqinile ngendlela yamamodeli we-SATA и , kanye namamodeli e-NVMe DC1000M U.2 NVMe, DCU1000 U.2 NVMe kanye ne-DCP-1000 PCI-e, ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa kuzikhungo zedatha namakhompyutha amakhulu. Izinhlu zamadrayivu anjalo zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlangana nezilawuli zehadiwe.
Emakethe yabathengi (okungukuthi, ama-PC asekhaya namaseva e-NAS), amadrayivu afana NVMe PCIe, kodwa kulokhu akudingekile ukuthenga isilawuli sehadiwe. Ungakwazi ukuzikhawulela ku-PC noma iseva ye-NAS eyakhelwe ebhodini lomama, ngaphandle uma uhlela ukuhlanganisa iseva yasekhaya ngokwakho ngemisebenzi ye-atypical (ukuqala ukusingathwa kwekhaya elincane labangane, isibonelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-RAID asekhaya, njengomthetho, awadingi amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamadrayivu, akhawulelwe kumadivayisi amabili, amane nesishiyagalombili (ngokuvamile i-SATA).
Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezilawuli ze-RAID
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezilawuli ze-RAID ezisuselwe ezimisweni zokusebenzisa amalungu afanayo e-RAID:
1. Isofthiwe, lapho ukuphathwa kwamalungu afanayo kuwela ku-CPU ne-DRAM (okungukuthi, ikhodi yohlelo isetshenziswa kusiprosesa).
2. Ihlanganisiwe, okungukuthi, yakhelwe kumabhodi omama we-PC noma iseva ye-NAS.
3. Izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha (i-modular), okungamakhadi okunweba ahlukene ezixhumi ze-PCI/PCIe kumabhodi omama.
Uyini umehluko wabo oyisisekelo komunye nomunye? Izilawuli ze-Software RAID zingaphansi kunezihlanganisiwe nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ngokuya ngokusebenza nokubekezelela amaphutha, kodwa azidingi okokusebenza okukhethekile ukuze kusebenze. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphrosesa yesistimu yokusingatha inamandla ngokwanele ukuze iqalise isofthiwe ye-RAID ngaphandle kokuba nomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kumsingathi. Izilawuli ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukuhlonyiswa ngenkumbulo yenqolobane yazo futhi zisebenzisa inani elithile lezinsiza ze-CPU.
Kodwa i-hardware inakho kokubili inkumbulo yenqolobane kanye neprosesa eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokwenza ama-algorithms esofthiwe. Ngokuvamile, zikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise zonke izinhlobo zamazinga e-RAID futhi usekele izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamadrayivu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isibonelo, izilawuli ze-hardware zanamuhla ezivela ku-Broadcom zingaxhuma ngesikhathi esisodwa amadivayisi we-SATA, SAS kanye ne-NVMe, okuvumela ukuthi ungashintshi isilawuli lapho uthuthukisa amaseva: ikakhulukazi, lapho usuka ku-SATA SSD uye ku-NVMe SSD, abalawuli akudingeki bashintshwe.
Empeleni, kuleli nothi sifika ku-typology yabalawuli ngokwabo. Uma kunezinhlobo ezintathu, kufanele kube khona ezinye? Kulesi simo, impendulo yalo mbuzo izoba ngo-affirmative. Ngokuya ngemisebenzi namandla, abalawuli be-RAID bangahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa:
1. Izilawuli ezivamile ezinomsebenzi we-RAID
Kuwo wonke umlando, lesi isilawuli esilula kunazo zonke esikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise ama-HDD nama-SSD kuhlelwe yi-RAID yamazinga “0”, “1” noma “0+1”. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokohlelo ezingeni le-firmware. Kodwa-ke, lezi zixhobo azikwazi ukunconywa ukuthi zisetshenziswe engxenyeni yezinkampani, ngoba azinayo inqolobane futhi azisekeli izinhlaka zamazinga "5", "3", njll. Kodwa kuseva yasekhaya yezinga lokungena zifanelekile.
2. Izilawuli ezisebenza ngokuhambisana nezinye izilawuli ze-RAID
Lolu hlobo lwesilawuli lungamataniswa nezilawuli zebhodi lomama ezididiyelwe. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokwesimiso esilandelayo: isilawuli se-RAID esiqondile sinakekela ukuxazulula izinkinga “ezinengqondo”, futhi esakhelwe ngaphakathi sithatha imisebenzi yokushintshisana kwedatha phakathi kwamadrayivu. Kodwa kukhona okuhlukile: ukusebenza okufanayo kwabalawuli abanjalo kungenzeka kuphela kuma-motherboards ahambisanayo, okusho ukuthi ububanzi bokusebenzisa kwabo bulinganiselwe kakhulu.
3. Izilawuli ze-RAID ezizimele
Lezi zixazululo ezihlukene ziqukethe ebhodini wonke ama-chips adingekayo ukuze asebenze namaseva ekilasi lebhizinisi, ane-BIOS yawo, inkumbulo yenqolobane kanye neprosesa yokulungisa amaphutha ngokushesha nokubala kokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlangabezana namazinga aphezulu okuthembeka mayelana nokukhiqiza futhi banamamojula ememori ekhwalithi ephezulu.
4. Izilawuli ze-RAID zangaphandle
Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi zonke izilawuli ezibalwe ngenhla zingaphakathi futhi zithola amandla ngesixhumi se-PCIe sebhodi lomama. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Futhi lokho kwehluleka kwebhodi lomama kungaholela emaphutheni ekusebenzeni kwe-RAID yamalungu kanye nokulahleka kwedatha. Izilawuli zangaphandle zikhululekile kulokhu kungaqondi kahle, njengoba zigcinwe endaweni ehlukile enogesi ozimele. Mayelana nokuthembeka, izilawuli ezinjalo zinikeza izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokugcinwa kwedatha.
, I-Microsemi Adaptec, i-Intel, i-IBM, i-Dell ne-Cisco yizinkampani ezimbalwa nje ezihlinzeka ngezilawuli ze-hardware RAID.
Izindlela zokusebenza zezilawuli ze-RAID SAS/SATA/NVMe
Injongo eyinhloko yezilawuli ze-HBA ze-tri-mode kanye ne-RAID (noma izilawuli ezinomsebenzi we-Tri-Mode) ukudala i-NVMe-based hardware RAID. Izilawuli zochungechunge lwe-Broadcom's 9400 zingenza lokhu: isibonelo, . Iyingxenye yohlobo oluzimele lwesilawuli se-RAID, ifakwe izixhumi ezine ze-SFF-8643 futhi, ngenxa yokusekelwa kwe-Tri-Mode, ikuvumela ukuthi uxhume amadrayivu e-SATA/SAS kanye ne-NVMe kanye kanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi ingesinye sezilawuli ezonga amandla kakhulu emakethe (idla kuphela ama-Watts angu-17 wamandla, nama-Watts angaphansi kuka-1,1 endaweni ngayinye kwezingu-16).
Isixhumanisi esibonakalayo yi-PCI Express x8 inguqulo 3.1, evumela ukuphuma kwe-64 Gbit/s (izilawuli ze-PCI Express 2020 kulindeleke ukuthi zivele ngo-4.0). Isilawuli sembobo engu-16 sisekelwe ku-2-core chip kanye ne-72-bit DDR4-2133 SDRAM (4 GB), kanye nekhono lokuxhuma kumadrayivu angama-240 SATA/SAS, noma kumadivayisi afinyelela kwangu-24 e-NVMe. Mayelana nokuhlela amalungu afanayo e-RAID, amazinga “0”, “1”, “5” kanye “ne-6”, kanye no-“10”, “50” kanye “no-60” asekelwa. Ngendlela, inkumbulo ye-cache kanye nabanye abalawuli ochungechungeni lwe-9400 bavikelekile ekuhlulekeni kwamandla kagesi ngemojula ye-CacheVault CVPM05 yokuzikhethela.
Ubuchwepheshe bezindlela ezintathu busekelwe kumsebenzi wokuguqula idatha ye-SerDes: ukuguqula ukumelwa kwedatha kochungechunge lwe-SAS/SATA ku-interface ye-SAS/SATA ibe ifomu elihambisanayo ku-PCIe NVMe futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Okusho ukuthi, isilawuli sixoxisana ngesivinini namaphrothokholi ukuze sisebenze ngaphandle komthungo nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezintathu zemishini yokugcina. Lokhu kunikeza indlela engenazihibe yokulinganisa ingqalasizinda yesikhungo sedatha: abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa i-NVMe ngaphandle kokwenza izinguquko eziphawulekayo kokunye ukulungiselelwa kwesistimu.
Kodwa-ke, lapho uhlela ukulungiselelwa ngamadrayivu e-NVMe, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi izixazululo ze-NVMe zisebenzisa imizila ye-4 PCIe ukuxhuma, okusho ukuthi idrayivu ngayinye isebenzisa yonke imigqa yamachweba we-SFF-8643. Kuvela ukuthi amadrayivu amane kuphela e-NVMe angaxhunywa ngqo kusilawuli seMegaRAID 9460-16i. Noma zikhawulele kuzixazululo ezimbili ze-NVMe ngenkathi ngesikhathi esisodwa uxhuma amadrayivu ayisishiyagalombili e-SAS (bona umdwebo wokuxhuma ngezansi).
Isibalo sibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwesixhumi "0" (C0 / Isixhumi 0) nesixhumi "1" sokuxhumana kwe-NVMe, kanye nezixhumi "2" kanye "3" zokuxhuma kwe-SAS. Lolu hlelo lungahlehliswa, kodwa idrayivu ngayinye ye-x4 NVMe kufanele ixhunywe kusetshenziswa imizila eseduze. Izindlela zokusebenza zesilawuli zisethwa nge-StorCLI noma izinsiza zokucushwa kwe-Human Interface Infrastructure (HII), esebenza endaweni ye-UEFI.
Imodi yokuzenzakalelayo yiphrofayela ye-“PD64” (isekela kuphela i-SAS/SATA). Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, kunamaphrofayili amathathu esewonke: imodi “ye-SAS/SATA kuphela” (PD240 / PD64 / PD 16), imodi ye-“NVMe kuphela” (PCIe4) kanye nemodi exubile lapho zonke izinhlobo zokushayela. ingasebenza: “PD64 -PCIe4” (ukusekelwa kwamadiski angokwenyama nangokoqobo angama-64 anamadrayivu angu-4 e-NVMe). Kumodi exubile, inani lephrofayela eshiwo kufanele libe yi-“ProfileID=13”. Kodwa-ke, iphrofayili ekhethiwe igcinwa njengeyinhloko futhi ayisethwa kabusha ngisho nalapho ibuyela kuzilungiselelo zasefekthri ngomyalo we-Set Factory Defaults. Ingashintshwa ngesandla kuphela.
Ingabe kufanelekile ukudala uhlu lwe-RAID ku-SSD?
Ngakho-ke, sesivele saqonda ukuthi ama-RAID array ayisihluthulelo sokusebenza okuphezulu. Kodwa ingabe kufanelekile ukwakha i-RAID evela kuma-SSD ukuze isetshenziswe ekhaya nasezinkampanini? Abangabazayo abaningi bathi ukwanda kwejubane akubalulekile kangako njengoba kungasaphazamisi kumadrayivu e-NVMe. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Nakancane. Umkhawulo omkhulu wokusebenzisa ama-SSD ku-RAID (kokubili ekhaya nasezingeni lebhizinisi) kungase kube intengo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu angase athini, izindleko zesikhala se-gigabyte ku-HDD ishibhile kakhulu.
Ukuxhuma "amadrayivu" amaningi esimo esiqinile kusilawuli se-RAID ukuze udale uhlu lwe-SSD kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni ekucushweni okuthile. Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukusebenza okuphezulu kunqunyelwe ukuphuma kwesilawuli se-RAID uqobo. Izinga le-RAID elinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu yi-RAID 0.
I-RAID 0 evamile enama-SSD amabili, esebenzisa indlela yokuhlukanisa idatha ibe amabhulokhi angashintshi futhi iwadwebe endaweni yokulondoloza isimo esiqinile, izophumela ekusebenzeni okuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa ne-SSD eyodwa. Kodwa-ke, uhlu lwe-RAID 0 olunama-SSD amane luzovele lushesha ngokuphindwe kane kune-SSD ehamba kancane ohlwini (kuya ngomkhawulo womkhawulokudonsa ezingeni lesilawuli se-RAID SSD).
Ngokusekelwe kwi-arithmetic elula, i-SATA SSD ishesha cishe izikhathi ezi-3 kune-SATA HDD evamile. Izixazululo ze-NVMe zisebenza kahle kakhulu - izikhathi eziyi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Inqobo nje uma ama-hard drive amabili ku-RAID enezinga elinguziro akhombisa ukusebenza kabili, ekhuphula ngo-50%, ama-SATA SSD amabili azoshesha izikhathi eziyisi-6, kanti ama-NVMe SSD amabili azoshesha izikhathi ezingama-20. Ikakhulukazi, idrayivu eyodwa ye-Kingston KC2000 NVMe PCIe ingafinyelela isivinini sokufunda nokubhala esilandelanayo esingafika ku-3200 MB/s, okuthi ngefomethi ye-RAID 0 izofinyelela ku-6 GB/s. Futhi isivinini sokufunda/sokubhala samabhulokhi angahleliwe angu-4 KB ngosayizi sizosuka ku-350 IOPS siye ku-000 IOPS. Kodwa... ngasikhathi sinye, i-RAID ethi “zero” ayisinikezi ngokuphindaphinda.
Kungashiwo ukuthi ezindaweni zasekhaya, ukuphindaphindeka kwesitoreji ngokuvamile akudingekile, ngakho-ke ukulungiswa kwe-RAID efaneleka kakhulu kwama-SSD empeleni kuba yi-RAID 0. Kuyindlela ethembekile yokuthola ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kokusebenza njengenye indlela yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Intel Optane-based. Ama-SSD. Kodwa sizokhuluma ngendlela izixazululo ze-SSD eziziphatha ngayo ezinhlotsheni ezidume kakhulu ze-RAID ("1", "5", "10", "50") esihlokweni sethu esilandelayo.
Lesi sihloko silungiselelwe ngokusekelwa ozakwethu kwa-Broadcom, abahlinzeka ngabalawuli babo konjiniyela be-Kingston ukuze bahlolwe ngamadrayivu e-SATA/SAS/NVMe asezingeni lebhizinisi. Ngenxa yale symbiosis enobungane, amakhasimende akudingeki angabaze ukwethembeka nokuzinza kwamadrayivu e-Kingston ane-HBA kanye nezilawuli ze-RAID kusukela ekukhiqizeni. .
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nemikhiqizo ye-Kingston, sicela uvakashele inkampani.
Source: www.habr.com