Mayelana nombhali: ungumdidiyeli wosolwazi wezomlando eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Carolina kanye nomqondisi we-Ann Johnson Institute for Science, Technology and Society.
Uma kuziwa ekusunguleni ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili, akukho lutho olungahlula ijuba. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, ngoklebe olungavamile.
Ukuhlola izinyoni: Ngawo-1970, i-CIA yakha ikhamera encane eyashintsha amajuba abe yizinhloli.
Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, amajuba athwalayo ethwele imiyalezo. Futhi zaba usizo ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sempi. UJulius Caesar, uGenghis Khan, (ngesikhathi ) - bonke babethembele ekuxhumaneni ngezinyoni. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, i-US Signal Corps kanye neNavy bagcina ama-dovecotes abo. Uhulumeni waseFrance uklomelise inyoni yaseMelika okuthiwa uCher Ami ngenkonzo yobuqhawe ngesikhathi seMpi yaseVerdun. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abaseBrithani babefuye amajuba angaphezu kuka-250 000, angu-32 kuwo awathola. , umklomelo okhethekile wezilwane enkonzweni yezempi [kusukela ngo-1943 kuya ku-1949, indondo yanikezwa izikhathi ezingu-54 - amajuba angamashumi amathathu nambili, izinja eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili, amahhashi amathathu kanye nomkhumbi. / cishe. ukuhumusha].
Futhi-ke, i-Central Intelligence Agency yase-US ayikwazanga ukuzibamba ngaphandle kokuguqula amajuba abe izinhloli. Ngawo-1970, uMnyango Wokucwaninga Nokuthuthukiswa Kwe-CIA wakha ikhamera encane, engasindi eyayingaboshelwa esifubeni sejuba. Ngemva kokukhululwa, ijuba landizela phezu kwaleli qembu elihloselwe inhloli lapho libuyela ekhaya. Injini engaphakathi kwekhamera, esebenza ngebhethri, yaphenduka ifilimu futhi yavula ishutha. Ngenxa yokuthi amajuba endizela amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa nje ukusuka emhlabathini, akwazi ukuthola izithombe ezinemininingwane eminingi kunezindiza noma iziphuphutheki. Ingabe bekukhona ukuhlolwa? uphumelele? Asazi. Le datha isalokhu ihlukaniswa kuze kube yilolu suku.
Kodwa-ke, i-CIA yayingeyena owokuqala ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe. Usokhemisi waseJalimane uJulius Gustav Neubronner ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengomuntu wokuqala ukuqeqesha amajuba ukuthwebula izithombe zasemoyeni. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, uNeubronner wanamathisela amakhamera [okusunguliwe, kusetshenziswa ukuvulwa kwe-pneumatic kwe-shutter / approx. ukuhumusha] esifubeni samajuba othwala. Ikhamera yathatha izithombe ngezikhathi ezithile njengoba ijuba lindizela ekhaya.
Amasosha asePrussia ahlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa amajuba e-Neubronner ukuze athole ulwazi, kodwa awushiya lo mbono ngemva kokungakwazi ukulawula imizila noma ukuthatha izithombe zezindawo ezithile. Esikhundleni salokho, uNeubronner waqala ukwenza amakhadi eposi ngalezi zithombe. Manje sebeqoqwe encwadini ka-2017 “". Ezinye zazo zingabukwa ku-inthanethi:
Isizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi amajuba asetshenziselwe imiyalezo noma ukugadwa ukuthi banayo - ikhono lokuzwa inkambu kazibuthe yoMhlaba, inquma indawo yomuntu, isiqondiso sokunyakaza nokuma kwayo.
Okuphawulwe ekuqaleni eGibhithe naseMesophothamiya lasendulo kwabonisa ukuthi amajuba ngokuvamile ayebuyela ekhaya ezidlekeni zawo, ngisho noma ekhululwe kude nasekhaya. Kodwa ososayensi muva nje sebenabo ukuthi i-orientation kazibuthe isebenza kanjani ezinyonini.
Ngo-1968, isazi sezilwane saseJalimane uWolfgang Wiltschko sachaza ikhampasi kazibuthe , izinyoni ezifudukayo. Wabuka njengoba amarobhi ayebanjiwe eqoqana ekugcineni kwehhoko futhi ebheka lapho ayeyohamba ngakhona ukube ekhululekile. Lapho Vilchko manipulated magnetic fields in the laboratory usebenzisa , ama-robin asabela kulokhu ngokushintsha ukuma kwawo emkhathini, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izimpawu ezibonakalayo noma ezinye.
Ukutadisha i-magnetoreception yamajuba amajuba kube nzima kakhulu ngoba izinyoni kufanele zidedelwe endaweni yazo yemvelo ukuze zibonise ukuziphatha kwazo okuyisici. Ngaphandle kwelabhorethri, ayikho indlela elula yokusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe, ngakho kwakunzima ukwazi ukuthi izinyoni zithembele yini kwezinye izindlela zokuma kwazo, njengokuma kweLanga esibhakabhakeni.
Ngama-1970s , isazi sezinyoni zezinyoni eNyuvesi yaseNew York eStony Brook nomfundi wakhe uRobert Greene baqhamuka nokuhlola okuhlakaniphile okunqoba ubunzima obunjalo. Okokuqala, baqeqesha umhlambi wamajuba angu-50 ukuze undize endaweni enelanga nenamafu usuka entshonalanga uye empumalanga, uwakhulule ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlukene.
Ngemva kokuba amajuba eqale ukubuyela ekhaya ngokungaguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu sinjani, ososayensi bawagqokisa izigqoko zemfashini. Bafaka amakhoyili amabhethri ejuba ngalinye - ikhoyili eyodwa yazungeza intamo yenyoni njengokhololo, kanti enye inamatheliswe ekhanda layo. Amakhoyili asetshenziswa ukushintsha amandla kazibuthe azungeze inyoni.
Ngezinsuku ezinelanga, ukuba khona kwamanje kumakhoyili kwakunomthelela omncane ezinyonini. Kodwa esimweni sezulu esiguqubele, izinyoni zazindiza zibheke endlini noma zisuke kuyo, kuye ngokuthi iqonde ngakuphi amandla kazibuthe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi esimweni sezulu esicacile amajuba azulazula elangeni, futhi ngezinsuku ezinamafu asebenzisa kakhulu amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba. UWalcott noGreen azithole kuSayensi ngo-1974.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, uJulius Gustav Neubronner wasebenzisa amajuba namakhamera ukuze athwebule izithombe zasemoyeni.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nokuhlola kuye kwasiza ukucacisa inkolelo-mbono ye-magnetoreception, kodwa kuze kube manje akekho oye wakwazi ukukhomba lapho ama-magnetoreceptors ezinyoni atholakala khona. Ngo-2002, Vilchko nethimba lakhe ukuthi zitholakala esweni langakwesokudla. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-XNUMX, elinye iqembu lososayensi lanyathelisa impendulo yalo msebenzi ephephabhukwini elithi Nature, lithi bona umphumela umenyezelwe.
Umbono wesibili kwakuwuqhwaku—ikakhulukazi, insimbi phezu koqhwaku lwezinye izinyoni. Lo mbono waphinde wenqatshwa ngo-2012, lapho ithimba lososayensi ukuthi amangqamuzana akhona angama-macrophage, ayingxenye yamasosha omzimba. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uDavid Dickman noLe-qing Wu okungenzeka okwesithathu: indlebe yangaphakathi. Okwamanje, ukusesha izimbangela ze-magnetoreception kusalokhu kuyindawo yocwaningo olusebenzayo.
Ngenhlanhla kulabo abafuna ukudala "ijuba", ukuqonda ukuthi izinyoni ziyazi kanjani isiqondiso sokundiza akubalulekile. Badinga nje ukuqeqeshelwa ukundiza phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-stimulus ehlolwe isikhathi ngendlela yokudla. Uma uphakela amajuba endaweni eyodwa futhi uwagcine kwenye, ungawafundisa ukundiza ngalo mzila. Kungenzeka futhi ukuqeqesha amajuba ukuthi abuyele ekhaya esuka ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile. IN izinyoni zingandiza ngale , nakuba umkhawulo webanga ojwayelekile uthathwa njengebanga elingu-1000 km.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, amajuba ayethwala imiyalezo epakishwe ngamashubhu amancane eboshelwe emilenzeni yawo. Phakathi kwemizila evamile kwakunendlela esuka esiqhingini eya edolobheni elisezwekazini, ukusuka edolobhaneni ukuya enkabeni yedolobha, nakwezinye izindawo lapho izintambo zocingo zazingakafiki khona.
Ijuba elilodwa lingathwala inani elilinganiselwe lemiyalezo evamile—alinawo amandla okuthwala endiza ezindizayo yase-Amazon. Kodwa ukusungulwa kwefilimu encane ngeminyaka yawo-1850 ngumthwebuli wezithombe waseFrance uRené Dagron kwavumela inyoni eyodwa ukuthi iphathe amagama amaningi, ngisho nezithombe.
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokusungulwa, lapho iParis yayivinjezelwe ngesikhathi , uDagron uhlongoze ukusebenzisa amajuba ukuphatha izithombe zemiyalezo esemthethweni neyomuntu siqu. kugcine ukuhlela kabusha amafilimu amancane aqukethe imilayezo engaphezu kwesigidi. AbasePrussia bakwazisa okwakwenzeka, futhi bathatha oklebe noklebe babayisa enkonzweni, bezama ukuvimba imiyalezo enamaphiko.
Ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, ukwethembeka kokukhulumisana okuvamile ngeposi, ngocingo nangocingo kwakhula, futhi amajuba kancane kancane athuthela endaweni yokuzilibazisa nezidingo ezikhethekile, aba isifundo solwazi olungavamile.
Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nawo-1990 inkampani ovela e-Colorado, umthandi we-rafting, ufake i-pigeon mail ohambweni lwakhe ngasemfuleni i-Cache-la-Poudre. Ifilimu eyathathwa endleleni yalayishwa ezikhwameni ezincane zamajuba. Izinyoni zabe sezidedelwa zabuyiselwa ekomkhulu lenkampani. Ngesikhathi uphahla lubuya, izithombe zase zilungile - i-pigeon mail yanikeza okuyingqayizivele kulezo zikhumbuzo [ezindaweni ezinezintaba zaseDagestan, ezinye izakhamuzi , ukudlulisa idatha kumakhadi e-flash / cishe. ukuhumusha]
Ummeleli wenkampani wathi izinyoni zaba nesikhathi esinzima ngokushintshela kubuchwepheshe bedijithali. Ephethe amakhadi e-SD esikhundleni samafilimu, ayevame ukundizela ehlathini kunokuba abuyele e-dovecote, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi impahla yawo yayilula kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho bonke abavakashi bethola kancane kancane ama-smartphones, inkampani kwadingeka ihoxise amajuba,
Futhi ukubuka kwami konke okufushane kwemiyalezo yejuba bekungeke kuphelele ngaphandle kokukhuluma nge-RFC David Weitzman ethunyelwe kuMkhandlu Wobunjiniyela Be-inthanethi ngo-Ephreli 1, 1990. wachaza umthetho olandelwayo , I-Internet Protocol phezu kwe-Avian Carriers, okungukuthi, ukudluliswa kwethrafikhi ye-inthanethi ngamajuba. IN , eyakhishwa ngo-April 1, 1999, akukhulunywanga ngokuthuthukiswa kwezokuphepha kuphela (“Kunokukhathazeka okuyimfihlo mayelana namajuba ama-decoy” [umdlalo wamagama usebenzisa umqondo wejuba lendle, okusho kokubili inyoni egxilile ehloselwe ukuheha izinyoni lapho kuzingelwa, kanye nempimpi yamaphoyisa / cishe. ukuhumusha]), kodwa kanye nezindaba zobunikazi (“Okwamanje kunezinqubo zomthetho kulokho okufike kuqala – umthwali wolwazi noma iqanda”).
Ezivivinyweni zangempela zokuphila ze-IPoAC protocol e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika nase-Britain, izinyoni zaqhudelana nezokuxhumana zendawo, ikhwalithi yazo kwezinye izindawo yashiya ingathandeki. Ekugcineni, izinyoni zanqoba. Njengoba esesebenze njengendlela yokudlulisela imiyalezo izinkulungwane zeminyaka, amajuba asaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Source: www.habr.com
