Ingxoxo: izinsiza ezijwayelekile ze-UNIX ezisetshenziswe abantu abambalwa nazisazisebenzisa

Esontweni eledlule, uDouglas McIlroy, umthuthukisi wepayipi le-UNIX nomsunguli womqondo "wohlelo olugxile engxenyeni", utshelwe mayelana nezinhlelo ze-UNIX ezithokozisayo nezingavamile ezingasetshenziswa kakhulu. Ukushicilelwa kwethule ingxoxo esebenzayo ku-Hacker News. Siqoqe izinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi sizojabula uma ujoyina ingxoxo.

--Ото - UVirginia Johnson - Unsplash

Sebenza ngombhalo

Amasistimu wokusebenza afana ne-UNIX anesethi evamile yamathuluzi okufometha umbhalo. Isisetshenziswa typo ukuvumele ukuthi ubuyekeze idokhumenti ngama-typos kanye laphax - amagama avela endabeni kanye kuphela. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhlelo lokuthola ama-typos ayisebenzisi izichazamazwi. Ithembela kuphela olwazini olusefayelini futhi yenza ukuhlaziya imvamisa isebenzisa ama-trigram (ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu ezintathu). Kulokhu, zonke izinto zokubala ezidingekayo ziyagcinwa ohlwini lwama-26x26x26. NgokukaDouglas McIlroy, leli nani lenkumbulo lalinganele ukubala ezimbalwa zebhayithi eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuze wonge imali, zabhalwa ngendlela ye-logarithmic.

Namuhla ukuthayipha kuthathelwe indawo izihloli zesipelingi zesimanjemanje nezinembile. Nokho, abantu basakhumbula mayelana insimbi - eminyakeni embalwa edlule enthusiast kwethulwa ukuqaliswa kokuthayipha ku-Go. Inqolobane isabuyekezwa.

Elinye ithuluzi lokusebenza ngemibhalo kusukela 80s iphakethe Ibhentshi Lokusebenzela Lombhali kusuka ku-Lorinda Cherry no-Nina McDonald be-Bell Labs. Ukwakheka kwayo kuhlanganisiwe amathuluzi okuhlonza izingxenye zenkulumo nesitayela sombhalo, ukucinga ama-tautology kanye nemisho eyinkimbinkimbi ngokungadingekile. Izinsiza zathuthukiswa njengezinsiza zabafundi, futhi ngesinye isikhathi esetshenzisiwe abafundi baseColorado State University e-USA. Kodwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, i-Workbench Yokubhala yakhohlwa ngoba yayingafakiwe ku-Version 7 Unix. Nokho, le nsimbi yaqhubeka nendlela yayo yabalingisi - isibonelo, lolimi ye-IBM PC.

I-UNIX futhi ihlinzeka ngamathuluzi ajwayelekile ukwenza ukusebenza ngamafomula kube lula. Kukhona i-preprocessor yolimi yokufometha izinkulumo zezibalo eqn. Kuyaphawuleka ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuze ubonise ifomula, umthuthukisi udinga kuphela ukuyichaza ngamagama alula nezimpawu. Amagama angukhiye akuvumela ukuthi uguqule izimpawu zezibalo ziqonde zibheke phansi, zishintshe osayizi bazo kanye nezinye imingcele. Uma udlulisela ulayini kuhlelo lokusebenza:

sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }

Okukhiphayo kuzokhiqiza ifomula elandelayo:

Ngawo-1980-1990s eqn kwasiza Ochwepheshe be-IT babhala iziqondiso zesofthiwe. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yathathelwa indawo uhlelo lweLaTeX, olwathi isebenzisa ngisho uHabr. Kodwa i-eqn iyithuluzi lokuqala lekilasi layo ukuze lihlale liyingxenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-UNIX.

Ukusebenza ngamafayela

Kuchungechunge lwetimu, izakhamizi zeHacker News ziphawule izinsiza ezimbalwa ezingavamile ukusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni ngamafayela. Omunye wabo kwaba comm ukuziqhathanisa. Lena i-analogue eyenziwe lula Hlukile, yakhelwe ukusebenza ngombhalo. Okwakhe wabhala URichard Stallman ngokwakhe kanye noDavid MacKenzie.

Okuphumayo kohlelo kuqukethe amakholomu amathathu. Ikholomu yokuqala iqukethe amanani ahlukile efayeleni lokuqala, ikholomu yesibili iqukethe amanani ahlukile efayeleni lesibili. Ikholomu yesithathu ihlanganisa amanani esewonke. Ukuze i-comm isebenze kahle, amadokhumenti aqhathaniswayo kufanele ahlungwe nge-lexically. Ngakho-ke, omunye wabahlali bendawo kuphakanyisiwe sebenza nensizakalo ngale ndlela elandelayo:

comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)

I-Comm isebenziseka kalula ukuhlola isipelingi samagama. Kwanele ukuwaqhathanisa nedokhumenti yesichazamazwi esiyireferensi. Ngokucabangela ubuqili obuhlobene nesidingo sokuhlunga amafayela, kukhona umbono, ukuthi u-Stallman no-MacKenzie babhale insiza yabo yalolu hlelo lokusebenza kuphela.

--Ото - UMarnix Hogendoorn - Unsplash

Futhi umhlanganyeli wengxoxo ku-HN kuphawuliwe amakhono opharetha udla, okwakungabonakali kuye. Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise phakathi kokusakaza kwedatha noma uhlukanise ukusakaza okukodwa kube amakholomu amabili lapho ukhipha:

$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )
foo     baz
bar     qux
$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -
foo     bar
baz     qux

Omunye wabasebenzisi uqaphele, ngokuvamile okungezona izixazululo ezifanele kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ukwenza le misebenzi elula: ukuqala ngayo fmt, ex kanye nesiphetho mlr с j и rs.

Yiziphi izici ezijwayelekile zamasistimu wokusebenza afana ne-UNIX ozithole kuwe?

Esibhala ngakho kubhulogi yethu yebhizinisi:

Indlela Uhlelo Lwegama Lesizinda Lwavela Ngayo: Isikhathi se-ARPANET
Umlando Wesistimu Yegama Lesizinda: Amaseva Wokuqala we-DNS
Umlando we-DNS: lapho amagama wesizinda ekhokhwa
Umlando Wesistimu Yegama Lesizinda: I-Protocol Wars

Source: www.habr.com