Π Sazinza eqinisweni lokuthi ohlelweni lokuvota lwe-elekthronikhi esikude esicabanga ngalo, i-algorithm ye-cryptographic "blind electronic signature" isetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe imfihlo yokuvota nokwenza umvoti angaziwa. Kulesi sihloko sizokubheka kabanzi.
Okokuqala, ake siphendukele ku-algorithm yesiginesha ye-elekthronikhi eyaziwayo nejwayelekile, esetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zolwazi ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene. Isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi isekelwe ku-cryptographic asymmetric encryption algorithms. Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric ukubethela kusetshenziswa okhiye aba-2: eyodwa yazo isetshenziselwa ukubethela, enye isetshenziselwa ukubethela. Abizwa ngokuthi ukhiye ovulekile (owomphakathi) nowangasese. Ukhiye osesidlangalaleni waziwa abanye, futhi ukhiye oyimfihlo waziwa kuphela umnikazi wesiginesha ye-elekthronikhi futhi ugcinwa endaweni okungafinyeleleki kuyo abanye.
Lapho usayina, okulandelayo kwenzeka: okokuqala, idokhumenti ye-elekthronikhi, esebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwezibalo, iyancipha ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zobukhulu obuthile - lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi we-hash.
Umphumela wokulandelana kwezinhlamvu (i-hashi evela kudokhumenti) ibethelwa umthumeli wedokhumenti esebenzisa ukhiye oyimfihlo futhi, kanye nokhiye womphakathi, kuthunyelwa kumamukeli. Umamukeli ususa ukubethela ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu esebenzisa ukhiye osesidlangalaleni, asebenzise umsebenzi we-hashi ofanayo ncamashi kudokhumenti, futhi uqhathanisa umphumela wokuguqulwa nomphumela wokususa ukubethela. Uma konke kufana, azikho izinguquko ezenziwe kudokhumenti ngemva kokuba isayinwe ngumthumeli.
Izenzo ezichaziwe zikuvumela ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi idokhumenti ayishintshiwe, kodwa ayikuvumeli ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi umthumeli uwulowo athi unguye ngempela. Ngakho-ke, sidinga inkampani yangaphandle ethenjwa yibo bobabili umthumeli nomamukeli. Ukwenza lokhu, ngaphambi kokuthumela idokhumenti, umthumeli uthintana nenkampani yangaphandle futhi amcele ukuthi asayine ukhiye wakhe osesidlangalaleni ngesiginesha yakhe ye-elekthronikhi. Umthumeli manje uthumela umamukeli idokhumenti, ukhiye wakhe osesidlangalaleni, kanye nesiginesha yenkampani yangaphandle yokhiye wakhe. Umamukeli uqinisekisa isiginesha yenkampani yangaphandle kukhiye osesidlangalaleni futhi uthemba isiginesha yedokhumenti ewumphumela.
Manje ake siqhubekele kokuthi iyini βisiginesha eyimpumputheβ nokuthi ingasisiza kanjani ngokungaziwa.
Ake sicabange ukuthi esibonelweni esichazwe ngenhla, umthumeli ungumvoti, idokhumenti iyivoti, futhi umamukeli yikhomishini yokhetho, noma njengoba sishilo βingxenye yokubala amavoti.β Sizoba nengxenye βYohlu Lwabavotiβ njengengxenye yesithathu (umqinisekisi). Kulokhu, inqubo ingenzeka kanje.
Umvoti ukhiqiza ipheya yokhiye kudivayisi yakhe - okuyimfihlo nesesidlangalaleni. Njengoba lezi zikhiye zidalwe kudivayisi yakhe yomuntu siqu esipheqululini, zaziwa nguye kuphela.
Esebenzisa lezi zikhiye, uzosayina ivoti ukuze alawule ubuqotho balo. Uthumela ivoti elisayiniwe kanye nokhiye womphakathi kukhomishini yokhetho. Ukuze ivoti lamukelwe ingxenye Yesitoreji Sevoti Elisabalalisiwe nokubala, kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi ukhiye osesidlangalaleni usayinwe yisiqinisekisi.
Umfakisicelo (ingxenye yohlu lwabavoti) uzosayina ukhiye womphakathi kuphela ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi umvoti usohlwini lwabavoti.
Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokugcina imfihlo yokuvota, ukhiye osesidlangalaleni womvoti odalwe kudivayisi yakhe akufanele waziwe yinoma ubani. Kuvele ukuthi umgunyazi kumele asayine into angayazi. Umsebenzi ubonakala ungenakwenzeka, kodwa lapha i-cryptographic algorithms iyasiza - kulokhu, i-algorithm "yesignesha eyimpumputhe"
Okokuqala, ukhiye osesidlangalaleni kufanele umbozwe kudivayisi yomvoti. Ukufihla ubuso wukusebenza kwezibalo ngazinye kudivayisi yomsebenzisi. Cabanga ukuthi ucabange inombolo engahleliwe ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-100, wabe usucabanga inombolo yesibili engahleliwe ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-10 futhi eyesithathu, ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-50, iphakamise inombolo yomcabango wasekuqaleni emandleni enombolo yesibili, futhi wayihlukanisa ngaphandle okusele ngokwesithathu. Umphumela wabikwa kwabanye. Ngeke kube nzima kuwe ukubuyisela inombolo yokuqala, njengoba wazi ukulandelana kwezenzo nezinombolo onazo engqondweni. Kodwa labo abaseduze kwakho ngeke bakwazi ukwenza lokhu.
Ukufihla (ukuphuphuthekisa) kokhiye osesidlangalaleni kwenziwa ngokuvumelana ne-algorithm ekhethekile ye-cryptographic. Njengomphumela, isiqinisekisi sisayina ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ofihliwe ngaphandle kokwazi ukhiye wangempela. Kodwa okukhethekile kwe-algorithm ukuthi umsebenzisi (umvoti), ethole isiginesha yokhiye ofihliwe, angenza izinguquko ezihlehlayo futhi athole isiginesha evumeleke kukhiye wangempela, ongafihliwe.
I-algorithm echazwe kabanzi isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphrothokholi okuvota ayimfihlo. Isistimu yokuvota ye-elekthronikhi ekude okwamanje isebenzisa i-algorithm ye-RSA enobude obungukhiye obungamabhithi angu-4096 kumasignesha angaboni emehlweni.
Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokungaziwa ilandelayo.
- Uma ivoti lenziwa, kudalwa ipheya elihlukile elithi "isiqinisekisi", futhi ukhiye womphakathi urekhodwa ku-blockchain. Kudalwe ipheya yokhiye ehlukile evotini ngalinye.
- Umsebenzisi ukhonjwa ohlelweni lokuhlonza (kulokhu, ku-ESIA), futhi unikeza imvume yokudlulisa idatha yakhe kamazisi isuka ohlelweni lokuhlonza iye ku-DEG PTC.
- Ingxenye "Yohlu Lwabavoti" ye-DEG PTC ihlola ukuba khona komsebenzisi ohlwini lwabavoti.
- Edivayisini yomsebenzisi, izihluthulelo zakhe zomuntu zidalwe - eziyimfihlo nezomphakathi, ezaziwa nguye kuphela.
- Ukhiye osesidlangalaleni umbozwe kudivayisi yomsebenzisi
- Kanye nedatha kamazisi kanye nokhiye osesidlangalaleni ofihliwe, umsebenzisi ufinyelela ingxenye "Yohlu Lwabavoti"
- Ingxenye iphinda ihlole ubukhona bomsebenzisi ohlwini kanye neqiniso lokuthi akakaze ayithole isiginesha ngaphambilini.
- Uma konke ukuhlola kuphumelele, ukhiye uyasayinwa
- Iqiniso lokusayina ukhiye liqoshwa ku-blockchain
- Umsebenzisi ocingweni lwakhe ususa imaski kukhiye osesidlangalaleni futhi athole ukhiye oyimfihlo, ukhiye wasesidlangalaleni nesiginesha kukhiye womphakathi, futhi bonke okhiye baziwa nguye kuphela.
- Ngemuva kwalokhu, umsebenzisi udluliselwa endaweni engaziwa - kuwebhusayithi ehlukile edg2020.gov.ru, lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukumkhomba (isibonelo, ngaphambi koshintsho angaxhuma i-VPN noma ashintshe umhlinzeki wakhe we-inthanethi, eshintsha ngokuphelele Ikheli le-IP)
- Ukwamukelwa kwebhalothi kuzoncika kuphela ekutheni isiginesha "yomgunyazi" iqinisekisiwe yini nokuthi ukhiye onjalo awukaze usetshenziswe yini ngaphambilini.
Okulandelayo, sinikeza incazelo ye-algorithm kusukela endaweni yokubuka i-cryptography.
Izinketho zesiginesha nezikhundla:
M - ngefomethi yokunamathisela ye-FDN ukuze usayine.
Source: www.habr.com