Sawubona, Khabrovites! iqala ngo-OTUS ngo-Okthoba. Ukubhalisela isifundo kuvuliwe njengamanje, mayelana nokuthi siqhubeka nokwabelana nawe ngezinto eziwusizo.
I-inthanethi Yezinto (i-IoT, I-inthanethi Yezinto) izokwakhiwa phezu kwengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ekhona, ubuchwepheshe nezimiso ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje ezindlini/emahhovisi kanye naku-inthanethi, futhi izohlinzeka nokunye okuningi.
Inhloso yalo mhlahlandlela ukunikeza umbono kafushane wezinhlelo zokuxhumana zokuxhumana nezokusebenza ze-IoT.
Qaphela. Kufanele ube nolwazi .
Amanethiwekhi e-IoT
I-IoT izosebenza kumanethiwekhi akhona e-TCP/IP.
I-TCP/IP isebenzisa imodeli enezendlalelo ezine enezivumelwano ezithile kusendlalelo ngasinye. Cm. (siyaqonda imodeli yezendlalelo ezine ye-TCP / IP).
Umdwebo ongezansi ubonisa ukuqhathaniswa kwezivumelwano ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje nalezo okungenzeka zisetshenziselwe i-IoT.
Amanothi eshadi:
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Usayizi wefonti ukhombisa ukuduma kwephrothokholi. Isibonelo, ngakwesobunxele, i-IPv4 inkulu, njengoba idume kakhulu ku-inthanethi yesimanje. Nokho, incane kwesokudla njengoba i-IPv6 kulindeleke ukuthi idume kakhulu ku-IoT.
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Akuwona wonke amaphrothokholi abonisiwe.
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Iningi lezinguquko lisesiteshini (amazinga 1 no-2) kanye namazinga okusebenza (izinga lesi-4).
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Inethiwekhi nezendlalelo zezokuthutha kungenzeka zihlale zingashintshile.
Xhumanisa amaphrothokholi wesendlalelo
Ezingeni lokuxhumanisa idatha (Isixhumanisi Sedatha), udinga ukuxhumanisa amadivayisi namanye. Zombili zingasondelana, isibonelo, kumanethiwekhi endawo (amanethiwekhi endawo) futhi ebangeni elikhulu ukusuka komunye nomunye: emadolobheni (amanethiwekhi ezindawo zamadolobha amakhulu) kanye namanethiwekhi omhlaba (amanethiwekhi endawo ebanzi).
Njengamanje, kuleli zinga, amanethiwekhi asekhaya nawehhovisi (ama-LAN) asebenzisa i-Ethernet ne-Wi-Fi, kanti amaselula (WANs) asebenzisa i-3G/4G. Kodwa-ke, amadivaysi amaningi e-IoT angamandla aphansi, njengezinzwa, futhi anikwa amandla amabhethri kuphela. Kulezi zimo, i-Ethernet ayifanele, kodwa i-Wi-Fi enamandla aphansi kanye ne-Bluetooth enamandla aphansi ingasetshenziswa.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya obukhona (i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-3G/4G) buzoqhubeka busetshenziswa ukuxhuma le mishini, kuyafaneleka futhi ukubheka ubuchwepheshe obusha obuklanyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-IoT okungenzeka zikhule ngokuduma.
Phakathi kwabo:
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I-BLE - I-Bluetooth Low Amandla
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I-LoRaWAN - Ibanga elide le-WAN
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I-SigFox
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I-LTE-M
Zichazwe kabanzi esihlokweni. (uhlolojikelele lobuchwepheshe be-IoT obungenawaya).
ungqimba lwenethiwekhi
Kusendlalelo senethiwekhi (Inethiwekhi), iphrothokholi izobusa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi . Mancane amathuba okuthi i-IPv4 isetshenziswe, kodwa ingase idlale indima ezigabeni zokuqala. Amadivayisi amaningi asekhaya e-IoT, njengamalambu okukhanya ahlakaniphile, okwamanje asebenzisa i-IPv4.
ungqimba lwezokuthutha
Kusendlalelo sezokuthutha (Ezokuthutha), i-inthanethi newebhu kubuswa yi-TCP. Isetshenziswa kukho kokubili i-HTTP nakwamanye amaphrothokholi amaningi e-inthanethi adumile (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, njll.).
I-MQTT, engilindele ukuthi ibe ngeyodwa yezimiso eziyinhloko zesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza lokuthumela imiyalezo, okwamanje isebenzisa i-TCP.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuzayo, ngenxa yokwehla okuphezulu, ngilindele ukuthi i-UDP idume kakhulu ku-IoT. Mhlawumbe kwande kakhulu , egijima phezu kwe-UDP. Bona isihloko sokuqhathanisa .
Isendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza namaphrothokholi emiyalezo
Izici ezibalulekile zamaphrothokholi e-IoT:
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Isivinini - inani ledatha elidluliswa ngomzuzwana.
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Ukubambezeleka isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze uthumele umlayezo.
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Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
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Ukuphepha.
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Ukutholakala kwesofthiwe.
Njengamanje, izivumelwano ezimbili eziyinhloko zisetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kuleli zinga: i-HTTP ne-MQTT.
I-HTTP cishe iyiphrothokholi eyaziwa kakhulu yaleli zinga ngaphansi kwewebhu (WWW). Izoqhubeka ibalulekile ku-IoT, njengoba isetshenziselwa i-REST API - indlela eyinhloko yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu namasevisi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuphakama okuphezulu, i-HTTP mancane amathuba okuthi ibe iphrothokholi ye-IoT eyinhloko, nakuba isazosetshenziswa kabanzi ku-inthanethi.
I-MQTT (I-Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) isiphenduke iphrothokholi eyinhloko yemiyalezo ku-IoT ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo nokusebenziseka kalula. Bheka isihloko (Isingeniso se-MQTT sabaqalayo).
Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-HTTP ne-MQTT ye-IoT
I-MQTT isiphenduka indinganiso ye-de facto yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-IoT ngokushesha. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhanya kwayo kanye nesivinini uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HTTP kanye neqiniso lokuthi iyiphrothokholi eyodwa-to-ningi kuneyodwa-to-one (HTTP).
Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zewebhu zesimanje zingasebenzisa ngenjabulo i-MQTT esikhundleni se-HTTP uma itholakala ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka kwazo.
Isibonelo esihle ukuthumela ulwazi kumakhasimende amaningi, njengokufika nokusuka kwezitimela/amabhasi/izindiza. Kulesi simo, iphrothokholi eyodwa-to-one njenge-HTTP inomsebenzi omningi futhi ibeka umthwalo omningi kumaseva ewebhu. Ukukala lawa maseva ewebhu kungaba nzima. Nge-MQTT, amaklayenti axhumeka kumdayisi, ongangezwa kalula ukuze kulinganiswe umthwalo. Buka isifundo sevidiyo ngakho kanye nesihloko .
Amanye amaphrothokholi emiyalezo
I-HTTP ayizange yakhelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-IoT, kodwa njengoba kushiwo, izosetshenziswa kabanzi isikhathi esithile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi .
Cishe zonke izinkundla ze-IoT zisekela kokubili i-HTTP ne-MQTT.
Nokho, akhona amanye amaphrothokholi okufanele acatshangelwe.
Imithethonqubo
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- (Umlayezo Wokuthuthwa kweTelemetry Ekulayini). Isebenzisa i-TCP/IP. Imodeli yokubhalisa yokushicilela idinga umthengisi womlayezo.
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- (Iphrothokholi Yokumisa Umlayezo Othuthukile). Isebenzisa i-TCP/IP. Amamodeli Womshicileli-Obhalisile kanye Namaphoyinti-kuya-Ephuzwini.
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- (I-Constrained Application Protocol). Isebenzisa i-UDP. Idizayinelwe ngokuqondile i-IoT, isebenzisa imodeli yokuphendula isicelo njengaku-HTTP. .
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- (Isevisi Yokusabalalisa Idatha)
Kulokhu izivumelwano eziyinhloko kanye nezicelo zazo ziyabhekwa. Isiphetho sale ndatshana ukuthi i-IoT izosebenzisa isethi yamaphrothokholi, kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwawo okuhlosiwe.
Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka emuva, eminyakeni yokuqala ye-inthanethi, iphrothokholi ye-HTTP eyayizoba namandla kwakungesinye sezivumelwano eziningi.
Nakuba i-HTTP yayingakhelelwanga ukudluliswa kwefayela kanye ne-imeyili, namuhla isetshenziselwa kokubili.
Ngilindele into efanayo ukuthi yenzeke ngezivumelwano zemiyalezo ku-IoT: izinsiza eziningi zizosebenzisa iphrothokholi eyodwa evelele.
Ngezansi kunamashadi e-Google Trends abonisa ukuthi ukuduma kwe-MQTT, COAP ne-AMQP kushintshe kanjani eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Uhlolojikelele lwe-Google Trends
Ukwesekwa kwephrothokholi ngenkundla
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- I-MQTT, i-AMQP, i-HTTP ne-HTTPS
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- MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT phezu websockets
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IBM Bluemix - MQTT,HTTPS,MQTT
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- MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP
Isifingqo
Iningi lezinguquko lisesiteshini (amazinga 1 no-2) kanye namazinga okusebenza (izinga lesi-4).
Inethiwekhi nezendlalelo zezokuthutha kungenzeka zihlale zingashintshile.
Kusendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza, izingxenye ze-IoT zizosebenzisa izivumelwano zemiyalezo. Ngenkathi sisesesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwe-IoT, kungenzeka ukuthi iphrothokholi eyodwa noma ezimbili zemiyalezo izogqama.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-MQTT isiye yaduma kakhulu, futhi kulapho manje sengigxile khona kule sayithi.
I-HTTP nayo izoqhubeka nokusetshenziswa njengoba isivele yakhelwe kahle ezisekelweni ezikhona ze-IoT.
Yilokho kuphela. Sikumema ukuthi ubhalisele isifundo sedemo samahhala ngesihloko .
Funda kabanzi:
Source: www.habr.com