Ukukhula kwamandla ekhompiyutha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-virtualization yesikhulumi se-x86 ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nokusabalala kokukhishwa kwe-IT ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuholele kumqondo we-utility computing (IT njengomsebenzi womphakathi). Kungani ungakhokheli i-IT ngendlela efanayo neyamanzi noma ugesi - ngokufana ncamashi nokuthi uwudinga nini, futhi ungabe usawudinga.
Kulo mzuzu, umqondo we-cloud computing uvele - ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakalo ze-IT kusuka "efwini", i.e. kusuka kwezinye izinsiza zangaphandle, ngaphandle kokunaka ukuthi lezi zinsiza zivela kanjani futhi kuphi. Njengoba singenandaba nengqalasizinda yeziteshi zokumpompa izinsiza zamanzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, olunye uhlangothi lomqondo lwaluselulungisiwe - okungukuthi, umqondo wezinsizakalo ze-IT kanye nendlela yokuphatha ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-ITIL / ITSM.
Izincazelo eziningi zamafu (cloud computing) sezakhiwe, kodwa lokhu akufanele kuthathwe njengeqiniso eliwumnqamulajuqu - kuyindlela nje yokwenza ngokusemthethweni izindlela okunikezwa ngazo i-utility computing.
- "I-Cloud computing ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula idatha esabalalisiwe lapho izinsiza zekhompiyutha namandla anikezwa kumsebenzisi njengesevisi ye-inthanethi" Wikipedia
- βI-Cloud computing iyimodeli yokunikeza ukufinyelela okulula kwenethiwekhi echibini okwabelwana ngalo lezinsiza zekhompiyutha ezingenziwa ngokwezifiso (isb., amanethiwekhi, amaseva, isitoreji, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nezinsizakalo) lapho kudingeka khona okungalungiselelwa ngokushesha futhi kuhlinzekwe ngomzamo omncane wokuphatha noma ukungenelela okuncane. Umhlinzeki Wesevisi" NIST
- "I-Cloud computing iyipharadaymu yokuhlinzeka ngokufinyelela okunenethiwekhi endaweni esheshayo neshintshayo yezinsiza ezibonakalayo noma ezibonakalayo ezisabalalisiwe, ezihlinzekwe ngemodi yokuzisiza futhi zilawulwa ngokwesidingo" ISO/IEC 17788:2014. Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi - I-Cloud computing - Uhlolojikelele nolwazimagama.
Ngokusho kwe-NIST, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamafu:
- IaaS - Ingqalasizinda Njengesevisi - Ingqalasizinda Njengesevisi
- I-PaaS - Inkundla Njengesevisi - Inkundla Njengesevisi
- I-SaaS - Isofthiwe Njengesevisi
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okulula kakhulu komehluko, ake sicabangele imodeli ye-Pizza-as-a-Service:
I-NIST ichaza izici ezilandelayo ezidingekayo ukuze isevisi ye-IT ithathwe njengesevisi yamafu.
- Ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi okubanzi - isevisi kufanele ibe nesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi esivumela ukuxhumana nokusebenzisa isevisi cishe yinoma ubani onezidingo ezincane. Isibonelo - ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi kagesi engu-220V, kwanele ukuxhuma kunoma iyiphi i-outlet ene-standard universal interface (ipulaki), engashintshi noma ngabe iketela, i-vacuum cleaner noma i-laptop.
- Isevisi elinganisiwe - Isici esiyinhloko sesevisi yamafu ukulinganiswa kwesevisi. Ukubuyela ekufaniseni nogesi - uzokhokha ncamashi njengoba udlile nge-granularity encane, kuze kufike ezindlekweni zokubilisa iketela kanye, uma usendlini kanye futhi uphuze inkomishi yetiye phakathi nenyanga yonke.
- Izinsizakalo zokuzilungiselela ngokufunwa (ngokufunwa ngokuzisiza) - umhlinzeki wamafu unikeza ikhasimende ikhono lokumisa insiza ngobuhlakani, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuxhumana nabasebenzi bomhlinzeki. Ukuze ubilise iketela, akudingekile ukuthi uxhumane no-Energosbyt kusengaphambili futhi ubaxwayise kusengaphambili futhi uthole imvume. Kusukela ngesikhathi indlu ixhunyiwe (inkontileka iqedwa), bonke abathengi bangakwazi ukulahla ngokuzimela amandla anikeziwe.
- I-elasticity esheshayo (ukunwebeka okusheshayo) - umhlinzeki wamafu unikeza izinsiza ezinekhono lokukhulisa / ukwehlisa ngokushesha umthamo (ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile enengqondo). Ngokushesha lapho i-kettle ivuliwe, umhlinzeki ngokushesha ukhulula amandla angu-3 kW kunethiwekhi, futhi ngokushesha nje lapho ivaliwe, kunciphisa okukhiphayo ku-zero.
- Ukuhlanganisa izinsiza (ukuhlanganisa izinsiza) - izindlela zangaphakathi zomhlinzeki wesevisi zikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise amandla okukhiqiza ngamunye ube yiqoqo elilodwa lezinsiza ngokuhlinzekwa okwengeziwe kwezinsiza njengesevisi kubathengi abahlukahlukene. Uma sivula igedlela, sikhathazekile kakhulu ngokuthi amandla avela kusiphi isizinda samandla. Futhi bonke abanye abathengi basebenzisa la mandla kanye nathi.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izici zefu ezichazwe ngenhla azithathwa ophahleni, kodwa ziyisiphetho esinengqondo esivela kumqondo we-utility computing. Futhi izisebenzi zikahulumeni kufanele zibe nalezi zimpawu ngaphakathi kohlaka lomqondo. Uma isici esisodwa noma esinye singahambisani, insizakalo ayibi kakhulu futhi ayibi "enobuthi", ivele iyeke ukuguqubala. Awu, ubani owathi zonke izinkonzo kufanele?
Kungani ngikhuluma ngalokhu ngokwehlukana? Eminyakeni engu-10 edlule kusukela kuncazelo ye-NIST, kube nokuphikisana okuningi mayelana "nefu langempela" ngokwencazelo. E-United States, igama elithi βlihambisana nencwadi yomthetho, kodwa hhayi umoyaβ lisasetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi emkhakheni wezokwahlulela - futhi endabeni ye-cloud computing, into eyinhloko umoya, izinsiza eziqashisayo ezimbili. ukuchofoza kwegundane.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izici ezingenhla ezingu-5 ziyasebenza efwini lomphakathi, kodwa uma uthuthela efwini eliyimfihlo, eziningi zazo ziba ozikhethela.
- Ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi yendawo yonke (ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi okubanzi) - ngaphakathi kwefu eliyimfihlo, inhlangano inokulawula okuphelele kukho kokubili amandla okukhiqiza namakhasimende abathengi. Ngakho-ke, lesi sici singabhekwa njengokwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
- Isevisi ekalilwayo iyisici esiyinhloko somqondo wekhompuyutha wokusetshenziswayo, khokha njengoba uphuma. Kodwa uzikhokhela kanjani izinhlangano? Kulokhu, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwesizukulwane nokusetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwenkampani, i-IT iba umhlinzeki, futhi amayunithi ebhizinisi abe abathengi bezinsizakalo. Futhi ukuxazulula kwenzeka phakathi kweminyango. Izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza zingenzeka: ukubuyisela emuva (ngezindawo zokuhlala zangempela kanye nokuhamba kwezimali) kanye ne-showback (ngendlela yokubika ngokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngama-ruble, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhamba kwezimali).
- Izinsizakalo zokuzilungiselela ngokufunwa (ngokufunwa ukuzisiza) - ngaphakathi kwenhlangano kungase kube khona isevisi ye-IT evamile, lapho isici sisho lutho. Kodwa-ke, uma unabasebenzi bakho be-IT noma abaphathi bezicelo kumayunithi ebhizinisi lakho, udinga ukumisa ingosi yokuzisiza. Isiphetho - isici siyazikhethela futhi sincike esakhiweni sebhizinisi.
- I-elasticity esheshayo (ukunwebeka okusheshayo) - ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ilahlekelwa incazelo ngenxa yesethi engashintshi yezinto zokusebenza zokuhlela ifu eliyimfihlo. Ingasetshenziswa ngezinga elilinganiselwe ohlakeni lwezindawo zokuhlala zangaphakathi. Isiphetho - asisebenzi kumafu ayimfihlo.
- Ukuhlanganisa izinsiza (ukuhlanganisa izinsiza) - namuhla azikho izinhlangano ezingasebenzisi ukubonwa kweseva. Ngokufanelekile, lesi sici singabhekwa njengenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Umbuzo: Manje liyini ifu lakho eliyimfihlo? Yini edingwa yinkampani ukuze ithenge futhi iyisebenzise ukuze iyakhe?
Impendulo: Ifu eliyimfihlo liwushintsho oluya kumodeli entsha yokuphatha yokusebenzisana kwe-IT-Business, ehlanganisa u-80% wezinyathelo zokuphatha kanye nezingu-20 kuphela zobuchwepheshe.
Ukukhokhela kuphela izinsiza ezisetshenzisiwe nokungena kalula, ngaphandle kokungcwaba izigidi ezingamakhulu amaningana zikawoyela ezindlekweni ezinkulu, kuholele esimweni esisha sezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvela kwezinkampani zezigidigidi. Isibonelo, imidondoshiya yesimanje iDropbox ne-Instagram zivele njengeziqalo ku-AWS ezingenazo ingqalasizinda yazo.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe ngokwehlukana ukuthi amathuluzi okuphatha isevisi yefu aya ngokuya engaqondile, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko womqondisi we-IT ukukhethwa kwabahlinzeki nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi. Ake sibheke lezi zibopho ezimbili ezintsha.
Kubonakala njengenye indlela yengqalasizinda esindayo yakudala enezikhungo zayo zedatha nehadiwe, amafu anokukhanya okukhohlisayo. Kulula ukungena efwini, kodwa indaba yokuphuma ivamise ukudlula. Njengakunoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha, abahlinzeki bamafu balwela ukuvikela ibhizinisi nokwenza kube nzima ukuncintisana. Umzuzu owodwa wokuncintisana onzima uvela kuphela ngokukhetha kokuqala komhlinzeki wesevisi yefu, bese umhlinzeki uzokwenza yonke imizamo ukuze ikhasimende lingamshiyi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona yonke imizamo ezoqondiswa kwikhwalithi yezinsizakalo noma ububanzi bazo. Okokuqala, ukulethwa kwezinsizakalo eziyingqayizivele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesofthiwe yesistimu engajwayelekile, okwenza kube nzima ukushintshela komunye umhlinzeki. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, lapho ukhetha umhlinzeki wesevisi, kuyadingeka ukwenza ngesikhathi esisodwa uhlelo lokuguqulwa kusuka kulo mhlinzeki (empeleni, i-DRP ephelele - uhlelo lokubuyisela inhlekelele) futhi ucabange ngokwakhiwa kokugcinwa kwedatha kanye nezipele.
Isici sesibili esibalulekile sezibopho ezintsha ze-CIO ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yezinsizakalo ezivela kumnikezeli. Cishe bonke abahlinzeki bamafu bathobela i-SLA ngokuya ngamamethrikhi abo angaphakathi, okungaba nomthelela ongaqondile kakhulu ezinqubweni zebhizinisi lekhasimende. Futhi ngokufanelekile, ukuqaliswa kwesistimu yakho yokuqapha nokulawula kuba enye yamaphrojekthi abalulekile lapho udlulisela izinhlelo ezibalulekile ze-IT kumhlinzeki wamafu. Iqhubeka nesihloko se-SLA, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi iningi labahlinzeki bamafu likhawulela isibopho sezomthetho sokungagcwaliseki kwe-SLA enkokhelweni yanyanga zonke yokubhaliselwe noma esabelweni senkokhelo. Isibonelo, i-AWS ne-Azure, lapho umkhawulo wokutholakala ongu-95% (amahora angu-36 ngenyanga) weqiwe, uzokwenza isaphulelo esingu-100% emalini yokubhalisa, futhi i-Yandex.Cloud - 30%.
Futhi-ke, akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi amafu awenziwa kuphela ama-mastodon e-Amazon-class kanye nezindlovu ze-Yandex-class. Amafu nawo mancane - ubukhulu bekati, noma ngisho negundane. Njengoba isibonelo se-CloudMouse sibonisile, kwesinye isikhathi ifu livele lithathe liphele. Ngeke uthole isinxephezelo noma izaphulelo - ngeke uthole lutho ngaphandle kokulahleka kwedatha okuphelele.
Uma kubhekwa izinkinga ezingenhla ngokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ze-IT zokubaluleke kakhulu kwebhizinisi elisezingeni eliphezulu kwingqalasizinda yamafu, umcimbi "wokubuyisela ifu" ubonwe eminyakeni yamuva.
Ngo-2020, ukusebenzisa i-cloud computing sekudlule inani eliphakeme elilindelwe futhi umqondo usendleleni eya emseleni wokukhungatheka (ngokusho kwe-Gartner Hype Cycle). Ngokocwaningo ΠΈ kufika ku-80% wamakhasimende ezinkampani abuyayo futhi ahlele ukubuyisela imithwalo esuka emafini iye ezikhungweni zawo zedatha ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:
- Thuthukisa ukutholakala/ukusebenza;
- Yehlisa izindleko;
- Ukuze uhambisane nezidingo ze-IS.
Okufanele ukwenze futhi kanjani konke "ngempela"?
Akungabazeki ukuthi amafu afikile ngokuzimisela futhi isikhathi eside. Futhi minyaka yonke indima yabo izokhula. Kodwa-ke, asiphili esikhathini esizayo esikude, kodwa ngo-2020 esimweni esicacile. Yini okufanele uyenze ngamafu uma ungeyena owokuqala, kodwa uyikhasimende lebhizinisi lakudala?
- Amafu ngokuyinhloko ayindawo yamasevisi anomthwalo wesizini ongalindelekile noma oshiwo.
- Ezimweni eziningi, izinsiza ezinomthwalo ozinzile obikezelwayo zishibhile ukuzinakekela esikhungweni sakho sedatha.
- Kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ukusebenza ngamafu anezindawo zokuhlola kanye nezinsizakalo ezingabalulekile kakhulu.
- Ukucabangela ukubekwa kwezinhlelo zolwazi emafini kuqala ngokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuhamba ukusuka efwini ukuya kwelinye ifu (noma ubuyele esikhungweni sakho sedatha).
- Ukubeka isistimu yolwazi emafini kuqala ngokuthuthukiswa kwesikimu sokulondoloza ingqalasizinda oyilawulayo.
Source: www.habr.com