Abameli be-Oracle baqhathanisa ukuqaliswa kabusha kwe-Java API ku-Android nokukopisha okuqukethwe ku-“Harry Potter”, PDF

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-US izolalela icala elibalulekile ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. I-Oracle vs Google, okuzocacisa isimo esingokomthetho se-API ngaphansi komthetho wempahla yobuhlakani. Uma inkantolo ihambisana ne-Oracle ecaleni layo lezigidigidi zamarandi, ingakhinyabeza ukuncintisana futhi iqinise ukubusa kweziqhwaga zobuchwepheshe, mhlawumbe kuhlanganise ne-Google ngokwayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibhizinisi lika-Oracle ekuqaleni lakhiwe ekusetshenzisweni kolimi lokuhlela lwe-SQL olwakhiwe yi-IBM, futhi ngisho namanje inkampani inikeza isevisi yefu nge-API evela ku-Amazon S3, futhi lokhu kuyinto evamile ngokuphelele. Ukuqaliswa kabusha kwe-API kube yingxenye yemvelo yokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yekhompiyutha kusukela ekuqaleni kwemboni.

I-Oracle isola i-Google ngokukopisha ngokungemthetho i-Java API, okuhlanganisa nohlu lwemiyalo eqanjwe igama eboshelwe ezakhiweni zohlelo. Isistimu yokusebenza ye-Android isebenzisana ngokuqondile ne-Java API ukuze kube lula ukuthi abahleli bezinhlelo ze-Java badlulisele isofthiwe nolwazi endaweni entsha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, i-Android ikopishe ncamashi imiyalo ehambisanayo ye-Java API nezakhiwo zegrama. Ukuphikisana I-Oracle iwukuthi "ukuqaliswa kabusha" okunjalo kwe-Java API kungafaniswa nokukopisha umsebenzi wombhali, njengenoveli yombhalo "Harry Potter" (lokhu isibonelo sangempela esinikezwe abameli be-Oracle), futhi I-Google yephula i-copyright ye-Oracle kumagama nemiyalo ye-Java API nezakhiwo.

Kodwa ama-Java API akuwona kuphela ama-API, futhi i-Android akuyona ukuphela kokuqaliswa kabusha. Embonini yanamuhla ye-IT, ama-API atholakala yonke indawo, futhi ukuqaliswa kabusha kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuncintisana ukuze kuvinjwe amafemu amakhulu ekubeni abe yedwa. uyacabanga UCharles Duane ungumqondisi wezobuchwepheshe kanye nenqubomgomo yokusungula izinto e-R Street Institute.

UDuane unikeza isibonelo senkundla yokugcina edumile ye-Amazon S3. Ukuze unike amandla ukubhala nokubuyisa amafayela ku-S3, i-Amazon ithuthuke ngokuphelele, i-API enemininingwane ukuze uhlanganyele nesevisi. Isibonelo, ukuze uthole uhlu lwamafayela agciniwe (ListObjects) sithumela umyalo we-GET ocacisa umsingathi bese uthayipha amapharamitha uhlobo lombhalo wekhodi, ithokheni yokuqhubeka и idethi ye-x-amz. Ukuze usebenze ne-Amazon S3, isofthiwe kumele isebenzise lawa kanye namanye amagama amaningi athile akhethekile.

GET /?Delimiter=Delimiter&EncodingType=EncodingType&Marker=Marker&MaxKeys=MaxKeys&Prefix=Prefix HTTP/1.1
Host: Bucket.s3.amazonaws.com
x-amz-request-payer: RequestPayer

I-Amazon ingumholi ocacile emakethe yezinsizakalo zamafu, futhi izimbangi zayo zinikeza ukuqaliswa kabusha kwe-S3 API, kuyilapho kufanele balingise amagama omyalo, amathegi epharamitha, uhlobo lweziqalo. x-amz, ukwakheka kolimi kanye nokuhlelwa okuvamile kwe-S3 API. Ngamanye amazwi, yonke into efunwa yi-Oracle ine-copyright.

Phakathi kwezinkampani ezinikeza ikhophi ye-Amazon S3 API kukhona kukhona futhi i-Oracle ngokwayo. Ngokuhambisana, i-Amazon S3 Compatibility API ikopisha izici eziningi ze-Amazon API, kuze kufike kumathegi e-x-amz.

I-Oracle ithi ukuba semthethweni kwezenzo zayo kusekelwe kumthombo ovulekile welayisensi ye-Apache 2.0, evumela ukukopishwa kwamahhala nokuguqulwa kwekhodi. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Amazon SDK yeJava futhi iza nelayisensi ye-Apache 2.0.

Kodwa umbuzo uwukuthi ingabe umthetho wempahla yengqondo uyasebenza nasezintweni ezifana nama-API. Yilokhu okufanele kunqunywe yiNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ubani osungule i-API?

Igama nomqondo "womtapo wezincwadi ongaphansi kwesimiso" kwavela okokuqala encwadini ethi Planning and Coding Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument - Ingxenye II, uMqulu III (Princeton University Institute of Advanced Study, 1948) kaHerman Goldstein noJohn von Neumann. kopisha ku-archive.org. Okuqukethwe kwevolumu yesithathu:

Lena incazelo yokuqala yendlela yokuhlela yamakhompyutha agcina izinhlelo enkumbulweni (ngaphambilini lokhu bekungekho). Yasakazwa kabanzi emanyuvesi, ngaleso sikhathi ayezama ukuzakhela awabo amakhompyutha. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, le ncwadi iqukethe umbono obalulekile: izinhlelo eziningi zizosebenzisa imisebenzi evamile, futhi imitapo yolwazi enezimiso izonciphisa inani lekhodi namaphutha amasha. Lo mbono wabuye wacwengwa uMaurice Wilkes futhi wasetshenziswa emshinini we-EDSAC, lapho athola khona i-Turing Award ka-1967.

Umtapo wezincwadi we-EDSAC ongaphansi ungakwesokunxele

Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwakuwukudala imisebenzi enezinga eliphezulu nezixhumi zesofthiwe ezigcwele ngokugcwele, njengoba uMaurice Wilkes noDavid Wheeler benza Ekulungiseleleni Izinhlelo ze-Electronic Digital Computer (1951).

Igama ngokwalo Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lokusebenza (API) ivele ndawana thize ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s.

Umbhali wesethulo "Umlando Omfushane Obalulekile we-API" UJoshua Block unikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa zokusebenzelana kwezinhlelo, amasethi eziyalezo, nemitapo yolwazi engaphansi: ukuthi zidalwe kanjani futhi zasetshenziswa kanjani kamuva. Umbono wukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabusha kuyiphuzu le-API. Yilokhu ababedalelwe kona ekuqaleni. Futhi onjiniyela bahlale benethuba lokukopisha nokwenza kabusha ama-API abanye abantu:

API
Mdali
I-Год
Ukuqalisa kabusha
I-Год

FORTRAN umtapo
IBM
1958
I-Univac
1961

IBM S/360 ISA
IBM
1964
Inkampani Amdahl Corp.
1970

I-Standard C Library
AT&T/Bell Labs
1976
UMark Williams Co.
1980

Izingcingo zesistimu ye-Unix
AT&T/Bell Labs
1976
UMark Williams Co.
1980

Izingxenye ze-VT100 Esc
DEC
1978
I-Heathkit
1980

I-IBM PC BIOS
IBM
1981
I-Phoenix Technologies
1984

I-MS-DOS CLI
Microsoft
1981
Iphrojekthi ye-FreeDOS
1998

Isethi yomyalo kaHayes AT
Hayes Micro
1982
I-Anchor Automation
1985

I-PostScript
I-Adobe
1985
I-GNU/GhostScript
1988

I-SMB
Microsoft
1992
Samba Project
1993

Win32
Microsoft
1993
Iphrojekthi Yewayini
1996

Imitapo yolwazi yekilasi le-Java 2
Sun
1998
I-Google/Android
2008

I-Web API Delicious
Delicious
2003
Iphinikhodi
2009

Source: "Umlando Omfushane Obalulekile we-API"

Ukukopisha nokusebenzisa kabusha ama-API (amalabhulali, amasethi eziyalezo) akulungile kuphela, kodwa le ndlela yokuhlela inconywe ngokuqondile kuma-canon of computer science. Ngisho nangaphambi kokukopisha i-S3 programming interfaces, i-Oracle ngokwayo ikwenze lokhu izikhathi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhizinisi lika-Oracle ekuqaleni lakhelwe ekusetshenzisweni kolimi lokuhlela lwe-SQL olwakhiwe yi-IBM. Umkhiqizo wokuqala ophambili we-Oracle kwakuyi-DBMS, ekopishwe kakhulu ku-IBM System R. Kulokhu, sikhuluma ngokuqaliswa kabusha kwe-SQL “njenge-API evamile” ye-DBMS.

Ukubeka amalungelo okuvikela ubunikazi bokusungula kuma-API kungadala indawo yezimayini esemthethweni ethinta wonke umuntu. Ama-API ayasebenza futhi ezinye izinkonzo zamafu. Izindinganiso eziningi zobuchwepheshe, njenge-Wi-Fi kanye nezivumelwano ze-inthanethi, zifaka phakathi ama-API. Izixhumi ezibonakalayo zokuhlela ziphinde zisetshenziswe ngenye indlela kuwo wonke amakhompyutha namaseva aku-inthanethi. Ithiyori ye-copyright ye-Oracle ingenza cishe noma yini oyenzayo ngekhompyutha yakho ibe semthethweni.

Ukuze kugwenywe le miphumela efinyelela kude, i-Oracle nenkantolo yokudlulisa amacala esekele izimpikiswano zayo izamile ukukhawulela ukuphulwa kwe-copyright kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-API "ezingahambisani" nezangempela. Kodwa ukuqaliswa kabusha okuyingxenye nakho zivamile. Ngisho nakukhophi yayo ye-S3 API, i-Oracle iphawula “imehluko” eminingi kanye nokungahambisani nama-API wangempela we-Amazon.

Ingozi enkulu yecala lika-Oracle ukuthi lingavimbela izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezincane ukuthi zenze izinguqulo zezinhlelo ezihambisana nezinkundla ezivelele njenge-S3. Ngaphandle kokuhambisana okunjalo, abahleli bohlelo bazovalelwa ngaphandle kweminikelo yale nkampani.

Abamele imboni nabathuthukisi bangathemba kuphela ukuthi isizathu sizonqoba lapha, futhi amajaji ayazi izisekelo zokuhlela.

Source: www.habr.com