Yilokho Leslie Lamport ungumbhali wemisebenzi eyisidina ku-computing esabalalisiwe, futhi ungase futhi umazi ngezinhlamvu La egameni LaI-TeX - "Lamport TeX". Nguye owaqala, emuva ngo-1979, wethula lo mqondo ukungaguquguquki, nesihloko sakhe "Indlela Yokwenza Ikhompyutha Ye-Multiprocessor Esebenzisa Ngokufanelekile Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Eziningi" uthole umklomelo we-Dijkstra (ngokuqondile, ngo-2000 umklomelo wabizwa ngendlela endala: "I-PODC Influential Paper Award"). Kukhona ngaye Isihloko se-Wikipedia, lapho ungathola khona ezinye izixhumanisi ezithakazelisayo. Uma ujabulile mayelana nokuxazulula izinkinga on kwenzeka-ngaphambi noma izinkinga zojenene baseByzantine (BFT), khona-ke kufanele uqonde ukuthi i-Lamport iyimbangela yakho konke lokhu.

Uzophinde eze maduze engqungqutheleni yethu entsha mayelana nekhompyutha esabalalisiwe - Hydra, ezoba ngoJulayi 11-12 eSt. Ake sibone ukuthi hlobo luni lwesilwane lesi.

IHydra 2019

Izihloko ezifana ne-multithreading ziphakathi kwezidume kakhulu ezingqungqutheleni zethu, bezilokhu zikhona. Manje leli gumbi lalingenamuntu, kodwa bese kuvela umuntu esiteji ekhuluma ngemodeli yenkumbulo, kwenzeka-ngaphambi noma ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu enezintambo eziningi futhi - boom! - kakade cishe abantu abayinkulungwane bathatha yonke indawo etholakalayo ukuze bahlale phansi balalele ngokucophelela. Uyini umnyombo wale mpumelelo? Mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi sonke sinohlobo oluthile lwehadiwe esandleni olungahlela ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe? Noma ingabe sikuqonda ngokunganaki ukungakwazi kwethu ukuyilayisha ngendlela efanele? Kunendaba yangempela yenani elilodwa laseSt. Ubungenzenjani uma ubunamandla okwenza imisebenzi yakho ephindwe izikhathi eziningi kunamanje?

Ngenxa yokuduma okunjalo, isihloko sokukhiqiza nokusebenza kahle kwekhompuyutha sivame ukusabalala ku-ajenda yengqungquthela. Zingaki izinsuku ezimbili zemibiko engenziwa mayelana nokusebenza - okwesithathu, okubili kokuthathu? Kwezinye izindawo kunemikhawulo yokwenziwa ekhawulela lokhu kukhula: ngaphezu kokusebenza, kusafanele kube nendawo yezinhlaka ezintsha zewebhu, zohlobo oluthile lwe-devops noma i-astronautics yezakhiwo. Cha, ukusebenza, ngeke usidle sonke!

Noma ungahamba ngendlela ehlukile, unikezele futhi wenze ngokwethembeka ingqungquthela ezobe imayelana ne-computing esabalalisiwe futhi mayelana nabo kuphela. Futhi nansi, Hydra.

Masivume ngobuqotho ukuthi namuhla zonke izibalo zisakazwa ngendlela eyodwa noma enye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umshini we-multi-core, iqoqo lekhompuyutha, noma isevisi esakazwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu, kunezinqubo eziningi yonke indawo ezenza izibalo ezizimele ngokuhambisana, ezivumelaniswayo. IHydra izonikezwa ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kanjani ngombono nokuthi kusebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni.

Uhlelo lwenkomfa

Njengamanje lolu hlelo lusesigabeni salo sokwakheka. Kufanele ifake imibiko evela kubasunguli bemibono yezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe kanye nonjiniyela abasebenza nabo ekukhiqizeni.

Isibonelo, ukubamba iqhaza kuka-Leslie Lamport ovela ku-Microsoft Research kanye no-Maurice Herlihy waseBrown University sekuvele kwaziwa.

UMaurice Herlihy - uprofesa odumile futhi ohlonishwayo we-Computer Science, kukhona nolwazi ngaye Ikhasi le-Wikipedia, lapho ungaphequlula khona izixhumanisi nemisebenzi. Lapho ungaqaphela imiklomelo emibili ye-Dijkstra, eyokuqala ngeyokusebenzela "Ukuvumelanisa Okungalindeli", kanti okwesibili, okwakamuva kakhulu - "Inkumbulo Yokwenziwayo: Ukusekelwa Kwezakhiwo Zezakhiwo Zedatha Engakhiyiwe". Ngendlela, izixhumanisi aziholeli naku-SciHub, kodwa eBrown University naseVirginia Tech University, ungavula futhi ufunde.

UMaurice uzobamba inothi eliyisihluthulelo elibizwa ngokuthi “Blockchains ngokombono wekhompuyutha osabalalisiwe.” Uma unesithakazelo, ungabheka ukurekhodwa kombiko kaMaurice ovela ku-JUG yaseSt. Linganisa ukuthi usidlulisela kanjani isihloko ngokucace nangokuqondakalayo.

Inothi eliyisihluthulelo lesibili elibizwa ngokuthi “I-Dual Data Structures” izofunda UMichael Scott kusuka eNyuvesi yaseRochester. Futhi qagela ukuthi yini - naye unezakhe Ikhasi le-Wikipedia. Ekhaya eWisconsin, waziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe njengomphathi eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin-Madison, futhi emhlabeni uyindoda, kanye noDoug Lea, bathuthukise ama-algorithms angavimbi kanye nolayini abavumelanayo lapho imitapo yolwazi yeJava. umsebenzi. Uthole umklomelo wakhe we-Dijkstra eminyakeni emithathu ngemuva kuka-Herlihy, ngomsebenzi wakhe othi “Algorithms for scalable synchronization on shared-memory multiprocessors” (njengoba bekulindelekile, uqamba amanga obala emtatsheni wezincwadi we-inthanethi weNyuvesi yaseRochester).

Kusenesikhathi esiningi kuze kube maphakathi noJulayi. Sizokutshela ngezikhulumi ezisele nezihloko zazo njengoba sihlunga uhlelo futhi sisondela kuJulayi.

Ngokuvamile, kuphakama umbuzo - kungani senza Hydra ehlobo? Phela, lesi yisikhathi esiphansi, amaholide. Inkinga wukuthi phakathi kwezikhulumi kukhona othisha basemanyuvesi, nanoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi kusuke kumatasa kubona. Asikwazanga ukukhetha ezinye izinsuku.

Izindawo zezingxoxo

Kwezinye izingqungquthela, kwenzeka ukuthi isikhulumi sifunde lokho okwakudingeka futhi sihambe ngokushesha. Abahlanganyeli abanaso ngisho isikhathi sokuyibheka - phela umbiko olandelayo uqala cishe ngaphandle kwesikhawu. Lokhu kubuhlungu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma abantu ababalulekile abafana noLamport, uHerlihy noScott bekhona, futhi empeleni uya engqungqutheleni ukuze nje uhlangane nabo futhi nixoxe ngokuthile.

Siyixazulule le nkinga. Ngokushesha ngemva kombiko waso, isikhulumi siya endaweni yezingxoxo ekhethekile, efakwe okungenani ibhodi elimhlophe elinophawu, futhi uba nesikhathi esiningi kakhulu. Ngokusemthethweni, isikhulumi sithembisa ukuba khona okungenani phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sekhefu phakathi kwezethulo. Eqinisweni, lezi zindawo zokuxoxisana kungenzeka ukwelula amahora ekugcineni (kuye ngokuthi isifiso nokukhuthazela kwesikhulumi).

Ngokuqondene noLamport, uma ngiqonda kahle, ufuna ukukholisa abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka lokho I-TLA+ - lokhu kuyinto enhle. (Isihloko esimayelana ne-TLA+ ku-Wikipedia). Mhlawumbe leli kuzoba yithuba elihle lokuthi onjiniyela bafunde okuthile okusha nokuwusizo. U-Leslie unikeza le nketho - labo abanentshisekelo bangabuka izinkulumo zakhe ezedlule futhi beze nemibuzo. Okusho ukuthi, esikhundleni senothi eyinhloko, kungase kube neseshini ye-Q&A ekhethekile, bese kuba nendawo yezingxoxo. Ngenza i-googling futhi ngathola enkulu. Isifundo se-TLA+ (ibizwe ngokusemthethweni uhlu lwadlalwayo ku-YouTube) kanye nesifundo esithatha ihora lonke "Ukucabanga Ngaphezu Kwekhodi" kusuka ku-Microsoft Faculty Summit.

Uma ubona bonke laba bantu njengamagama afakwe kugranite avela kuWikipedia nakumakhava ezincwadi, yisikhathi sokuhlangana nabo mathupha! Xoxa futhi ubuze imibuzo amakhasi ezindatshana zesayensi angeke ayiphendule, kodwa ababhali bazo bazokujabulela ukuxhumana nabo.

Shayela amaPhepha

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abaningi balabo abafunda lesi sihloko manje abakwenqeni ukusitshela okuthile okuthakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokombono wobunjiniyela, ngokombono wesayensi - kunoma iyiphi indawo yokubuka. Ikhompuyutha esabalalisiwe yisihloko esibanzi kakhulu nesijulile lapho kukhona indawo yawo wonke umuntu.

Uma ufuna ukuncintisana eceleni kweLamport, kungenzeka ngokuphelele. Ukuze ube yisipika udinga landela isixhumanisi, funda yonke into lapho ngokucophelela futhi wenze ngokwemiyalelo.

Qiniseka, ngokushesha nje lapho ujoyina inqubo, bazokusiza. IKomidi Lohlelo linamakhono anele okusiza ngombiko ngokwawo, ingqikithi yawo kanye nokwakheka kwawo. Umxhumanisi uzokusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga zenhlangano nokunye.

Naka ngokukhethekile isithombe esinezinsuku. UJulayi usuku olude kakhulu kumhlanganyeli, kodwa isikhulumi sidinga ukuqala ukuthatha isinyathelo manje.

Isikole se-SPTDC

Ingqungquthela izoba endaweni eyodwa nesikole i-SPTDC, ngakho wonke umuntu othenga ithikithi lokuya esikoleni, amathikithi okuya engqungqutheleni azobe ngesaphulelo esingu-20%.

Isikole Sasehlobo Sokuzilolonga kanye Nethiyori ye-Distributed Computing (SPTDC) yisikole esihlinzeka ngezinhlobo eziningi zezifundo mayelana nezici ezisebenzayo nethiyori zezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe, ezifundiswa ngochwepheshe abaziwayo emkhakheni ofanele.

Isikole sizoba ngesiNgisi, ngakho-ke lolu hlu lwezihloko ezihlanganisiwe lubukeka kanje:

• Izakhiwo zedatha ezifanayo: ukulunga nokusebenza kahle;
• Ama-algorithms wenkumbulo engaguquki;
• Ukusebenziseka okusatshalaliswa;
• Ukufundwa komshini osabalalisiwe;
• Ukuphindaphinda komshini wombuso kanye nama-Paxos;
• Ukubekezelela amaphutha kweByzantine;
• Izisekelo ze-algorithmic zama-blockchains.

Izikhulumi ezilandelayo zizokhuluma:

• Leslie Lamport (Microsoft);
• Maurice Herlihy (Brown University);
• Michael Scott (University of Rochester);
• U-Dan Alistarh (IST Austria);
• Trevor Brown (University of Waterloo);
• Eli Gafni (UCLA);
• Danny Hendler (Ben Gurion University);
• Achour Mostefaoui (University of Nantes).

uhlu lokudlalayo Ungabuka ngokukhululekile imibiko yesikole yangaphambilini ku-YouTube:

Izinyathelo ezilandelayo

Uhlelo lwengqungquthela lusakhiwa. Landela izindaba ku-Habré noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana (fb, vk, twitter).

Uma ukholelwa ngempela engqungqutheleni (noma ufuna ukusizakala ngentengo yokungena ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi “I-Early Bird”), ungaya kuwebhusayithi futhi ukuthenga amathikithi.

Sanibona eHydra!

Source: www.habr.com