Ngomhla zingama-25 kuMbasa, thina kwaMail.ru Group sabamba ingqungquthela mayelana namafu nezindawo ezizungezile - . Okugqanyisiwe okumbalwa:
- Okuyinhloko - I-Mail.ru Cloud Solutions, i-#CloudMTS, i-SberCloud, i-Selectel, i-Rostelecom Data Center kanye ne-Yandex.Cloud ikhulume mayelana nemininingwane yemakethe yethu yamafu kanye nezinsizakalo zabo;
- Ozakwethu bakwa-Bitrix24 basho ukuthi banjani ;
- U-Leroy Merlin, u-Otkritie, i-Burger King kanye ne-Schneider Electric banikeze okuthakazelisayo - yimiphi imisebenzi ibhizinisi labo eliyisethela i-IT nokuthi ibuphi ubuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa namafu, ababubona njengobuthembisa kakhulu.
Ungabuka wonke amavidiyo avela ku-mailto:CLOUD conference , futhi lapha ungafunda ukuthi ingxoxo mayelana nama-microservices yahamba kanjani. U-Alexander Deulin, inhloko yesikhungo socwaningo nentuthuko yezinhlelo zebhizinisi iMegaFon, kanye no-Sergey Sergeev, umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe bolwazi weqembu le-M.Video-Eldorado, babelane ngamacala abo aphumelelayo okukhipha ama-monoliths. Siphinde saxoxa ngezindaba ezihlobene namasu e-IT, izinqubo kanye nezabasebenzi imbala.
Amaphaneli
- Sergey Sergeev, Iqembu le-CIO "M.Video-Eldorado";
- Alexander Deulin, inhloko yesikhungo socwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zebhizinisi I-MegaFon;
- Umongameli - UDmitry Lazarenko, Inhloko ye-PaaS isiqondiso I-Mail.ru Cloud Solutions.
Ngemva kwenkulumo ka-Alexander Deulin ujoyinwe engxoxweni ngu-Sergey Sergeev ovela ku-M.Video-Eldorado kanye nomongameli wezingxoxo uDmitry Lazarenko, i-Mail.ru Cloud Solutions.
Ngezansi sikulungiselele okulotshiweyo kwengxoxo, kodwa futhi ungabuka ividiyo:
Ukushintshela kuma-microservices kuyimpendulo ezidingweni zemakethe
U-Dmitriy:
Ingabe uke waba nakho okuphumelelayo kokuthuthela kuma-microservices? Futhi ngokujwayelekile: ubona kuphi inzuzo enkulu yebhizinisi ngokusebenzisa ama-microservices noma ukusuka ku-monoliths kuya kuma-microservices?
U-Sergey:
Sesivele siqhamuke ngandlela thize ekushintsheleni kuma-microservices futhi sesisebenzise le ndlela iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu. Isidingo sokuqala esalungisa isidingo sama-microservices kwaba ukuhlanganiswa okungapheli kwemikhiqizo ehlukene yangaphambili nehhovisi elingemuva. Futhi isikhathi ngasinye saphoqeleka ukuba senze ukuhlanganiswa nokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe, sisebenzise imithetho yethu yokusebenza kwalokhu noma leyo nkonzo.
Ngesinye isikhathi, sabona ukuthi sidinga ukusheshisa ukusebenza kwamasistimu ethu kanye nokukhishwa kokusebenza. Ngaleso sikhathi, imiqondo efana ne-microservices kanye nendlela ye-microservice isivele ikhona emakethe, futhi sanquma ukuyizama. Lokhu kwaqala ngo-2016. Kwabe sekubekwa inkundla futhi izinkonzo zokuqala eziyi-10 zenziwa ithimba elihlukile.
Enye yezinkonzo zokuqala, elayishwe kakhulu, kwakuyisevisi yokubala amanani. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma ufika kunoma yisiphi isiteshi, eqenjini lezinkampani ze-M.Video-Eldorado, kungaba iwebhusayithi noma isitolo sokudayisa, khetha umkhiqizo lapho, ubone intengo kuwebhusayithi noma “Kubhasikidi”, izindleko zizenzakalelayo. ibalwa ngesevisi eyodwa. Kungani lokhu kudingekile: ngaphambi kwalokhu, uhlelo ngalunye lwalunezimiso zalo zokusebenza ngokukhushulwa - ngezaphulelo nokunye. Ihhovisi lethu elingemuva liphethe izintengo; ukusebenza kwesaphulelo kusetshenziswa kwenye isistimu. Lokhu kwakudinga ukubekwa endaweni eyodwa kanye nesevisi eyingqayizivele, ehlukanisekayo edalwe ngendlela yenqubo yebhizinisi ezosivumela ukuthi senze lokhu. Yeka indlela esiqale ngayo.
Inani lemiphumela yokuqala lalilikhulu kakhulu. Okokuqala, sikwazile ukudala amabhizinisi ahlukanisekayo asivumela ukuthi sisebenze ngokuhlukana nangendlela ehlanganisiwe. Okwesibili, sehlise izindleko zobunikazi mayelana nokuhlanganisa nezinhlelo eziningi.
Kule minyaka emithathu edlule, sengeze izinhlelo ezintathu ezihamba phambili. Kwakunzima ukuwagcina ngenani lezinsiza inkampani eyayingakwazi ukuzikhokhela. Ngakho-ke, kwavela umsebenzi wokubheka izitolo ezintsha, ukuphendula emakethe ngokuya ngesivinini, ngokwezindleko zangaphakathi nokusebenza kahle.
Ungakala kanjani impumelelo yokuthuthela kuma-microservices
U-Dmitriy:
Inqunywa kanjani impumelelo ekuthutheleni kuma-microservices? Kwakuyini "ngaphambili" enkampanini ngayinye? Iyiphi imethrikhi oyisebenzisile ukuze unqume impumelelo yoshintsho, futhi ubani ngempela okunqume?
U-Sergey:
Okokuqala nje, yazalwa ngaphakathi kwe-IT njengesinikezeli - "ukuvula" amakhono amasha. Besinesidingo sokwenza yonke into ngokushesha ukuze sithole imali efanayo, sisabela ezinseleleni zemakethe. Manje impumelelo ibonakala enanini lezinsizakalo eziphinde zisetshenziswe izinhlelo ezahlukene, ukuhlanganisa izinqubo phakathi kwazo. Manje kunjalo, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyithuba lokudala isiteji futhi uqinisekise i-hypothesis yokuthi singakwenza lokhu, izonikeza umphumela futhi ibale icala lebhizinisi.
U-Alexander:
Impumelelo kunalokho umuzwa wangaphakathi. Ibhizinisi lihlala lifuna okwengeziwe, futhi ukujula kokusalela emuva kuwubufakazi bempumelelo. Kubonakala kunjalo kimi.
U-Sergey:
Yebo, ngiyavuma. Eminyakeni emithathu, sesivele sinezinsizakalo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kanye nokusalela emuva. Isidingo sezinsiza ngaphakathi kweqembu sikhula kuphela - ngama-30% ngonyaka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba abantu bazizwa: kuyashesha, kuhlukile, kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, konke lokhu kuyathuthuka.
Ama-Microservices azofika, kepha umnyombo uzohlala
U-Dmitriy:
Kufana nenqubo engapheli lapho utshala khona ekuthuthukisweni. Ingabe ukushintshela kuma-microservices ebhizinisi sekuphelile noma cha?
U-Sergey:
Kulula kakhulu ukuphendula. Ucabangani: ukushintsha amafoni kuyinqubo engapheli? Thina ngokwethu sithenga amafoni njalo ngonyaka. Futhi nansi: inqobo nje uma kunesidingo sokusheshisa, ukuzivumelanisa nezimakethe, izinguquko ezithile zizodingeka. Lokhu akusho ukuthi silahla izinto ezijwayelekile.
Kodwa asikwazi ukumboza futhi senze kabusha yonke into ngesikhathi esisodwa. Sinefa, izinsizakalo zokuhlanganisa ezijwayelekile ezazikhona ngaphambili: amabhasi ebhizinisi nokunye. Kodwa kukhona ukusilela emuva, futhi kukhona nesidingo. Inani lezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula kanye nokusebenza kwazo liyakhula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akekho othi uzonikezwa imali engu-30%. Okungukuthi, kukhona njalo izidingo ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ukucinga ukusebenza kahle ngakolunye.
U-Dmitriy:
Impilo isesimeni esihle. (Ehleka)
U-Alexander:
Ngokuvamile, yebo. Asinazo izindlela eziguquguqukayo zokususa ingxenye ewumgogodla kuzwelonke. Umsebenzi ohlelekile uyaqhubeka wokubola amasistimu ukuze ahambisane kakhulu nezakhiwo ze-microservice, ukunciphisa umthelela wezinhlelo komunye nomunye.
Kodwa sihlela ukugcina ingxenye eyinhloko, ngoba endaweni yomqhubi kuzohlala kukhona amapulatifomu esiwathengayo. Futhi, sidinga ibhalansi enempilo: akufanele sigijimele ukusika umnyombo. Sibeka amasistimu eceleni, futhi manje kuvela ukuthi sesivele siphezu kwezingxenye eziningi eziyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza, sakha izethulo ezidingekayo zazo zonke iziteshi ezisebenza nezinsizakalo zethu zokuxhumana.
Ungawathengisa kanjani ama-microservices emabhizinisini
U-Dmitriy:
Futhi nginentshisekelo - kulabo abangashintshanga, kodwa abahlela: bekulula kangakanani ukudayisela ibhizinisi lo mbono futhi bekuwuhambo olusha, iphrojekthi yokutshala imali? Noma bekuyisu eliqaphelayo: manje sizoya kuma-microservices futhi yilokho, akukho okuzosivimba. Bekunjani kuwe?
U-Sergey:
Besingathengisi indlela yokwenza, kodwa inzuzo yebhizinisi. Kube nenkinga ebhizinisini, futhi sazama ukuyixazulula. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwavezwa eqinisweni lokuthi iziteshi ezihlukene zisebenzisa izimiso ezahlukene zokubala izintengo - ngokwehlukana kokuphromotha, ukukhushulwa, nokunye. Kwakunzima ukuyinakekela, kwenzeka amaphutha, futhi salalela izikhalazo zamakhasimende. Okusho ukuthi besidayisa isixazululo enkingeni kodwa size neqiniso lokuthi sidinga imali yokwakha inkundla. Futhi babonisa icala lebhizinisi besebenzisa isibonelo sesigaba sokuqala sokutshala izimali: ukuthi sizoqhubeka kanjani ukuyibuyisela nokuthi lokhu kuzosivumela ukuthi senzeni.
U-Dmitriy:
Ingabe ngandlela thile urekhode isikhathi sesigaba sokuqala?
U-Sergey:
Yebo, impela. Sabele izinyanga eziyisi-6 ukuze sidale okubalulekile njengenkundla futhi sihlole umshayeli. Ngalesi sikhathi, sizame ukwenza inkundla lapho sizoshibilika khona umshayeli. Khona-ke i-hypothesis yaqinisekiswa, futhi njengoba isebenza, kusho ukuthi singaqhubeka. Baqala ukuphindaphinda futhi baqinisa iqembu - balidlulisela esigabeni esihlukile esenza lokho kanye.
Okulandelayo kuza umsebenzi ohlelekile osuselwe ezidingweni zebhizinisi, amathuba, ukutholakala kwezinsiza nakho konke okusemisebenzini njengamanje.
U-Dmitriy:
KULUNGILE. Alexander, uthini?
U-Alexander:
Ama-microservices ethu azalwa “ngegwebu lolwandle” - ngenxa yokonga izinsiza, ngenxa yokusala okuthile ngendlela yomthamo weseva kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwamandla ngaphakathi kweqembu. Ekuqaleni, le phrojekthi asizange siyidayisele ibhizinisi. Lona bekuwumsebenzi lapho sobabili sacwaninga futhi sathuthuka ngokufanele. Saqala ekuqaleni kuka-2018 futhi savele sathuthukisa lesi siqondiso ngomdlandla. Ukuthengisa kusanda kuqala futhi siphezu kwezinhlelo.
U-Dmitriy:
Ingabe kuyenzeka ukuthi ibhizinisi likuvumele ukuthi wenze izinto ezifana ne-Google - ngosuku olulodwa lwamahhala ngeviki? Ingabe unaso isiqondiso esinjalo?
U-Alexander:
Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengocwaningo, siphinde sabhekana nezinkinga zebhizinisi, ngakho-ke wonke ama-microservices ethu ayizixazululo zezinkinga zebhizinisi. Ekuqaleni kuphela sakhe ama-microservices ahlanganisa ingxenye encane yesisekelo sababhalisile, futhi manje sesikhona cishe kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ephambili.
Futhi umthelela wezinto ezibonakalayo usuvele ucacile - sesivele sibalwe, isivinini sokwethulwa komkhiqizo kanye nemali engenayo elahlekile ingalinganiselwa ukube besilandele indlela endala. Yilokhu esakhela kukho icala.
Microservices: hype noma isidingo?
U-Dmitriy:
Izinombolo izinombolo. Futhi imali engenayo noma imali elondoloziwe ibaluleke kakhulu. Kuthiwani uma ubheka ngakolunye uhlangothi? Kubonakala sengathi ama-microservices ayinkambiso, i-hype futhi izinkampani eziningi ziyawasebenzisa kabi? Uhlukanisa ngokucace kangakanani phakathi kokwenzayo nokungahumusheli kuma-microservices? Uma ifa manje, ingabe usazoba nefa eminyakeni emi-5? Izoba yini iminyaka yezinhlelo zolwazi ezisebenza kwa-M.Video-Eldorado nase-MegaFon eminyakeni emi-5? Ingabe kuzoba nezinhlelo zolwazi zeminyaka eyishumi, eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala noma kuzoba isizukulwane esisha? Ukubona kanjani lokhu?
U-Sergey:
Kimina kubonakala kunzima ukucabanga ukude kakhulu. Uma sibheka emuva, ubani ocabange ukuthi imakethe yobuchwepheshe izothuthuka ngale ndlela, okuhlanganisa ukufunda ngomshini nokuhlonza umsebenzisi ngobuso? Kodwa uma ubheka eminyakeni ezayo, kubonakala kimi ukuthi amasistimu ayisisekelo, amasistimu we-ERP-class ezinkampanini ezinkampanini - asebenze isikhathi eside impela.
Izinkampani zethu sezihlangene zineminyaka engu-25 ubudala, zine-ERP yakudala ijule kakhulu kukwakheka kwezinhlelo. Kuyacaca ukuthi sikhipha izingcezu ezithile lapho futhi sizama ukuzihlanganisa zibe ama-microservices, kodwa umongo uzohlala. Kunzima kimi manje ukucabanga ukuthi sizoshintsha zonke izinhlelo eziyinhloko lapho futhi sisheshe sidlulele kolunye, uhlangothi olukhanyayo lwezinhlelo ezintsha.
Ngingumsekeli weqiniso lokuthi yonke into eseduze neklayenti kanye nomthengi yilapho inzuzo enkulu yebhizinisi nevelu ikhona, lapho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokugxila esivinini, oguqukweni, kokuthi “zama, khansela, phinda usebenzise, wenze okuthile okuhlukile” okudingekayo "-yilapho isimo sezwe sizoshintsha khona. Futhi imikhiqizo yebhokisi ayingeni lapho kahle kakhulu. Okungenani asiyiboni. Izixazululo ezilula nezilula ziyadingeka lapho.
Sibona lokhu kuthuthukiswa:
- izinhlelo zolwazi eziwumongo (ikakhulukazi emuva kwehhovisi);
- izingqimba ezimaphakathi ngendlela ye-microservices zixhuma umnyombo, i-aggregate, yenza i-cache, njalonjalo;
- izinhlelo ezihamba phambili ziqondiswe kumthengi;
- isendlalelo sokuhlanganisa esivame ukuhlanganiswa ezimakethe, ezinye izinhlelo kanye nemvelo. Lesi sendlalelo silula ngangokunokwenzeka, silula, futhi siqukethe ubuncane bokucabanga kwebhizinisi.
Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngingumsekeli wokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izimiso ezindala uma zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele.
Ake sithi unesistimu yebhizinisi yakudala. Itholakala endaweni yomthengisi oyedwa futhi inamamojula amabili asebenzisanayo. Kukhona futhi isixhumi esibonakalayo esijwayelekile sokuhlanganisa. Kungani uyenze kabusha futhi ulethe i-microservice lapho?
Kodwa uma kukhona amamojula angu-5 ehhovisi elingemuva, lapho izingcezu zolwazi ziqoqwa khona zibe yinqubo yebhizinisi, esetshenziselwa izinhlelo ze-front-line ezingu-8-10, inzuzo ibonakala ngokushesha. Uthatha kumasistimu amahlanu angemuva bese udala isevisi, eyodwa, egxile enqubweni yebhizinisi. Yenza isevisi ithuthuke kwezobuchwepheshe - ukuze igcine ulwazi futhi ibekezelele amaphutha, futhi isebenze namadokhumenti noma izinhlangano zebhizinisi. Futhi uyihlanganisa ngokuvumelana nesimiso esisodwa nayo yonke imikhiqizo yangaphambili. Bakhansele umkhiqizo ophambili - bavele bacisha ukuhlanganiswa. Kusasa udinga ukubhala uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula noma wenze iwebhusayithi encane futhi ufake ingxenye eyodwa kuphela ekusebenzeni - konke kulula: ukuhlanganise njengomakhi. Ngibona intuthuko eyengeziwe kulokhu - okungenani ezweni lakithi.
U-Alexander:
U-Sergey uchaze ngokuphelele indlela yethu, ngiyabonga. Ngizosho nje lapho singeke siye khona - engxenyeni eyinhloko, esihlokweni sokukhokhiswa kwe-inthanethi. Okusho ukuthi, ukulinganisa nokushaja kuzohlala, empeleni, i-thresher "enkulu" ezosula imali ngokuthembekile. Futhi lolu hlelo luzoqhubeka nokuqinisekiswa yiziphathimandla zethu zokulawula. Konke okunye okubheke kumakhasimende, kunjalo, ama-microservices.
U-Dmitriy:
Lapha isitifiketi yindaba eyodwa. Mhlawumbe ukwesekwa okwengeziwe. Uma usebenzisa imali encane ekusekelweni noma uhlelo aludingi ukusekelwa nokuguqulwa, kungcono ukuthi ungaluthinti. Ukuvumelana okunengqondo.
Ungawakha kanjani ama-microservices athembekile
U-Dmitriy:
Kuhle. Kodwa ngisenentshisekelo. Manje usuxoxa indaba yempumelelo: konke bekuhamba kahle, sishintshele kuma-microservices, savikela umbono ebhizinisini, futhi konke kwaphumelela. Kodwa ngike ngezwa ezinye izindaba.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, inkampani yaseSwitzerland eyayitshale iminyaka emibili ekwakheni isiteji esisha se-microservice samabhange yagcina ivale iphrojekthi. Igoqwe ngokuphelele. Kwachithwa izigidi eziningi zama-francs aseSwitzerland, futhi ekugcineni iqembu lahlakazwa - akuzange kusebenze.
Uke waba nezindaba ezifanayo? Bukhona noma bukhona ubunzima? Isibonelo, ukugcina ama-microservices kanye nokuqapha nakho kuyikhanda emisebenzini yokusebenza yenkampani. Phela, inani lezingxenye landa izikhathi eziyishumi. Ukubona kanjani, ingabe kube khona izibonelo ezingaphumelelanga zokutshalwa kwezimali lapha? Futhi yini ongabaluleka ngayo abantu ukuze bangahlangani nezinkinga ezinjalo?
U-Alexander:
Izibonelo ezingaphumelelanga zihlanganisa amabhizinisi ashintsha izinto ezibalulekile kanye nokukhansela amaphrojekthi. Lapho usesigabeni esihle sokulungela (empeleni, i-MVP isilungile), ibhizinisi lathi: “Sinezinto ezintsha eziza kuqala, siqhubekela kwenye iphrojekthi, futhi siyayivala lena.”
Besingenakho ukwehluleka komhlaba wonke ngama-microservices. Silala ngokuthula, sineshifu yemisebenzi engama-24/7 esiza yonke i-BSS [uhlelo lokusekela ibhizinisi].
Futhi enye into - siqasha ama-microservices ngokwemithetho esebenza emikhiqizweni yamabhokisi. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo ukuthi udinga, okokuqala, ukuhlanganisa iqembu elizolungiselela ngokugcwele i-microservice yokukhiqiza. Intuthuko ngokwayo, ngokwemibandela, i-40%. Okusele ukuhlaziya, indlela ye-DevSecOps, ukuhlanganiswa okulungile kanye nezakhiwo ezifanele. Sinaka ngokukhethekile izimiso zokwakha izicelo ezivikelekile. Abamele ukuphepha kolwazi babamba iqhaza kuphrojekthi ngayinye kokubili esigabeni sokuhlela izakhiwo kanye naphakathi nenqubo yokuqaliswa. Baphinde baphathe amasistimu okuhlaziya ikhodi yokuba sengozini.
Ake sithi sisebenzisa izinsiza zethu ezingenazwelo - sinazo e-Kubernetes. Lokhu kuvumela wonke umuntu ukuthi alale ngokuthula ngenxa yokukala okuzenzakalelayo nokukhulisa ngokuzenzakalela kwezinsizakalo, futhi i-duty shift ithatha izehlakalo.
Kukho konke ukuba khona kwama-microservices ethu, kube nesigameko esisodwa noma ezimbili ezifinyelele kulayini wethu. Manje azikho izinkinga ngokusebenza. Thina, yiqiniso, asinawo ama-200, kodwa cishe ama-microservices angu-50, kodwa asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ye-flagship. Uma behluleka, besingaba abokuqala ukwazi ngakho.
Microservices kanye HR
U-Sergey:
Ngivumelana nozakwethu mayelana nokudluliselwa kosekelo - ukuthi umsebenzi udinga ukuhlelwa ngendlela efanele. Kodwa ngizokutshela ngezinkinga, vele, ezikhona.
Okokuqala, ubuchwepheshe busha. Lokhu kuyi-hype ngendlela enhle, futhi ukuthola uchwepheshe ozoqonda futhi ongadala lokhu kuyinselele enkulu. Ukuncintisana kwezinsiza kuyahlanya, ngakho ochwepheshe bafanele isisindo sabo ngegolide.
Okwesibili, ngokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezithile kanye nenani elikhulayo lezinsizakalo, inkinga yokuphinda isetshenziswe kufanele ixazululwe njalo. Njengoba abathuthukisi bethanda ukwenza: "Masibhale izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo lapha manje ..." Ngenxa yalokhu, uhlelo lukhula futhi lulahlekelwe ukusebenza kwalo ngokwemali, izindleko zobunikazi, njalonjalo. Okusho ukuthi, kuyadingeka ukufaka ukusetshenziswa kabusha ekwakhiweni kwesistimu, ukukufaka kumephu yomgwaqo ukuze kwethulwe amasevisi kanye nokudlulisa ifa ekwakhiweni okusha.
Enye inkinga - nakuba lokhu kuhle ngendlela yayo - ukuncintisana kwangaphakathi. "O, abafana abasha bemfashini sebevele lapha, bakhuluma ulimi olusha." Yebo, abantu abafani. Kukhona abajwayele ukubhala nge-Java, nalabo ababhala futhi basebenzise i-Docker ne-Kubernetes. Laba ngabantu abahluke ngokuphelele, bakhuluma ngendlela ehlukile, basebenzisa amagama ahlukene futhi ngezinye izikhathi abazwani. Ikhono noma ukungakwazi ukwabelana ngomkhuba, ukwabelana ngolwazi, ngalo mqondo nakho kuyinkinga.
Hhayi-ke, ukukala izinsiza. “Kuhle, asambe! Futhi manje sifuna ngokushesha, okwengeziwe. Yini, awukwazi? Akunakwenzeka yini ukuletha okuphindwe kabili ngonyaka? Futhi ngani?" Izinhlungu ezinjalo ezikhulayo cishe ziyindinganiso yezinto eziningi, izindlela eziningi, futhi ungazizwa.
Mayelana nokuqapha. Kimina kubonakala sengathi izinsiza noma amathuluzi okuqapha izimboni aseyafunda noma ayakwazi ukusebenza nakho kokubili i-Docker ne-Kubernetes ngemodi ehlukile, engeyona evamile. Ukuze, ngokwesibonelo, ungagcini unemishini ye-Java engu-500 lapho konke lokhu kusebenza khona, okungukuthi, kuhlanganisa. Kodwa le mikhiqizo isantula ukuvuthwa; kufanele idlule kulokhu. Isihloko sisha ngempela, sizoqhubeka nokuthuthuka.
U-Dmitriy:
Yebo, kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Futhi lokhu kusebenza ku-HR. Mhlawumbe inqubo yakho ye-HR kanye nomkhiqizo wakwa-HR kushintshile kancane kule minyaka emi-3. Waqala ukuqasha abanye abantu abanamakhono ahlukene. Futhi kukhona cishe kokubili okuhle nokubi. Ngaphambilini, i-blockchain nesayensi yedatha kwakuyi-hype, futhi ochwepheshe kuzo babebiza izigidi. Manje izindleko ziyehla, imakethe isigcwala, futhi kukhona umkhuba ofanayo kuma-microservices.
U-Sergey:
Yebo, ngokuphelele.
U-Alexander:
U-HR ubuza umbuzo: "Iphi i-unicorn yakho e-pink phakathi kwe-backend ne-frontend?" U-HR akaqondi ukuthi iyini i-microservice. Sabatshela imfihlo futhi sabatshela ukuthi i-backend yenza konke, futhi ayikho i-unicorn. Kodwa i-HR iyashintsha, ifunda ngokushesha futhi iqasha abantu abanolwazi oluyisisekelo lwe-IT.
Ukuvela kwe-microservices
U-Dmitriy:
Uma ubheka ukwakheka okuhlosiwe, ama-microservices abukeka njengesilo esinjalo. Uhambo lwakho lwathatha iminyaka eminingana. Abanye banonyaka, abanye iminyaka emithathu. Ingabe uzibonele kusengaphambili zonke izinkinga, i-architecture eqondiwe, ingabe kukhona okushintshile? Isibonelo, endabeni yama-microservices, amasango nama-meshes wesevisi manje ayavela futhi. Ingabe uke wazisebenzisa ekuqaleni noma washintsha i-architecture ngokwayo? Ingabe unazo izinselele ezinjalo?
U-Sergey:
Sesivele sibhale kabusha izimiso zokuxhumana ezimbalwa. Ekuqaleni bekunephrothokholi eyodwa, manje sesishintshele kwenye. Sandisa ukuphepha nokwethembeka. Saqala ngobuchwepheshe bebhizinisi - Oracle, Web Logic. Manje siyaqhela emikhiqizweni yebhizinisi lezobuchwepheshe kuma-microservices futhi sithuthela kumthombo ovulekile noma ubuchwepheshe obuvuleke ngokuphelele. Silahla imininingwane egciniwe futhi sidlulela kulokho okusisebenzela kahle kakhulu kule modeli. Asisadingi ubuchwepheshe be-Oracle.
Siqale kalula nje njengesevisi, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi siyidinga kangakanani inqolobane, yini esasizoyenza lapho kungekho ukuxhumana ne-microservice, kodwa idatha yayidingeka, njll. Manje sakha iplatifomu ukuze i-architecture ichazwe hhayi ngolimi lwezinsizakalo, futhi ngolimi lwebhizinisi, thatha umqondo webhizinisi uye kwelinye izinga lapho siqala ukukhuluma ngamagama. Manje sesifunde ukukhuluma ngezinhlamvu, futhi izinga elilandelayo yilapho izinsizakalo zizoqoqwa zibe uhlobo oluthile lwe-aggregate, lapho leli selivele liyigama - isibonelo, ikhadi lomkhiqizo wonke. Ihlanganiswe kusuka kuma-microservices, kodwa i-API eyakhelwe phezu kwalokhu.
Ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho uqala ukufinyeleleka futhi unesevisi lapho ungathola khona izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo, futhi ngokushesha okukhulu, ngomzuzwana wokuhlukaniswa, khona-ke kukhona isifiso sokuyithola ngendlela ephephile kakhulu. Ukuze sisuke kulokhu, kudingeke ukuthi sishintshe izindlela zokuhlola nokuqapha. Kwadingeka sishintshe ithimba, uhlaka lokuphatha ukulethwa, i-CI/CD.
Lokhu kungumbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo - njengamafoni, ashesha kakhulu kuphela: okokuqala kwaba nezingcingo ezicindezelayo, kwase kuvela ama-smartphone. Babhala kabusha futhi baklama kabusha umkhiqizo ngoba imakethe yayinesidingo esihlukile. Sivela kanjena: ibanga lokuqala, ibanga leshumi, umsebenzi.
Ngokuphindaphindiwe, kukhona okubekwe obala ngonyaka ngokobuchwepheshe, nokunye mayelana nokusalela emuva kanye nezidingo. Sixhuma into eyodwa kwenye. Ithimba lichitha u-20% ezikweletini zobuchwepheshe kanye nokwesekwa kobuchwepheshe kweqembu, u-80% enkampanini yebhizinisi. Futhi sihamba ngokuqonda ukuthi kungani sikwenza, kungani senza lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthi kuzoholela ini. Kanjalo.
U-Dmitriy:
Kuhle. Yini etholakala kuMegaFon?
U-Alexander:
Inselele enkulu lapho sifika kuma-microservices kwakungangeni esiphithiphithini. Ihhovisi lezokwakha leMegaFon lasijoyina ngokushesha, laze laba ngumqalisi nomshayeli - manje sinesakhiwo esinamandla kakhulu. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuqonda ukuthi iyiphi imodeli esiqondiswe kuyo nokuthi yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obudinga ukuhlolwa. Ngezokwakha, laba bashayeli bezindiza sabaqhuba ngokwethu.
Umbuzo olandelayo wawuthi: “Pho-ke ungakuxhaphaza kanjani konke lokhu?” Futhi okunye: "Ungakuqinisekisa kanjani ukuxhumana okusobala phakathi kwama-microservices?" I-service mesh isisize ukuphendula umbuzo wokugcina. Sihlole i-Istio futhi sayithanda imiphumela. Manje sisesigabeni sokudlulela ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo. Sinesimo sengqondo esihle kuzo zonke izinselele - iqiniso lokuthi sidinga ukushintsha njalo isitaki, sifunde okuthile okusha. Sithanda ukuthuthukisa, hhayi ukuxhaphaza izixazululo ezindala.
U-Dmitriy:
Amazwi Gold! Izinselele ezinjalo zigcina iqembu kanye nebhizinisi kuminwe yabo futhi kwakha ikusasa. I-GDPR idale izikhulu eziyinhloko zokuvikela idatha, futhi izinselele zamanje zakha ama-microservices amakhulu kanye nezikhulu zezokwakha. Futhi kuyajabulisa.
Saxoxa kakhulu. Into esemqoka ukuthi ukuklama okuhle kwama-microservices kanye nezakhiwo ngokwazo kukuvumela ukuba ugweme amaphutha amaningi. Yebo, le nqubo iyaphindaphinda futhi iyaziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa iyikusasa.
Siyabonga kubo bonke ababambiqhaza, sibonga uSergei no-Alexander!
Imibuzo evela ezilalelini
Umbuzo ovela ezithamelini (1):
Sergey, ukuphathwa kwe-IT kushintshe kanjani enkampanini yakho? Ngiyaqonda ukuthi uma kunenqwaba yamasistimu ambalwa, indlela aphathwa ngayo iyinqubo ecacile nenengqondo. Ukwakhe kanjani kabusha ukuphathwa kwengxenye ye-IT ngemuva kokuthi inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-microservices lihlanganiswe ngesikhathi esifushane kangaka?
U-Sergey:
Ngivumelana nozakwethu ukuthi i-architecture ibaluleke kakhulu njengomshayeli woshintsho. Siqale ngokuba ne-architectural division. Abadwebi bezakhiwo ngasikhathi sinye bangabanikazi bokusabalalisa kokusebenza kanye nezimfuneko zokuthi kuzovela kanjani kukwakheka kwezwe. Ngakho baphinde basebenze njengabaxhumanisi balezi zinguquko. Ngenxa yalokho, kube nezinguquko ezithile kunqubo ethile yokulethwa lapho sidala inkundla ye-CI/CD.
Kodwa izinga, izimiso eziyisisekelo zentuthuko, ukuhlaziywa kwebhizinisi, ukuhlolwa nokuthuthukiswa akuzange kukhanselwe. Sisanda kwengeza isivinini. Ngaphambilini, umjikelezo wawuthatha okuningi, ukufakwa ezindaweni zokuhlola kwathatha okuningi kakhulu. Manje ibhizinisi liyayibona inzuzo bese lithi: “Kungani singakwazi ukwenza okufanayo kwezinye izindawo?”
Kufana, ngendlela enhle, umjovo osesimweni somgomo owabonisa: ungakwenza ngale ndlela, kodwa ungakwenza ngenye indlela. Yiqiniso, kunenkinga kubasebenzi, emandleni, olwazini, ekuphikisaneni.
Umbuzo ovela ezithamelini (2):
Abagxeki be-microservice architecture bathi ukuhlola nokuthuthukiswa kunzima. Lokhu kunengqondo lapho izinto ziba nzima khona. Yiziphi izinselelo iqembu lakho elibhekane nazo futhi wazinqoba kanjani? Umbuzo wawo wonke umuntu.
U-Alexander:
Kunobunzima lapho usuka kuma-microservices uye endaweni yesikhulumi, kodwa bungaxazululeka.
Isibonelo, senza umkhiqizo oqukethe ama-microservices angu-5-7. Kudingeka sinikeze izivivinyo zokuhlanganisa kuso sonke isitaki sama-microservices ukuze sinikeze ukukhanya okuluhlaza ukuze siye egatsheni eliyinhloko. Lo msebenzi ubungemusha kithi: besilokhu sikwenza lokhu isikhathi eside e-BSS, lapho umthengisi esinikeza izixazululo esezithunyelwe kakade.
Futhi inkinga yethu iseqenjini elincane kuphela. Kudingeka unjiniyela oyedwa we-QA emkhiqizweni owodwa onemibandela. Ngakho-ke, sithumela umkhiqizo we-5-7 microservices, lapho i-2-3 ingathuthukiswa ngabantu besithathu. Isibonelo, sinomkhiqizo ekuthuthukisweni lapho umdayisi wethu wesistimu yokukhokha, i-Mail.ru Group kanye ne-MegaFon R&D babamba iqhaza. Sidinga ukumboza lokhu ngezivivinyo ngaphambi kokukuthumela emkhiqizweni. Unjiniyela we-QA usebenze kulo mkhiqizo inyanga nesigamu, futhi lonke iqembu lishiywe ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwakhe.
Lobu bunzima bubangelwa kuphela ukukala. Siyaqonda ukuthi ama-microservices awakwazi ukuba khona endaweni engenalutho; ukuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele akukho. Uma sishintsha isevisi eyodwa, sihlala sizama ukulondoloza inkontileka ye-API. Uma okuthile kushintsha ngaphansi kwe-hood, isevisi yangaphambili ihlala. Uma izinguquko zibulala, uhlobo oluthile lokuguqulwa kwezakhiwo lwenzeka futhi sithuthela kumethamodel yedatha ehluke ngokuphelele, engahambisani ngokuphelele - kuphela lapho sikhuluma ngokuvela kwe-v2 yesevisi ye-API. Sisekela inguqulo yokuqala neyesibili ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ngemva kokuba bonke abathengi beshintshela enguqulweni yesibili, sivele sivale eyokuqala.
U-Sergey:
Ngifuna ukwengeza. Ngivumelana ngokuphelele nezinkinga - ziyenzeka. Ukuma kwezwe kuya kuba nzima kakhulu, futhi izindleko eziphezulu ziyakhula, ikakhulukazi zokuhlola. Ungabhekana kanjani nalokhu: shintshela ekuhloleni okuzenzakalelayo. Yebo, kuzodingeka ukuthi utshale imali ngokungeziwe ekubhaleni ama-autotess kanye nokuhlolwa kweyunithi. Ukuze onjiniyela bangakwazi ukuzibophezela ngaphandle kokuphumelela ukuhlolwa, abakwazanga ukushintsha ikhodi. Ukuze ngisho inkinobho yokucindezela ingasebenzi ngaphandle kwe-autotest, ukuhlolwa kweyunithi.
Kubalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kwangaphambilini, futhi lokhu kuyi-overhead eyengeziwe. Uma ubhala kabusha ubuchwepheshe kwenye iphrothokholi, bese uyibhala kabusha uze uvale yonke into ngokuphelele.
Kwesinye isikhathi asenzi ukuhlolwa kokuphela kuze kube sekugcineni ngenhloso, ngoba asifuni ukumisa intuthuko, nakuba siphinde sibe nento eyodwa emva kwenye. I-landscape inkulu kakhulu, iyinkimbinkimbi, kunezinhlelo eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba yizigaxa nje - yebo, wehlisa umkhawulo wokuphepha, kuvela izingozi eziningi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukhulula ukunikezwa.
U-Alexander:
Yebo, ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo nokuhlolwa kweyunithi kukuvumela ukuthi udale isevisi yekhwalithi ephezulu. Sisebenzela ipayipi elingeke lidlule ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kweyunithi nokuhlanganiswa. Ngokuvamile kufanele sihudule ama-emulator namasistimu okuhweba ezindaweni zokuhlola nasezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa, ngoba akuwona wonke amasistimu angafakwa ezindaweni zokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azigcini nje ngokuba manzi - sikhiqiza impendulo ephelele ohlelweni. Lokhu kuyingxenye engathi sína yokusebenza ngama-microservices, futhi sitshala imali kuwo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kuzovela isiphithiphithi.
Umbuzo ovela ezithamelini (3):
Ngokwazi kwami, ama-microservices ekuqaleni akhule esuka eqenjini elihlukile futhi manje akhona kule modeli. Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi zayo?
Sinendaba efanayo nje: kwavela uhlobo lwefekthri yama-microservices. Manje sesifike ezingeni lokuthi selule le ndlela ekukhiqizeni ngokusakaza nangezinhlelo. Ngamanye amazwi, siqhela ekuthuthukisweni okumaphakathi kwama-microservices, amamodeli we-microservice, futhi siyasondela kumasistimu.
Ngokunjalo, ukusebenza kwethu kuya nasezinhlelweni, okungukuthi, sisabalalisa lesi sihloko. Ithini indlela yakho yokwenza futhi ithini indaba yakho?
U-Alexander:
Ukhiphe igama elithi "microservices factory" emlonyeni wakho - nathi sifuna ukukala. Okokuqala, sineqembu elilodwa ngempela manje. Sifuna ukunikeza wonke amaqembu okuthuthukisa i-MegaFon enalo ngethuba lokusebenza ku-ecosystem efanayo. Asifuni ukuthatha ngokuphelele yonke imisebenzi yentuthuko esinayo manje. Umsebenzi wasendaweni uwukukala, umsebenzi womhlaba wonke uwukuhola intuthuko kuwo wonke amaqembu akusendlalelo se-microservice.
U-Sergey:
Ngizokutshela indlela esesiyithathile. Ngempela saqala ukusebenza njengeqembu elilodwa, kodwa manje asisodwa. Ngingumsekeli walokhu okulandelayo: kufanele kube nomnikazi wenqubo. Othile udinga ukuqonda, ukuphatha, ukulawula kanye nokwakha inqubo yokuthuthukisa ama-microservices. Kufanele abe ngumnikazi wezinsiza futhi azibandakanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza.
Lezi zinsiza, eziwazi ubuchwepheshe, imininingwane ethile futhi eziqondayo ukuthi kwakhiwa kanjani ama-microservices, zingatholakala emaqenjini omkhiqizo. Sinengxube lapho abantu abavela kungxenyekazi ye-microservice beseqenjini lomkhiqizo elenza uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula. Bakhona, kodwa basebenza ngokuvumelana nenqubo yomnyango wokuphatha yesikhulumi se-microservice nomphathi wabo wokuthuthukiswa. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba kunethimba elizimele elibhekene nezobuchwepheshe. Okusho ukuthi, sixuba inqwaba yezinsiza phakathi kwethu futhi sizihlukanise, sizinikeze amaqembu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo ihlala ijwayelekile, ilawulwa, iqhubeka ngokuvumelana nezimiso zobuchwepheshe ezijwayelekile, ngokuhlolwa kweyunithi nokunye - konke okwakhiwe phezulu. Kungase kube namakholomu ngendlela yezinsiza eziqoqwe eminyangweni ehlukene yendlela yokukhiqiza.
U-Alexander:
Sergey, empeleni ungumnikazi wenqubo, akunjalo? Ingabe umsebenzi osilele emuva wabiwe? Ubani onesibopho sokusatshalaliswa kwayo?
U-Sergey:
Bhekani: nansi ingxube futhi. Kukhona ukusilela emuva okwakhiwa ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe - lena indaba eyodwa. Kunokusalela emuva, okwakhiwa ngamaphrojekthi, futhi kukhona ukusalela emuva emikhiqizweni. Kodwa ukulandelana kwesingeniso kumkhiqizo ngamunye wesevisi noma ukudalwa kwale sevisi kuthuthukiswa uchwepheshe womkhiqizo. Akekho ophikweni lwe-IT, wasuswa kulo ngokukhethekile. Kodwa abantu bami basebenza ngendlela efanayo.
Umnikazi we-backlog ngezindlela ezihlukene - i-backlog yezinguquko - kuzoba abantu abahlukene. Ukuxhumeka kwezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe, isimiso sabo sokuhlela - konke lokhu kuzoba ku-IT. Ngiphethe inkundla nezinsiza futhi. Phezulu yilokho okuthinta ukusilela emuva kanye nezinguquko zokusebenza, kanye nezakhiwo ngalo mqondo.
Ake sithi ibhizinisi lithi: "Sifuna lo msebenzi, sifuna ukwakha umkhiqizo omusha - yenza kabusha imali mboleko." Siyaphendula: “Yebo, sizokwenza kabusha.” Abadwebi bezakhiwo bathi: "Ake sicabange: lapho ebolekiwe sizobhala kuphi ama-microservices futhi sizokwenza kanjani?" Bese siyihlukanisa ibe amaphrojekthi, imikhiqizo noma isitaki sobuchwepheshe, sibeke emaqenjini bese sisisebenzisa. Ingabe udale umkhiqizo ngaphakathi futhi wanquma ukusebenzisa ama-microservices kulo mkhiqizo? Sithi: "Manje amasistimu wefa ebesinawo, noma amasistimu angaphambili, kufanele ashintshele kulawa ma-microservices." Abadwebi bezakhiwo bathi: “Ngakho-ke: ekushiyeni emuva kwezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwemikhiqizo yomugqa ongaphambili - ukushintshela kuma-microservices. Hamba". Futhi ochwepheshe bomkhiqizo noma abanikazi bamabhizinisi bayaqonda ukuthi mangakanani umthamo owabelwe, uzokwenziwa nini futhi ngani.
Ukuphela kwengxoxo, kodwa hhayi konke
Ingqungquthela ye-mailto:CLOUD yahlelwa .
Senza neminye imicimbi - isb. @Kubernetes Meetup, lapho sihlala sifuna izikhulumi ezinhle:
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- Unentshisekelo yokukhuluma kwenye ye-@Meetups? Shiya isicelo
Source: www.habr.com