I-Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC) idlale indima ebalulekile kuhlelo lwenyanga ye-Apollo, ishayela i-rocket ye-Saturn 5. Njengamakhompyutha amaningi angaleso sikhathi, yayigcina idatha kumakhora kazibuthe amancane. Kulesi sihloko, i-Cloud4Y ikhuluma ngemojula yememori ye-LVDC evela ku-deluxe USteve Jurvetson.
Le mojula yenkumbulo yathuthukiswa maphakathi nawo-1960. Yakhelwe kusetshenziswa izingxenye ze-surface-mount, amamojula ayi-hybrid, nokuxhumana okuvumelana nezimo, okuyenza i-oda lobukhulu libe lincane futhi libe lula kunenkumbulo yekhompyutha evamile yangaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, imojula yememori ivunyelwe ukugcina amagama angama-4096 kuphela wamabhithi angama-26.
Imojula yenkumbulo eyinhloko kazibuthe. Le mojula igcina amagama angu-4K wamabhithi edatha angu-26 namabhithi okulingana angu-2. Ngamamojula amane enkumbulo anikeza umthamo ophelele wamagama ayi-16, inesisindo esingu-384 kg futhi ilinganisa u-2,3 cm × 14 cm × 14 cm.
Ukuhlala kwenyanga kwaqala ngoMeyi 25, 1961, lapho uMongameli Kennedy ememezela ukuthi iMelika izobeka indoda enyangeni ngaphambi kokuphela kweminyaka eyishumi. Kulokhu, kwasetshenziswa rocket ye-Saturn 5 enezigaba ezintathu, irokhethi elinamandla kunawo wonke ake adalwa. ISaturn 5 yayilawulwa futhi ilawulwa ikhompuyutha (lapha ngaye) isigaba sesithathu semoto yokwethulwa, eqala ukusuka emzileni womhlaba, bese isendleleni eya eNyangeni. (Umkhumbi-mkhathi we-Apollo wawuhlukana nerokhethi ye-Saturn V ngalesi sikhathi, futhi umsebenzi we-LVDC waqedwa.)
I-LVDC ifakwe kuhlaka oluyisisekelo. Izixhumi eziyindilinga ziyabonakala ngaphambili kukhompuyutha. Kusetshenziswe izixhumi zikagesi ezingu-8 nezixhumi ezimbili zokupholisa uketshezi
I-LVDC kwakungenye yamakhompiyutha amaningana e-Apollo. I-LVDC ibixhunywe ohlelweni lokulawula indiza, ikhompuyutha ye-analogi engu-45 kg. I-onboard Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) iqondise umkhumbi-mkhathi endaweni yenyanga. Imojuli yomyalo ibiqukethe i-AGC eyodwa kuyilapho imojuli yenyanga iqukethe i-AGC yesibili kanye nesistimu yokuzulazula ye-Abort, ikhompyutha eyisipele yezimo eziphuthumayo.
Kwakukhona amakhompyutha amaningana ebhodini le-Apollo.
Iyunithi Yamadivayisi Anengqondo (ULD)
I-LVDC yadalwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuyingxube obuthakaselayo obubizwa nge-ULD, idivayisi yokulayisha iyunithi. Nakuba ayebukeka njengamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, amamojula e-ULD aqukethe izingxenye eziningana. Basebenzisa ama-silicon chips alula, ngalinye line-transistor eyodwa noma ama-diode amabili. Lawa malungu afanayo, kanye nama-resistors aphrintiwe wefilimu aminyene, afakwa esicwecweni se-ceramic ukuze kusetshenziswe amasekhethi afana nesango elinengqondo. Lawa mamojula abehlukile kumamojula we-SLT () yakhelwe amakhompuyutha adumile we-IBM S/360. I-IBM yaqala ukwenza amamojula e-SLT ngo-1961, ngaphambi kokuthi amasekethe ahlanganisiwe asebenze ngokwezentengiselwano, futhi ngo-1966, i-IBM yayikhiqiza amamojula we-SLT angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 ngonyaka.
Amamojula e-ULD ayemancane kakhulu kunamamojula we-SLT, njengoba kubonwe esithombeni esingezansi, okwenza afaneleke kakhulu kukhompyutha yesikhala esihlangene.Amamojula e-ULD asebenzisa amaphedi e-ceramic esikhundleni sezikhonkwane zensimbi ku-SLT, futhi abe nokuxhumana kwensimbi phezulu. indawo esikhundleni sezikhonkwane. Iziqeshana ebhodini zazibambe imojuli ye-ULD endaweni futhi zixhunywe kulawa maphini.
Kungani i-IBM isebenzise amamojula we-SLT esikhundleni samasekhethi ahlanganisiwe? Isizathu esiyinhloko sasiwukuthi amasekethe ahlanganisiwe ayesakhula, njengoba asungulwa ngo-1959. Ngo-1963, amamojula e-SLT ayenezinzuzo zezindleko nokusebenza ngaphezu kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, amamojula we-SLT ayevame ukubhekwa njengaphansi kunezifunda ezihlanganisiwe. Enye yezinzuzo zamamojula we-SLT phezu kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe kwakuwukuthi izithasiselo kuma-SLT zazinembe kakhulu kunalezo eziseziyingini ezihlanganisiwe. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, izihluthulelo zefilimu eziwugqinsi kumamojula we-SLT zahlukunyezwa ngokucophelela ukuze zisuse ifilimu ephikisayo kuze kube yilapho zithola ukumelana okudingekayo. Amamojula we-SLT nawo ayeshibhile kunamasekethe ahlanganisiwe aqhathaniswa ngeminyaka yawo-1960.
I-LVDC kanye nemishini ehlobene isebenzise izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-50 zama-ULD.
Amamojula we-SLT (kwesokunxele) makhulu kakhulu kunamamojula e-ULD (kwesokudla). Usayizi we-ULD ngu-7,6mm×8mm
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa izingxenye zangaphakathi zemojuli ye-ULD. Ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwepuleti le-ceramic kukhona ama-conductor axhunywe kumakristalu e-silicon amancane ayisikwele. Ibukeka njengebhodi lesifunda, kodwa khumbula ukuthi lincane kakhulu kunozipho lomunwe. Ama-rectangles amnyama kwesokudla izithasiselo zefilimu eziwugqinsi eziphrintwe ngaphansi kwepuleti.
ULD, ukubuka phezulu naphansi. Amakristalu e-Silicon nama-resistors ayabonakala. Ngenkathi amamojula e-SLT ayenezinqamuleli phezulu, amamojula e-ULD ayenezinto eziphikisayo phansi, okwandisa ukuminyana kanye nezindleko.
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa ukufa kwe-silicon kusuka kumojula ye-ULD, esebenzise ama-diode amabili. Amasayizi mancane ngokungavamile, uma kuqhathaniswa, kukhona amakristalu kashukela eduze. Ikristalu yayinezixhumanisi zangaphandle ezintathu ngamabhola ethusi athengiswe emibuthanweni emithathu. Imibuthano emibili engezansi (i-anode yama-diode amabili) yayifakwe (izindawo ezimnyama), kuyilapho isiyingi esiphezulu kwesokudla kwakuyi-cathode exhunywe esisekelweni.
Isithombe se-silicon crystal enama-diode amabili eduze kwamakristalu kashukela
Isebenza kanjani inkumbulo eyinhloko kazibuthe
Inkumbulo eyinhloko kazibuthe yayiwuhlobo oluyinhloko lokugcina idatha kumakhompyutha kusukela ngawo-1950 kwaze kwaba yilapho ithathelwa indawo yimishini yokugcina isimo esiqinile ngawo-1970. Inkumbulo yadalwa ngezindandatho ezincane ze-ferrite ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-cores. Amasongo e-ferrite ayefakwa ku-matrix engunxande futhi izintambo ezimbili kuya kwezine zazidlula iringi ngayinye ukuze zifunde futhi zibhale ukwaziswa. Izindandatho zazivumela ingxenye eyodwa yolwazi ukuthi igcinwe. Umnyombo wenziwa uzibuthe kusetshenziswa i-pulse yamanje ezintanjeni ezidlula iringi ye-ferrite. Ukuqondiswa kukazibuthe komgogodla owodwa kungashintshwa ngokuthumela ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Ukuze ufunde inani le-core, i-pulse yamanje ibeka indandatho kusimo esingu-0. Uma umgogodla wawukade usesimweni 1, inkambu kazibuthe eshintshayo idale i-voltage kwenye yezintambo ezihamba phakathi kwama-cores. Kodwa uma umongo ubuvele usesimweni esingu-0, inkambu kazibuthe ibingeke ishintshe futhi ucingo lwenzwa belungeke lukhuphuke ku-voltage. Ngakho-ke inani lebhithi elingaphakathi lafundwa ngokulimisa kabusha libe nguziro futhi kubhekwe i-voltage ocingweni olufundiwe. Isici esibalulekile senkumbulo kuma-magnetic cores kwakuwukuthi inqubo yokufunda indandatho ye-ferrite yabhubhisa inani layo, ngakho-ke ingqikithi kwadingeka "ibhalwe kabusha".
Kwakunzima ukusebenzisa ucingo oluhlukile ukuze kushintshwe i-magnetization yomnyombo ngamunye, kodwa ngawo-1950, kwasungulwa inkumbulo ye-ferrite eyayisebenza ngesimiso sokuqondana kwemisinga. Isekhethi enezintambo ezine—X, Y, Sense, Inhibit—seyivamile. Ubuchwepheshe buxhaphaze impahla ekhethekile yama-cores ebizwa ngokuthi i-hysteresis: i-current encane ayithinti inkumbulo ye-ferrite, kodwa i-current engaphezu kombundu ingadonsa inkaba. Lapho inikwa amandla ngesigamu samanje esidingekayo emugqeni owodwa ongu-X kanye nomugqa owodwa ongu-Y, ingqikithi kuphela lapho yomibili imigqa yawela khona ethola okwamanje okwanele ukuze kuphinde kusebenze uzibuthe, kuyilapho amanye ama-cores ahlala eqinile.
Lena indlela imemori ye-IBM 360 Model 50 ebukeka ngayo. I-LVDC ne-Model 50 basebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lomnyombo, olwaziwa ngokuthi 19-32 ngoba ububanzi bawo bangaphakathi babungu-19 mils (0.4826 mm) futhi ububanzi bawo bangaphandle bungu-32 mils (0,8 mm ). Ungabona kulesi sithombe ukuthi kunezintambo ezintathu ezihamba phakathi komgogodla ngamunye, kodwa i-LVDC isebenzise izintambo ezine.
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa uhlu olulodwa lwenkumbulo ye-LVDC engunxande. 8 Le matrix inezintambo ezingu-128 ze-X ezigijima zibheke phezulu kanye nezintambo ezingu-64 ezingu-Y ezihamba zivundlile, ezinomongo ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ngamunye. Intambo efundwayo eyodwa igijima kuwo wonke ama-cores ahambisana nezintambo ezingu-Y. Intambo yokubhala kanye ne-inhibit wire igijima kuwo wonke ama-cores ahambisana nezintambo ezingu-X. Izintambo ziwela maphakathi ne-matrix; lokhu kunciphisa umsindo obangelwayo ngoba umsindo ovela engxenyeni ethile ususa umsindo kwenye ingxenye.
I-matrix eyodwa yenkumbulo ye-LVDC ferrite equkethe amabhithi angu-8192. Ukuxhumana namanye ama-matrics kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane ngaphandle
I-matrix engenhla yayinezinto ezingu-8192, ngayinye igcina kancane kancane. Ukugcina igama lememori, omatikuletsheni abambalwa abayisisekelo bangezwe ndawonye, oyedwa ngebhithi ngalinye egameni. Izintambo u-X no-Y zanqamula kuwo wonke ama-matrices ayinhloko. I-matrix ngayinye yayinomugqa wokufunda ohlukile kanye nomugqa ohlukile wokuvimbela ukubhala. Inkumbulo ye-LVDC isebenzise isitaki samatrices ayisisekelo ayi-14 (ngezansi) igcina "uhlamvu" lwe-13-bit kanye nebhithi yokulingana.
Isitaki se-LVDC siqukethe omatikuletsheni abangu-14 abakhulu
Ukubhalela inkumbulo eyinhloko kazibuthe kwakudinga izintambo ezengeziwe, okuthiwa imigqa yokuvimbela. I-matrix ngayinye yayinomugqa owodwa wokuvimbela ogijima kuwo wonke ama-cores kuwo. Phakathi nenqubo yokubhala, okwamanje idlula emigqeni engu-X kanye no-Y, iphinde ifake amaringi akhethiwe (eyodwa endizeni ngayinye) ukuze isho u-1, igcina wonke u-1 egameni. Ukubhala u-0 endaweni encane, umugqa unikezwe amandla ngesigamu samanje esiphambene nomugqa X. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-cores ahlala ku-0. Ngakho-ke, umugqa we-inhibit awuzange uvumele umongo ukuthi uphendukisele ku-1. Noma yikuphi okufunayo. Igama lingabhalwa enkumbulweni ngokwenza kusebenze imigqa ye-inhibit ehambisanayo.
I-module yememori ye-LVDC
Imodyuli yememori ye-LVDC yakhiwa kanjani ngokomzimba? Maphakathi nendawo yemojuli yenkumbulo kunenqwaba yamaqoqo enkumbulo ye-ferromagnetic angu-14 aboniswe ngaphambili. Izungezwe amabhodi amaningana anomjikelezo wokushayela izintambo ze-X kanye ne-Y kanye nemigqa yokuvinjelwa, imigqa yokufunda kancane, ukutholwa kwamaphutha, nokukhiqiza amasiginali wewashi adingekayo.
Ngokuvamile, izifunda eziningi ezihlobene nenkumbulo ziku-logic yekhompyutha ye-LVDC, hhayi kumojula yenkumbulo ngokwayo. Ikakhulukazi, ingqondo yekhompuyutha iqukethe amarejista okugcina amakheli namagama edatha nokuguqula phakathi kwe-serial nokuhambisana. Futhi iqukethe ama-circuitry okufunda emigqeni yebhithi efundiwe, ukuhlola amaphutha, nokuwashwa.
Imojuli yememori ebonisa izingxenye ezibalulekile. I-MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board) iyibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elinezingqimba eziyi-12
Y memory driver board
Igama elikwinkumbulo eyinhloko likhethwa ngokudlula imigqa ethi X kanye no-Y esitakini sebhodi elikhulu. Ake siqale ngokuchaza isekethe ye-Y-driver nokuthi ikhiqiza kanjani isignali ngenye yemigqa engu-64 Y. Esikhundleni samasekethe abashayeli ahlukene angama-64, imojula inciphisa inani lamasekethe ngokusebenzisa abashayeli "abaphezulu" abayi-8 kanye nabashayeli "abaphansi" abayi-8. Anezintambo ekucushweni kwe-"matrix", ngakho inhlanganisela ngayinye yabashayeli abaphezulu nabaphansi ikhetha imigqa ehlukene. Ngakho, abashayeli abangu-8 "abaphezulu" nabangu-8 "abaphansi" bakhetha eyodwa yemigqa engu-64 (8 × 8) Y.
Ibhodi lomshayeli elingu-Y (ngaphambili) lishayela imigqa yokukhetha u-Y kusitaki samabhodi
Esithombeni esingezansi ungabona amanye amamojula e-ULD (amhlophe) kanye namapheya ama-transistors (igolide) ashayela imigqa yokukhetha u-Y. Imojula ye-"EI" inhliziyo yomshayeli: inikeza i-voltage pulse engashintshi (E ) noma idlulise ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungaguquki (I) emugqeni wokukhetha. Umugqa okhethiwe ulawulwa ngokuvula imojuli ye-EI kumodi ye-voltage ekugcineni komugqa kanye nemojula ye-EI kumodi yamanje ngakolunye uhlangothi. Umphumela uba i-pulse ene-voltage efanele kanye neyamanje, eyanele ukwenza kabusha umnyombo. Kuthatha umfutho omkhulu ukuyiguqula; i-voltage pulse igxilwe ku-volts angu-17, futhi ububanzi bamanje busuka ku-180 mA kuya ku-260 mA kuye ngokuthi izinga lokushisa.
Isithombe esikhulu sebhodi lomshayeli we-Y esibonisa amamojula ayisithupha e-ULD namapheya ayisithupha ama-transistors. Imojula ngayinye ye-ULD ibhalwe ngenombolo yengxenye ye-IBM, uhlobo lwemojuli (ngokwesibonelo, "EI"), kanye nekhodi incazelo yayo ingaziwa.
Ibhodi liphinde lifakwe amamojula okuqapha amaphutha (ED) athola lapho kucushwe ulayini okhethiwe ongaphezu kowodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Imojula ye-ED isebenzisa isisombululo esilula se-analogue: ihlanganisa ama-voltages okufakwayo isebenzisa inethiwekhi yama-resistors. Uma i-voltage ewumphumela ingaphezu komkhawulo, ukhiye uyacushwa.
Ngaphansi kwebhodi lomshayeli kukhona i-diode array equkethe ama-diode angu-256 nama-resistors angu-64. Le matrix iguqula amapheya angu-8 aphezulu nangaphansi angu-8 amasignali ukusuka ebhodini labashayeli ukuya ekuxhumekeni kwemigqa engu-Y-64 ehamba phakathi kwenqwaba yamabhodi. Izintambo eziguquguqukayo phezulu naphansi ebhodini zixhuma ibhodi kuhlelo lwe-diode. Izintambo ezimbili eziguqukayo kwesokunxele (ezingabonakali esithombeni) kanye namabhasi amabili kwesokudla (eyodwa ebonakalayo) axhuma i-matrix ye-diode kuhlu lwama-cores. Ikhebula eliguquguqukayo elibonakala kwesokunxele lixhuma ibhodi le-Y kuyo yonke ikhompuyutha ngebhodi le-I/O, kuyilapho intambo encane eguqukayo ngezansi kwesokudla ixhuma ebhodini lokuphehla iwashi.
X Memory Driver Board
Isakhiwo sokushayela imigqa engu-X siyefana nesika-Y, ngaphandle kokuthi kunemigqa engu-128 X kanye nemigqa engu-64 Y. Ngenxa yokuthi kunezintambo eziningi ezingu-X eziphindwe kabili, imojuli inebhodi lomshayeli lesibili elingu-X ngaphansi kwayo. Nakuba amabhodi e-X ne-Y anezingxenye ezifanayo, izintambo zihlukile.
Leli bhodi naleli elingaphansi kwalo lilawula imigqa ekhethiwe engu-X kusitaki samabhodi awumongo
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa ukuthi ezinye izingxenye zonakaliswe ebhodini. Enye yama-transistors isusiwe, imojula ye-ULD iphukile phakathi, kanti enye iphukile. I-wiring ibonakala kumojula ephukile, kanye nenye yamakristalu amancane e-silicon (kwesokudla). Kulesi sithombe, ungabona futhi ukulandelana kwamathrekhi aqondile navundlile ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe lezendlalelo eziyi-12.
Ukuvala ingxenye yebhodi elimele
Ngezansi kwamabhodi omshayeli we-X kune-matrix ye-X diode equkethe ama-diode angama-288 nama-resistors angu-128. Uhlu lwe-X-diode lisebenzisa i-topology ehlukile kunebhodi le-Y-diode ukugwema ukuphinda kabili inani lezingxenye. Njengebhodi le-Y-diode, leli bhodi liqukethe izingxenye ezibekwe ziqonde phakathi kwamabhodi esekethe amabili aphrintiwe. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi "i-cordwood" futhi ivumela izingxenye ukuthi zifakwe ngokuqinile.
Isithombe esikhulu sohlelo lwe-X diode esibonisa ama-cordwood diode abekwe ame ame phezulu phakathi kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe angu-2. Amabhodi amabili omshayeli we-X ahlala ngaphezu kwebhodi le-diode, ahlukaniswe nawo nge-polyurethane foam. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi amabhodi wesifunda aphrintiwe asondelene kakhulu.
Ama-Memory Amplifiers
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa ibhodi le-amplifier yokufunda. Ineziteshi eziyisi-7 zokufunda amabhithi ayi-7 kusitaki sememori; ibhodi elifanayo elingezansi liphatha amanye amabhithi angu-7 ngesamba samabhithi angu-14. Inhloso yesikhulisi senzwa ukuthola isignali encane (amamilivolthi angu-20) ekhiqizwe umgogodla okwazi ukuzibuthe kabusha bese iwuguqula ube okukhiphayo okungu-1-bit. Isiteshi ngasinye siqukethe i-amplifier ehlukile kanye ne-buffer, elandelwa i-transformer ehlukile kanye ne-clamp ephumayo. Kwesokunxele, intambo eguquguqukayo enezintambo ezingu-28 ixhuma kusitaki sememori, iholele emaphethelweni amabili entambo yomqondo ngayinye kuyisekethe ye-amplifier, iqala ngemojula ye-MSA-1 (Memory Sense Amplifier). Izingxenye ngazinye ziyi-resistor (amasilinda ansundu), ama-capacitor (obomvu), ama-transformer (amnyama), nama-transistors (igolide). Izingcezu zedatha ziphuma kumabhodi esikhulisi senzwa ngekhebuli eguquguqukayo kwesokudla.
Readout amplifier board phezulu kwemojuli yememori. Leli bhodi likhulisa amasignali kusukela kuzintambo zenzwa ukuze kwakhe amabhithi okukhiphayo
Bhala u-Inhibit Line Driver
Izishayeli ze-Inhibit zisetshenziselwa ukubhala kumemori futhi zitholakala ngaphansi kwemojuli eyinhloko. Kunemigqa eyi-inhibit engu-14, owodwa ku-matrix ngayinye esitaki. Ukuze ubhale ibhithi elingu-0, umshayeli wokukhiya ohambisanayo uyasebenza futhi owamanje ngomugqa we-inhibit uvimbela umgogodla ukuthi ushintshele ku-1. Umugqa ngamunye ushayelwa imojula ye-ID-1 ne-ID-2 (bhala umshayeli we-inhibit line) kanye nepheya. ama-transistors. Ukunemba okungu-20,8 ohm resistors phezulu naphansi ebhodini kulawula umsinga ovimbayo. Intambo eguquguqukayo enezintambo ezingu-14 kwesokudla ixhuma abashayeli ezintanjeni ezivimbelayo ezingu-14 kusitaki samabhodi abalulekile.
Ibhodi lokuvimbela elingaphansi kwemojuli yememori. Leli bhodi likhiqiza amasiginali we-inhibit angu-14 asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokurekhoda
Inkumbulo yomshayeli wewashi
Umshayeli wewashi ipheya lamabhodi akhiqiza amasignali ewashi emojuli yememori. Uma ikhompuyutha iqala ukusebenza kwenkumbulo, amasiginali ewashi ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa imojuli yememori akhiqizwa ngokulinganayo umshayeli wewashi wemojuli. Amabhodi okushayela iwashi atholakala ngaphansi kwemojula, phakathi kwe-stack kanye nebhodi lokuvimbela, ngakho-ke amabhodi anzima ukubona.
Amabhodi omshayeli wewashi angaphansi kwesitaki sememori esiyinhloko kodwa ngaphezu kwebhodi lokukhiya
Izingxenye zebhodi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esithombeni esingenhla zingama-potentiometers aguquguqukayo amaningi, okungenzeka ukuthi awokulinganisa isikhathi noma ukulungisa i-voltage. Ama-resistors nama-capacitor nawo ayabonakala emabhodini. Umdwebo ubonisa amamojula amaningana e-MCD (Memory Clock Driver), kodwa awekho amamojula abonakalayo emabhodini. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokungabonakali okulinganiselwe, ushintsho lwesifunda, noma ukuba khona kwelinye ibhodi elinalawa mamojula.
Iphaneli ye-Memory I/O
Ibhodi lemojula yenkumbulo yokugcina yibhodi le-I/O, esabalalisa amasignali phakathi kwamabhodi emojula yememori nayo yonke ikhompyutha ye-LVDC. Isixhumi esiluhlaza samaphini angu-98 esingezansi sixhuma ku-chassis yememori ye-LVDC, sinikeza amasignali namandla avela kukhompuyutha. Iningi lezixhumi zepulasitiki ziphukile, yingakho othintana nabo bebonakala. Ibhodi lokusabalalisa lixhunywe kulesi sixhumi ngezintambo ezimbili eziguquguqukayo ezinamaphini angu-49 ezansi (intambo yangaphambili kuphela ebonakalayo). Ezinye izintambo eziguqukayo zisabalalisa amasiginali ku-X Driver Board (kwesokunxele), Y Driver Board (kwesokudla), Sense Amplifier Board (phezulu), kanye ne-Inhibit Board (ngezansi). Ama-capacitor angama-20 ebhodini ahlunga amandla anikezwe imojuli yememori.
Ibhodi le-I/O phakathi kwemojuli yememori nayo yonke ikhompyutha. Isixhumi esiluhlaza esingezansi sixhuma kukhompuyutha futhi lezi zimpawu zihanjiswa ngezintambo eziyisicaba ziye kwezinye izingxenye zemojuli yememori.
isiphetho
Imojuli yememori ye-LVDC eyinhloko inikeze isitoreji esihlangene, esithembekile. Amamojula enkumbulo afinyelela kwangu-8 angabekwa engxenyeni engezansi yekhompyutha. Lokhu kuvumela ikhompuyutha ukuthi igcine ama-32 Amagama angu-26-bit noma ama-kilowords angu-16 kumodi ye-"duplex" engathembeki kakhulu.
Isici esisodwa esithokozisayo se-LVDC ukuthi amamojula wememori angaboniswa ukuze athembeke. Kumodi ye-"duplex", igama ngalinye laligcinwe kumamojula amabili ememori. Uma kwenzeke iphutha kumojuli eyodwa, igama elilungile lingatholwa kwenye imojuli. Nakuba lokhu kunikeza ukwethembeka, kunqamule umkhondo wenkumbulo phakathi. Kungenjalo, amamojula enkumbulo angasetshenziswa kumodi ethi "simplex", igama ngalinye ligcinwe kanye.
I-LVDC ithathe amamojula afika kwayisishiyagalombili e-CPU
Imojuli yenkumbulo eyinhloko kazibuthe inikeza ukumelwa okubonakalayo kwesikhathi lapho isitoreji esingu-8 KB sidinga imojuli yamaphawundi angu-5 (2,3 kg). Nokho, le nkumbulo yayiphelele kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. Imishini enjalo yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngeminyaka yawo-1970s ngokufika kwe-semiconductor DRAMs.
Okuqukethwe kwe-RAM kugcinwa lapho amandla ecishiwe, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi imojuli isagcina isofthiwe kusukela ngesikhathi sokugcina ukusetshenziswa kwekhompyutha. Yebo, yebo, lapho ungathola okuthile okuthakazelisayo ngisho namashumi eminyaka kamuva. Kungaba okuthakazelisayo ukuzama ukubuyisela le datha, kodwa isifunda esilimele sidala inkinga, ngakho okuqukethwe cishe ngeke kukwazi ukubuyiselwa kumojula yememori enye ishumi leminyaka.
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Source: www.habr.com