Isithombe esivela eqoqweni lombhali
1. Umlando
Inkumbulo yebhamuza, noma inkumbulo yesizinda kazibuthe esiyisilinda, iyinkumbulo engaguquki eyakhiwa eBell Labs ngo-1967 ngu-Andrew Bobeck. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izizinda ezincane ze-cylindrical magnetic zakha kumafilimu amancane e-crystal eyodwa yama-ferrites nama-garnet lapho insimu yamagnetic enamandla ngokwanele iqondiswe ngokuzungezile endaweni yefilimu. Ngokushintsha inkambu kazibuthe, lawa mabhamuza anganyakaziswa. Lezi zakhiwo zenza amabhamuza kazibuthe alungele ukwakha ibhithi elandelanayo, njengerejista yeshifti, lapho ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwebhamuza endaweni ethile kusho inani lebhithi elinguziro noma elilodwa. Ububanzi bebhamuza buyingxenye yeshumi ye-micron; i-chip eyodwa ingagcina izinkulungwane zamabhithi edatha. Isibonelo, entwasahlobo ka-1977, i-Texas Instruments yethula okokuqala i-chip enomthamo wamabhithi angu-92304 emakethe. Le nkumbulo ayiguquguquki, iyenza ifane nekhasethi kazibuthe noma idiski, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi iqinile futhi ayinazo izingxenye ezinyakazayo, ithembeke kakhulu kunetheyiphu noma idiski, ayidingi ukulungiswa, futhi incane kakhulu futhi ilula. futhi ingasetshenziswa kumishini ephathekayo.
Umsunguli wangempela wenkumbulo yebhamuza, u-Andrew Bobek, uhlongoze inguqulo “yohlangothi olulodwa” yenkumbulo, ngendlela yomucu lapho kulimala khona umucu omncane wezinto ezivundile. Lolu hlobo lwenkumbulo lwalubizwa ngokuthi “twistor”, futhi lwakhiqizwa ngobuningi, kodwa ngokushesha lwathathelwa indawo inguqulo “yezinhlangothi ezimbili”.
Ungakwazi ukuzijwayeza ngomlando wokudalwa kwememori ye-bubble ku- [1-3].
2. Isimiso sokusebenza
Lapha ngicela ungixolele, angiyena i-physicist, ngakho-ke isethulo sizoba cishe kakhulu.
Ezinye izinto (ezifana ne-gadolinium gallium garnet) zivame ukuba nguzibuthe ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, futhi uma inkambu kazibuthe engashintshi isetshenziswa kuleyo eksisi, izindawo ezinozibuthe zizokwakha okuthile okufana namabhamuza, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Ibhamuza ngalinye linama-microns ambalwa kuphela ububanzi.
Ake sithi sinefilimu encane, engaba ngu-0,001 intshi, i-crystalline yento enjalo, efakwe ku-non-magnetic, isibonelo, ingilazi, i-substrate.
Konke kumayelana namabhamuza omlingo. Isithombe esingakwesokunxele - ayikho insimu kazibuthe, isithombe esingakwesokudla - inkambu kazibuthe iqondiswe ngqo ebusweni befilimu.
Uma iphethini yakhiwe ebusweni befilimu yento enjalo evela kumagnetic material, isibonelo, i-permalloy, i-iron-nickel alloy, khona-ke ama-bubbles azokwenziwa uzibuthe kuzakhi zaleli phethini. Ngokuvamile, amaphethini amise okwe-T noma a-V asetshenziswa.
Ibhamuza elilodwa lingakhiwa inkambu kazibuthe engu-100-200 oersted, esetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nefilimu kazibuthe futhi idalwe uzibuthe ongunaphakade, futhi inkambu kazibuthe ejikelezayo eyakhiwe amakhoyili amabili kuzikhombisi-ndlela ze-XY ivumela izizinda zebhamuza ukuthi zinyakaze. ukusuka "esiqhingini" esizibuthe esisodwa kuya kwesinye, njengalokhu kuboniswe esithombeni. Ngemva kokushintsha isiqondiso sendawo kazibuthe izikhathi ezine, isizinda sizosuka kwesinye isiqhingi siye kwesingumakhelwane.
Konke lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sicabangele idivayisi ye-DMD njengerejista yeshifu. Uma senza amabhamuza kwenye indawo yerejista futhi siwathole kwenye, singakwazi ukuzungeza iphethini ethile yamabhamuza futhi sisebenzise isistimu njengedivayisi yokugcina, ukufunda nokubhala izingcezu ngezikhathi ezithile.
Lokhu kuholela ebuhleni nasebubini benkumbulo ku-MD yedijithali: inzuzo ayiguquguquki (inqobo nje uma insimu ye-perpendicular eyenziwe ngozibuthe unomphela isetshenziswa, amabhamuza ngeke anyamalale noma asuke ezikhundleni zawo), futhi ubungozi bubude. isikhathi sokufinyelela, ngoba Ukuze ufinyelele ibhithi engafanele, udinga ukuskrola yonke irejista ye-shift uye endaweni oyifunayo, futhi uma iyinde, kuzodinga imijikelezo eyengeziwe.
Iphethini yezinto kazibuthe kufilimu kazibuthe ye-CD.
Ukwakhiwa kwesizinda kazibuthe kubizwa ngokuthi “nucleation” ngesiNgisi, futhi kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa umsinga wamamilimitha angamakhulu amaningana ekujikeni isikhathi esingaba ngu-100 ns, nokudala inkambu kazibuthe eqondana nefilimu futhi ephambene nendawo yefilimu. uzibuthe unomphela. Lokhu kudala “ibhamuza” likazibuthe - isizinda kazibuthe esiyicylindrical efilimini. Inqubo, ngeshwa, incike kakhulu ezingeni lokushisa; umsebenzi wokubhala ungase uhluleke ngaphandle kokwakheka kwebhamuza, noma amabhamuza amaningana angase akheke.
Kusetshenziswa amasu amaningana ukufunda idatha evela kufilimu.
Enye indlela, ukufunda okungalimazi, iwukubona inkambu kazibuthe ebuthakathaka yesizinda esiyicylindrical usebenzisa inzwa ye-magnetoresistive.
Indlela yesibili ukufunda okulimazayo. Ibhamuza lidluliselwa kuthrekhi ekhethekile yesizukulwane/yokubona, lapho ibhamuza libhujiswa ngokudonsa izinto eziya phambili. Uma okokusebenza bekwenziwe uzibuthe ngakolunye uhlangothi, okungukuthi, ibhamuza belikhona, lokhu kuzodala ukwanda kwamanje kukhoyili futhi lokhu kutholwa yisekethe ye-elekthronikhi. Ngemva kwalokhu, ibhamuza kufanele likhiqizwe futhi kuthrekhi ekhethekile yokurekhoda.
Kodwa-ke, uma inkumbulo ihlelwe njengohlu olulodwa oluqhubekayo, izoba nokubi ezimbili ezinkulu. Okokuqala, isikhathi sokufinyelela sizoba side kakhulu. Okwesibili, iphutha elilodwa kuketango lizoholela ekungasebenzini okuphelele kwalo lonke idivayisi. Ngakho-ke, benza inkumbulo ihlelwe ngendlela yethrekhi eyodwa eyinhloko kanye namathrekhi amaningi wezigqila, njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni.
Inkumbulo yebhamuza enethrekhi eyodwa eqhubekayo
Inkumbulo yebhamuza enamathrekhi ayinhloko/isigqila
Lokhu kulungiselelwa kwememori akuvumeli kuphela ukunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokufinyelela, kodwa futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza amadivaysi enkumbulo aqukethe inombolo ethile yamathrekhi angalungile. Isilawuli sememori kufanele sizicabangele futhi sidlule phakathi nokusebenza kokufunda/ukubhala.
Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa ingxenye ye-"chip" yememori yebhamuza.
Ungafunda futhi mayelana nesimiso sokusebenza sememori ye-bubble ku- [4, 5].
I-3. I-Intel 7110
I-Intel 7110 - imojula yememori yebhamuza, i-MBM (inkumbulo yebhamuza kazibuthe) enomthamo ongu-1 MB (1048576 bits). Nguye ovezwe ku-KDPV. I-megabit engu-1 amandla okugcina idatha yomsebenzisi; uma kucatshangelwa amathrekhi angasebenzi, umthamo usuphelele ungamabhithi angu-1310720. Lolu cingo luqukethe amathrekhi amise okwe-loop angu-320 (loops) anomthamo wamabhithi angu-4096 lilinye, kodwa angu-256 kuphela asetshenziselwa idatha yomsebenzisi, okusele kuyindawo yokugcina amathrekhi "aphukile" kanye nokugcina ikhodi yokulungisa iphutha elingafuneki. Idivayisi ine-architecture "enkulu ye-track-mininor loop". Ulwazi mayelana namathrekhi asebenzayo luqukethwe ku-loop ye-bootstrap ehlukile. Ku-KDPV ungabona ikhodi ye-hexadecimal ephrintwe ngokuqondile kumojula. Lena imephu yamathrekhi "aphukile", amadijithi angama-hexadecimal angu-80 amelela amathrekhi edatha angu-320, asebenzayo amelwe ibhithi elilodwa, angasebenzi amelwe yiziro bit.
Ungafunda imibhalo yokuqala yemojuli kokuthi [7].
Idivayisi inendlu enephinikhodi enemigqa emibili futhi ifakwe ngaphandle kwe-solder (esokhethini).
Isakhiwo semojula siboniswa emfanekisweni:
Uhlu lwenkumbulo luhlukaniswe lwaba "ingxenye yengxenye" emibili, ngayinye ehlukaniswe "ama-quad" amabili, ikota ngayinye inezingoma zesigqila ezingu-80. Imojula iqukethe ipuleti elinezinto kazibuthe elitholakala ngaphakathi kwama-orthogonal windings amabili adala insimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, amasiginali wamanje anomumo ongunxantathu anikezwa kuma-windings, agudluzwe ngama-degree angama-90 ahlobene nomunye nomunye. Ukuhlanganiswa kwepuleti nama-windings kufakwa phakathi kozibuthe abangunaphakade futhi kufakwe kusivikelo sikazibuthe, esivala ukugeleza kazibuthe okudalwe omazibuthe baphakade futhi sivikele idivayisi ezindaweni ezingaphandle kazibuthe. Ipuleti litshekile ngamadigri angu-2,5, okudala insimu encane yokugudluka eduze nokutsheka. Le nkambu ayinalutho uma iqhathaniswa nenkundla yamakhoyili, futhi ayiphazamisi ukunyakaza kwamabhamuza lapho idivayisi isebenza, kodwa ihambisa amabhamuza ezindaweni ezigxilile ngokuhlobene nezinto ze-permalloy lapho idivayisi ivaliwe. Ingxenye eqinile ye-perpendicular kamazibuthe unomphela isekela ukuba khona kwezizinda kazibuthe zebhamuza.
Imojula iqukethe amanodi alandelayo:
- Amathrekhi akhumbulekayo. Ngokuqondile lawo mathrekhi wezinto ze-permalloy ezibamba futhi ziqondise amabhamuza.
- Ijeneretha yokuphindaphinda. Isebenzela ukuphindaphinda kwe-vesicle, ehlala ikhona endaweni yesizukulwane.
- Ithrekhi yokufaka kanye namanodi okushintshanisa. Amabhamuza akhiqiziwe ahamba ngethrekhi yokufaka. Amabhamuza athuthelwa kweyodwa yamathrekhi ezigqila angama-80.
- Ithrekhi yokuphuma kanye nodi yokuphindaphinda. Amabhamuza akhishwa kumathrekhi edatha ngaphandle kokuwacekela phansi. I-bubble ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, futhi enye yazo ithunyelwa kuthrekhi yokuphumayo.
- Umtshina. Amabhamuza avela kuthrekhi yokukhiphayo angena kumtshina we-magnetoresistive.
- I-Boot track. Ithrekhi yokuqalisa iqukethe ulwazi mayelana namathrekhi edatha asebenzayo nangasebenzi.
Ngezansi sizobheka la ma-node ngokuningiliziwe. Ungafunda futhi incazelo yalezi zindawo ku- [6].
Ukukhiqizwa kwebhamuza
Ukuze ukhiqize ibhamuza, ekuqaleni kwethrekhi yokufaka kukhona i-conductor egotshwe ibe yiluphu encane. I-pulse yamanje inikezwa kuyo, eyenza insimu kazibuthe endaweni encane kakhulu enamandla kunomkhakha wezibuthe unomphela. I-pulse idala ibhamuza kuleli phuzu, elihlala unomphela, lisekelwa inkambu kazibuthe engashintshi, futhi lijikeleza eduze kwesici se-permalloy ngaphansi kwethonya lensimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo. Uma sidinga ukubhala iyunithi enkumbulweni, sisebenzisa i-pulse emfushane ku-loop yokuqhuba, futhi ngenxa yalokho, amabhamuza amabili azalwa (esithombeni esikhonjiswe njengembewu ehlukanisiwe yeBubble). Elinye lamabhamuza ligijima endaweni ejikelezayo eduze kwethrekhi ye-permalloy, eyesibili ihlala endaweni futhi ithola ngokushesha usayizi wayo wangempela. Ibe isithuthela kwelinye lamathrekhi esigqila, bese ishintsha izindawo ngebhamuza elizungeza kuyo. Nayo, ifinyelela ekugcineni kwengoma yokufaka bese iyanyamalala.
Ukushintshaniswa kwebhamuza
Ukushintshaniswa kwebhamuza kwenzeka lapho ishayela lamanje elingunxande lisetshenziswa kumqhubi ohambisanayo. Kulokhu, ibhamuza alihlukani libe izingxenye ezimbili.
Ukufunda idatha
Idatha ithunyelwa kuthrekhi yokukhiphayo ngokuyiphindaphinda, futhi iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza kuthrekhi yayo ngemva kokufundwa. Ngakho-ke, le divayisi isebenzisa indlela yokufunda engacekeli phansi. Ukuphindaphinda, ibhamuza liqondiswa ngaphansi kwento enwetshiwe ye-permalloy, elinwebeka ngaphansi kwayo. Kukhona futhi i-conductor emise okwe-loop phezulu; uma i-pulse yamanje isetshenziswa ku-loop, ibhamuza lizohlukana libe izingxenye ezimbili. I-pulse yamanje iqukethe ingxenye emfushane yamanje ephezulu ukuze ihlukanise ibhamuza libe izingxenye ezimbili, kanye nesigaba eside samanje esiphansi ukuze siqondise ibhamuza kuthrekhi yokukhiphayo.
Ekupheleni kwethrekhi yokuphumayo kukhona umtshina webhamuza, ibhuloho le-magnetoresistive elenziwe ngezinto ze-permalloy ezakha isifunda eside. Uma ibhamuza likazibuthe liwela ngaphansi kwesici se-permalloy, ukumelana kwalo kuyashintsha, futhi umehluko ongaba khona wamamilivolthi amaningana uvela ekuphumeni kwebhuloho. Ukuma kwezakhi ze-permalloy kukhethiwe ukuze ibhamuza lihambe eduze kwabo, ekugcineni lishaye isondo elikhethekile "lokuphepha" futhi linyamalale.
I-redundancy
Idivayisi iqukethe amathrekhi angu-320, amabhithi angu-4096 ngalinye. Kulawa, angama-272 ayasebenza, angama-48 agciniwe, awasebenzi.
I-Boot Loop
Lolu cingo luqukethe amathrekhi edatha angu-320, angu-256 kuwo ehloselwe ukugcina idatha yomsebenzisi, okunye kungase kube nephutha noma kungasebenza njengezipele zokubuyisela ezingalungile. Ithrekhi eyodwa eyengeziwe iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamathrekhi edatha, amabhithi ayi-12 ithrekhi ngayinye. Uma amandla esetshenziswa ohlelweni, kufanele aqaliswe. Phakathi nenqubo yokuqalisa, isilawuli kufanele sifunde ithrekhi yokuqalisa futhi sibhale ulwazi kusuka kuso siye kurejista ekhethekile yefomethi ye-chip/sensor yamanje. Ngemva kwalokho isilawuli sizosebenzisa amathrekhi asebenzayo kuphela, futhi angasebenzi azozitshwa futhi akukho okurekhodiwe okuzokwenziwa kuwo.
I-Data Warehouse - Isakhiwo
Ngokombono womsebenzisi, idatha igcinwa emakhasini angu-2048 angamabhithi angu-512 ngalinye. Amabhayithi angu-256 edatha, amabhithi angu-14 ekhodi yokulungisa iphutha namabhithi angu-2 angasetshenzisiwe agcinwa engxenyeni ngayinye yedivayisi.
Ukulungisa Iphutha
Ukutholwa kwephutha nokulungiswa kungenziwa i-chip yenzwa yamanje, equkethe isiqophi sekhodi esingu-14-bit esilungisa iphutha elilodwa elingafika kumabhithi angu-5 ubude (iphutha lokuqhuma) kubhulokhi ngayinye yamabhithi angu-270 (okuhlanganisa nekhodi ngokwayo). Ikhodi yenezelwa ekupheleni kwebhulokhi ngayinye engamabhithi angama-256. Ikhodi yokulungisa ingasetshenziswa noma ingasetshenziswa, ngokubona komsebenzisi, ukuhlola ikhodi kungavulwa noma kuvaliwe kusilawuli. Uma ingekho ikhodi esetshenzisiwe, wonke amabhithi angama-270 angasetshenziselwa idatha yomsebenzisi.
Isikhathi sokufinyelela
Inkambu kazibuthe izungeza imvamisa ye-50 kHz. Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokufinyelela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhasi lokuqala ngu-41 ms, okuwuhhafu wesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uqedele iluphu egcwele ngengoma kanye nesikhathi esisithathayo ukuqedela ithrekhi ephumayo.
Amathrekhi asebenzayo angu-320 nasele ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezine zamathrekhi angu-80 lilinye. Le nhlangano yehlisa isikhathi sokufinyelela. Amakota abhekiswe ngababili: ipheya ngayinye yekota iqukethe izingcezu ezilinganayo nezingajwayelekile zegama, ngokulandelana. Lolu cingo luqukethe amathrekhi okufaka amane anamabhamuza amane okuqala, namathrekhi amane okukhiphayo. Amathrekhi okukhiphayo asebenzisa imitshina emibili, ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi umtshina owodwa ungatholi amabhamuza amabili kumathrekhi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakho-ke, imifudlana yebhamuza emine iyaphindwa futhi iguqulelwe ibe yimifudlana emincane emibili futhi igcinwe kumarejista we-chip yenzwa yamanje. Lapho, okuqukethwe kwamarejista kuphinda kuphindaphindwe futhi kuthunyelwe kusilawuli nge-serial interface.
Engxenyeni yesibili ye-athikili sizobheka ngokucophelela ukujikeleza kwesilawuli sememori ye-bubble.
4. Izikhombo
Umbhali uthole emakhoneni amnyama kakhulu enethiwekhi futhi wakugcinela ulwazi oluningi oluwusizo lwezobuchwepheshe kumemori ku-DMD, umlando wayo nezinye izici ezihlobene:
1. - Izinkumbulo ezimbili zikanjiniyela uBobek
2. - Izinkumbulo ezimbili zikanjiniyela uBobek (ingxenye 2)
3. - Inkumbulo ye-bubble
4. Ukujwayela kweMemori yebhamuza kazibuthe endaweni ejwayelekile yekhompyutha ye-Microcomputer
5. - Texas Instruments TIB 0203 Bubble Memory
6. - I-Memory Components Handbook. I-Intel 1983.
7. 7110 1-Megabit Inkumbulo yebhamuza
Source: www.habr.com