Ijuba elithwele amakhadi e-microSD lingadlulisa inani elikhulu ledatha ngokushesha futhi ishibhile kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela.
Qaphela transl.: nakuba okwangempela kwalesi sihloko kuvele kuwebhusayithi ye-IEEE Spectrum ngo-April 1, wonke amaqiniso asohlwini lwawo athembekile impela.
NgoFebhuwari mayelana nokukhululwa kwekhadi lokuqala le-microSD flash emhlabeni elinomthamo we-terabyte engu-1. Yona, njengamanye amakhadi akule fomethi, incane, ikala u-15 x 11 x 1 mm kuphela, futhi inesisindo esingu-250 mg. Ingakwazi ukufaka inani elimangalisayo ledatha endaweni engokoqobo encane kakhulu, futhi ingathengwa ngo-$550. Ukuze uqonde, amakhadi okuqala e-microSD angu-512 GB avele ngonyaka odlule, ngoFebhuwari 2018.
Sesijwayele kakhulu isivinini sentuthuko yekhompuyutha kangangokuthi lokhu kwanda kokuminyana kwesitoreji akunakwa, ngezinye izikhathi sithola ukukhishwa kwabezindaba kanye nokuthunyelwe kwebhulogi noma okubili. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu (futhi okungenzeka kube nemiphumela emikhulu) ukuthi amandla ethu okukhiqiza nokugcina idatha akhula ngokushesha kangakanani uma kuqhathaniswa nekhono lethu lokuyidlulisela ngamanethiwekhi afinyeleleka kubantu abaningi.
Le nkinga ayiyona entsha, futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka manje izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene "zama-cunnets" zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha idatha kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye - ngezinyawo, ngeposi, noma ngezindlela ezingavamile. Enye yezindlela zokudluliswa kwedatha ebilokhu isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule ngamajuba athwalayo, akwazi ukuhamba amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ubude, abuyele ekhaya, futhi asebenzise amasu okuzulazula, ubunjalo bawo obungakenziwa. ifundwe kahle. Kuvela ukuthi ngokuya nge-throughput (inani ledatha elidluliselwe ebangeni elinikeziwe ngesikhathi esithile), i-Peronet esekelwe ejuba ihlala isebenza kahle kakhulu kunamanethiwekhi ajwayelekile.
Kusuka ku-"IP Datagram Transmission Standard for Air Carriers"
Ngo-April 1, 1990, uDavid Weitzman wenza isiphakamiso Isicelo sokuphawula (RFC) esinesihloko esithi "", manje eyaziwa ngokuthi IPoAC. I-RFC 1149 ichaza "indlela yokuhlola yokufaka idathagram ye-IP kubathwali bomoya", futhi isivele inezibuyekezo ezimbalwa mayelana kokubili ikhwalithi yesevisi nokuthuthela ku-IPv6 (eshicilelwe ngo-April 1, 1999 kanye no-April 1, 2011, ngokulandelanayo).
Ukuthumela i-RFC ngoSuku Luka-April Fool kuwusiko olwaqala ngo-1978 nge-RFC 748, eyaphakamisa ukuthi ukuthumela umyalo we-IAC DONT RANDOMLY-LOSE kuseva ye-telnet kuzomisa iseva ukulahlekelwa idatha ngokungahleliwe. Umqondo ophusile, akunjalo? Futhi lokhu kungenye yezakhiwo ze-RFC ye-April Fool, kuchaza , owahola i-Networking Working Group e-CERN kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1996, waphatha i-IETF kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2007, futhi manje uhlala eNew Zealand. “Kufanele kube nokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe (okungukuthi, akuphuli imithetho yefiziksi) futhi kufanele ufunde okungenani ikhasi ngaphambi kokuba ubone ukuthi ihlaya,” usho kanje. "Futhi, ngokwemvelo, kufanele kube kungenangqondo."
Umbazi, kanye nozakwabo uBob Hinden, babhala i-RFC ka-April Fool, echazwe , ngo-2011. Futhi ngisho namashumi amabili eminyaka ngemva kokwethulwa kwayo, i-IPoAC isaziwa kakhulu. “Wonke umuntu uyazi ngabathuthi bezindiza,” kusho uMbazi. "Mina no-Bob sasikhuluma ngolunye usuku emhlanganweni we-IETF mayelana nokwanda kwe-IPv6, futhi umqondo wokuyengeza ku-IPoAC wazizela nje."
, ekuqaleni eyayichaza i-IPoAC, ichaza izinzuzo eziningi zezinga elisha:
Izinsizakalo eziningi ezahlukene zinganikezwa ngokubeka kuqala kuqala. Ukwengeza, kukhona ukuqashelwa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezibungu. Njengoba i-IP ingaqinisekisi ukulethwa kwephakethe okungu-100%, ukulahlekelwa inkampani yenethiwekhi kungabekezelelwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abathwali balulama ngokwabo. Ukusakaza akuchazwanga futhi isiphepho singase sibangele ukulahleka kwedatha. Kungenzeka ukwenza imizamo ephikelelayo ekulethweni kuze kube yilapho inkampani yenethiwekhi yehla. Izindlela zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku zikhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokuvamile zingatholakala kumathreyi ekhebula kanye nasezingodweni [IsiNgisi ilogi isho kokubili “ugodo” kanye “nelogi yokubhala” / cishe. ukuhumusha].
Isibuyekezo sekhwalithi (RFC 2549) sengeza imininingwane embalwa ebalulekile:
Ukusakaza okuningi, nakuba kusekelwa, kudinga ukuqaliswa kwedivayisi yokuhlanganisa. Abathwali bangalahleka uma bezibeka esihlahleni esigawulwayo. Abathwali basakazwa eduze kwesihlahla sefa. Abathwali banesilinganiso se-TTL seminyaka engu-15, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwabo ekukhuliseni usesho lwendandatho kukhawulelwe.
Izintshe zingabonakala njengabathwali abahlukile, abanamandla amakhulu kakhulu okudlulisa inani elikhulu lolwazi, kodwa ukuhlinzeka ngokulethwa okuhamba kancane futhi kudinga amabhuloho phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene.
Ingxoxo eyengeziwe yekhwalithi yesevisi ingatholakala ku .
kusuka ku-Carpenter, echaza i-IPv6 ye-IPoAC, ibala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinkinga ezingaba khona ezihlobene nomzila wephakethe:
Ukudlula kwabathwali endaweni yabathwali abafana nabo, ngaphandle kokusungula izivumelwano zokushintshisana ngolwazi lontanga kuya kontanga, kungaholela ekushintsheni okubukhali komzila, i-looping yephakheji kanye nokulethwa ngaphandle kwe-oda. Ukudlula kwabathwali endaweni yezilwane ezidla ezinye kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwamaphakheji. Kunconywa ukuthi lezi zici zicatshangelwe ku-algorithm yesakhiwo sethebula lomzila. Labo abazosebenzisa le mizila, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulethwa okuthembekile, kufanele bacabangele umzila osuselwe kuzinqubomgomo ezigwema izindawo lapho kugcwele khona abathwali basekhaya nabadla inyama.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi abanye abathwali banomkhuba wokudla abanye abathwali bese behambisa umthwalo odliwe. Lokhu kungase kunikeze indlela entsha yokushunela amaphakethe e-IPv4 kumaphakethe e-IPv6, noma okuphambene nalokho.
Izinga le-IPoAC lahlongozwa ngo-1990, kodwa imilayezo ithunyelwe amajuba athwala isikhathi eside kakhulu: isithombe sibonisa ijuba elithwala lithunyelwa eSwitzerland, phakathi kuka-1914 no-1918.
Kunengqondo ukulindela ezingeni, umqondo walo owasungulwa emuva ngo-1990, ukuthi ifomethi yoqobo yokudlulisa idatha ngephrothokholi ye-IPoAC yayihlotshaniswa nokuphrinta izinhlamvu ze-hexadecimal ephepheni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuningi okushintshile, futhi inani ledatha elilingana nomthamo womzimba onikeziwe kanye nesisindo liye landa ngokumangalisayo, kuyilapho ubukhulu bomthwalo wejuba ngalinye buhlala bufana. Amajuba ayakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo oyiphesenti elibalulekile lesisindo somzimba wawo - ijuba elivamile linesisindo esingamagremu angu-500, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-75 lalikwazi ukuthwala amakhamera angu-XNUMX amagremu ukuze aphinde athole indawo yesitha.
Saxoxa no , umshisekeli womjaho wamajuba waseMaryland, waqinisekisa ukuthi amajuba angathwala kalula amagremu angu-75 (mhlawumbe nangaphezulu) “kunoma yiliphi ibanga usuku lonke.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zingandiza ibanga elide - irekhodi lomhlaba lejuba liphethwe inyoni eyodwa engesabi, eyakwazi ukundiza isuka e-Arras eFrance yaya emzini wayo eHo Chi Minh City eVietnam, ihlanganisa uhambo lwe-11. km ngezinsuku ezingama-500. Yiqiniso, amajuba amaningi awakwazi ukundiza kude kangako. Ubude obujwayelekile benkambo ende yokujaha, ngokusho kukaLesofsky, cishe amakhilomitha ayi-24, futhi izinyoni ziwuvala ngesivinini esingaba ngu-1000 km/h. Ebangeni elifushane, abasubathi bangafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-70 km/h.
Uma sihlanganisa konke lokhu, singakwazi ukubala ukuthi uma silayisha ijuba elithwala ijuba lize lifike kumthamo walo omkhulu wokuthwala amagremu angu-75 namakhadi e-microSD e-TB e-1, ngalinye linesisindo esingu-250 mg, khona-ke ijuba lizokwazi ukuthwala i-300 TB yedatha. Uma uhamba usuka e-San Francisco uya eNew York (4130 km) ngesivinini esiphezulu, uzofinyelela izivinini zokudluliswa kwedatha ezingu-12 TB/ihora, noma u-28 Gbit/s, okungama-oda amaningana obukhulu obungaphezu kokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi okuningi. E-US, isibonelo, isivinini esimaphakathi esisheshayo sokulanda sibonwa e-Kansas City, lapho i-Google Fiber idlulisela idatha ngesivinini esingu-127 Mbps. Ngalesi sivinini, kwakuzothatha izinsuku ezingu-300 ukulanda i-240 TB - futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi ijuba lalizokwazi ukundiza lizungeza imbulunga izikhathi ezingu-25.
Ake sithi lesi sibonelo asibukeki singokoqobo kakhulu ngoba sichaza uhlobo oluthile lwejuba elikhulu, ngakho-ke ake sehlise ijubane. Ake sithathe isivinini sendiza esimaphakathi esingu-70 km/h, futhi silayishe inyoni ngesigamu somthwalo omkhulu kumamemori khadi we-terabyte - 37,5 amagremu. Futhi noma kunjalo, noma ngabe siqhathanisa le ndlela nokuxhumeka kwe-gigabit okusheshayo, ijuba liyawina. Ijuba lizokwazi ukuzungeza ngaphezu kwengxenye yomhlaba ngesikhathi esisithathayo ukuze kuqedwe ukudluliswa kwefayela lethu, okusho ukuthi kuzoshesha ukuthumela idatha ngejuba ngokoqobo noma kuphi emhlabeni kunokusebenzisa i-inthanethi ukuyidlulisela.
Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuqhathaniswa kokuphuma okumsulwa. Asinaki isikhathi nomzamo odingekayo ukuze sikopishele idatha kumakhadi e-microSD, ukuwalayisha ejuba, futhi sifunde idatha lapho inyoni ifika lapho iya khona. Ukubambezeleka kuphezulu ngokusobala, ngakho-ke noma yini enye ngaphandle kokudlulisela indlela eyodwa ngeke isebenze. Umkhawulo omkhulu ukuthi ijuba le-homing lindizela ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela futhi liye endaweni eyodwa, ngakho awukwazi ukukhetha indawo yokuthumela idatha, futhi kufanele uhambise amajuba lapho ufuna ukuwathumela khona, okubuye kube nomkhawulo. ukusetshenziswa kwazo okungokoqobo .
Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi ngisho nezilinganiso ezingokoqobo zokukhokhelwa kwejuba nesivinini, kanye noxhumo lwalo lwe-inthanethi, ukuphuma okumsulwa kwejuba akulula ukukuhlula.
Unakho konke lokhu engqondweni, kuhle ukubalula ukuthi ukuxhumana kwejuba kuhlolwe emhlabeni wangempela, futhi kwenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu. Iqembu labasebenzisi beBergen Linux abavela eNorway ngo-2001 , ukuthumela i-ping eyodwa nejuba ngalinye ebangeni elingu-5 km:
I-ping yathunyelwa cishe ngo-12:15 p.m. Sinqume ukwenza isikhawu semizuzu engu-7,5 phakathi kwamaphakethe, obekufanele ngabe kuholele ekutheni amaphakethe ambalwa asale engaphendulwa. Nokho, izinto azihambanga ngaleyo ndlela. Umakhelwane wethu wayenomhlambi wamajuba endiza phezu kwendawo yakhe. Futhi amajuba ethu ayengafuni ukundiza aqonde ekhaya, aqale afuna ukundiza namanye amajuba. Futhi ubani ongabasola, njengoba ilanga laphuma okokuqala ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ezinamafu?
Nokho, ukuthambekela kwabo okungokwemvelo kwaphumelela, futhi sabona indlela, ngemva kokudlala isikhathi esingangehora, amajuba ambalwa ahlubuka emhlambini futhi aqonda endaweni efanele. Sajabula. Futhi ngempela kwakungamajuba ethu, ngoba ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu sathola umbiko kwenye indawo ukuthi ijuba liwele phezu kophahla.
Ekugcineni, ijuba lokuqala lafika. Iphakethe ledatha lakhishwa ngokucophelela esidleleni sakhe, lakhishwa futhi laskenwa. Ngemva kokuhlola i-OCR mathupha nokulungisa amaphutha ambalwa, iphakheji lamukelwa njengelivumelekile futhi ukuthokoza kwethu kwaqhubeka.
Ngomthamo omkhulu wedatha (njengokuthi inani elidingekayo lamajuba liba nzima ukusevisa), kusafanele kusetshenziswe izindlela ezingokomzimba zokuhamba. I-Amazon inikeza isevisi – 45-foot isitsha sokuhamba ngemikhumbi elolini. I-Snowmobile eyodwa ingaphatha idatha efika ku-100 PB (100 TB). Ngeke ihambe ngokushesha njengomhlambi olinganayo wamajuba angamakhulu amaningana, kodwa kuzoba lula ukusebenza nawo.
Abantu abaningi babonakala benelisekile ngokulanda ngokukhululekile, futhi banentshisekelo encane yokutshala amajuba abo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kuthatha umsebenzi omningi, kusho u-Drew Lesofsky, futhi amajuba ngokwawo ngokuvamile awaziphathi njengamaphakethe edatha:
Ubuchwepheshe be-GPS buya ngokuya busiza abathanda imijaho yamajuba futhi sithola ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi amajuba andiza kanjani nokuthi kungani amanye endiza ngokushesha kunamanye. Umugqa omfushane phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili uwumugqa oqondile, kodwa amajuba awavamile ukundiza ngendlela eqondile. Zivame ukujikajika, indize cishe lapho zilibazisa khona bese zilungisa indlela lapho zisondela lapho ziya khona. Ezinye zazo zinamandla ngokomzimba futhi zindiza ngokushesha, kodwa ijuba elibheke kangcono, elingenazo izinkinga zempilo futhi eliqeqeshwe ngokomzimba lingakwazi ukugijima ijuba elindiza ngokushesha elinekhampasi embi.
U-Lesofsky unokuthenjwa okulinganayo kumajuba njengabathwali bedatha: "Ngingazizwa ngizethemba kakhulu ngokuthumela imininingwane namajuba ami," esho, ngenkathi ekhathazekile ngokulungiswa kwamaphutha. “Bengingadedela okungenani ezintathu ngesikhathi ukuze ngiqinisekise ukuthi ngisho noma enye yazo inekhampasi embi, lezi ezinye ezimbili zizoba nekhampasi engcono, futhi ekugcineni isivinini sazo zontathu sizoshesha.”
Izinkinga ngokuqalisa i-IPoAC kanye nokwethenjelwa okwandayo kwamanethiwekhi ashesha ngokunengqondo (futhi ngokuvamile angenantambo) kusho ukuthi izinsiza eziningi ebezithembele kumajuba (futhi beziningi zazo) zishintshele ezindleleni ezingokwesiko zokudlulisa idatha emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule.
Futhi ngenxa yawo wonke amalungiselelo okuqala adingekayo ukuze kumiswe uhlelo lwedatha yejuba, ezinye izindlela eziqhathanisekayo (njengama-fixed-wing drones) zingase zisebenze kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, amajuba asenezinzuzo ezithile: alinganisa kahle, asebenzela imbewu, anokwethenjelwa kakhulu, anesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sokugwema izithiyo esakhelwe kuzo zombili ezingeni le-software kanye ne-hardware, futhi angakwazi ukuzishaja.
Konke lokhu kuzolithinta kanjani ikusasa lezinga le-IPoAC? Kukhona indinganiso, ifinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu, ngisho noma ingenangqondo. Sibuze uBrian Carpenter ukuthi ubelungiselela yini enye isibuyekezo esisezingeni, wathi ubecabanga ukuthi amajuba angakwazi yini ukuthwala ama-qubits. Kodwa noma ngabe i-IPoAC iyinkimbinkimbi encane (futhi iyisiphukuphuku esincane) ngezidingo zakho zokudlulisa idatha yomuntu siqu, zonke izinhlobo zamanethiwekhi okuxhumana angajwayelekile zizohlala zidingeka esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, futhi amandla ethu okukhiqiza amanani amakhulu edatha ayaqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha. kunamandla ethu okuwudlulisela.
Sibonga umsebenzisi u-AyrA_ch ngokukhomba ulwazi lwakhe , futhi kube lula , esiza ukubala ukuthi akude kangakanani ngempela amajuba kwezinye izindlela zokudlulisa idatha.
Source: www.habr.com