Isihloko saleli nothi besilokhu sivuthwa isikhathi eside. Futhi nakuba ngesicelo sabafundi besiteshi , Ngangifuna nje ukubhala mayelana nomsebenzi ophephile nge-hydrogen peroxide, kodwa ekugcineni, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa kimi (lapha, yebo!), kwakhiwa enye i-longreaded. Ingxube ye-popsci, i-rocket fuel, "i-coronavirus disinfection" kanye ne-permanganometric titration. Kanjani kwesokudla gcina i-hydrogen peroxide, yiziphi izinto zokuzivikela ongazisebenzisa lapho usebenza nokuthi ungaphunyuka kanjani uma kwenzeka ubuthi - sibheka ngaphansi kokusikwa.
ps ibhungane esithombeni empeleni libizwa ngokuthi "i-bombardier". Futhi wayelahlekile endaweni ethile phakathi kwamakhemikhali :)
Kunikezelwe "kubantwana be-peroxide"...
Umfowethu wayeyithanda i-hydrogen peroxide, oh, indlela ayeyithanda ngayo. Ngicabanga ngalokhu njalo lapho ngihlangana nombuzo othi “ibhodlela le-hydrogen peroxide liqunjelwe. okufanele ngikwenze?" Ngendlela, ngihlangana nawe kaningi :)
Akumangalisi ukuthi ezindaweni zangemva kweSoviet, i-hydrogen peroxide (isixazululo esingu-3%) ingenye yezidakamizwa ezithandwayo "zabantu". Nokuthela esilondeni, nokubulala amagciwane emanzini, nokubhubhisa i-coronavirus (kamuva). Kodwa naphezu kokubonakala kwayo kulula nokufinyeleleka, i-reagent ayicacile, engizokhuluma ngayo ngokuqhubekayo.
Ngemva kokuhamba "eziqongweni" zezinto eziphilayo...
Manje yonke into enesiqalo se-eco isisemfashinini: imikhiqizo eco-friendly, ama-shampoos e-eco-friendly, izinto eco-friendly. Njengoba ngikuqonda, abantu bafuna ukusebenzisa lezi zichasiso ukuze bahlukanise izinto eziyi-biogenic (okungukuthi, ezitholakala ekuqaleni ezintweni eziphilayo) ezintweni eziwukwenziwa kuphela (“i-hard chemistry”). Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, isingeniso esincane, engithemba ukuthi sizogcizelela ubungane bemvelo be-hydrogen peroxide futhi sengeze ukuzethemba kuso phakathi kwabantu :)
Ngakho, yini i-hydrogen peroxide? Lokhu elula kakhulu i-peroxide compound, equkethe ama-athomu amabili oksijini ngesikhathi esisodwa (axhunywe ngesibopho -OO-). Lapho kukhona lolu hlobo lokuxhumana, kukhona ukungazinzi, kukhona umoya-mpilo we-athomu, kanye nezakhiwo ezinamandla ze-oxidizing nakho konke, yonke into. Kodwa naphezu kobunzima bomoya-mpilo we-athomu, i-hydrogen peroxide ikhona ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo, kuhlanganise. nakumuntu. Yakheka ngamanani amancane ngesikhathi sezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biochemical futhi i-oxidizes amaprotheni, i-membrane lipids ngisho ne-DNA (ngenxa ye-peroxide radicals ewumphumela). Umzimba wethu, ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, ufunde ukubhekana ne-peroxide ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu ukwenza ngosizo lwe-enzyme i-superoxide dismutase, ebhubhisa inhlanganisela ye-peroxide ku-oxygen ne-hydrogen peroxide, kanye ne-enzyme. eguqula i-peroxide ibe umoya-mpilo namanzi kanye noma kabili.
Ama-Enzyme mahle kumamodeli e-XNUMXD
Ifihle ngaphansi kwespoiler. Ngiyakuthanda ukuwabuka, kodwa ngokuzumayo othile akakuthandi...
Ngendlela, kungenxa yesenzo se-catalase, ekhona ezicutshini zomzimba wethu, ukuthi igazi "libilisa" lapho ukwelapha amanxeba (kuzoba khona inothi elihlukile mayelana namanxeba ngezansi).
I-hydrogen peroxide nayo inomsebenzi obalulekile “wokuvikela” ngaphakathi kwethu. Izinto eziningi eziphilayo zine-organelle ethakazelisayo enjalo (isakhiwo esidingekayo ukuze kusebenze ingqamuzana eliphilayo) njenge . Lezi zakhiwo zingama-lipid vesicles okukhona kuwo umgogodla ofana nekristalu ohlanganisa i-biological tubular "". Izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo zenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, ngenxa yalokho... i-hydrogen peroxide yakheka isuka ku-oksijini yasemkhathini kanye nezinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo ye-lipid!
Kodwa into ethakazelisa kakhulu lapha ukuthi le peroxide isetshenziselwa ini. Isibonelo, kumaseli esibindi nezinso, i-H2O2 eyakhiwe isetshenziselwa ukubhubhisa nokuqeda ubuthi obungena egazini. I-acetaldehyde, eyakhiwa ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kweziphuzo ezidakayo () - lokhu futhi kuwukufaneleka kwabasebenzi bethu abancane abangakhathali be-peroxisomes, kanye "nomama" we-hydrogen peroxide.
Ukuze konke kungabonakali kumnandi kakhulu nge-peroxides, kungazelelwe Ake ngikukhumbuze ngomshini wokusebenza kwemisebe ezicutshini eziphilayo. Ama-molecule ezicubu zezinto eziphilayo athatha amandla emisebe futhi abe ionized, i.e. dlulela esimweni esivumela ukwakheka kwezinhlanganisela ezintsha (izikhathi eziningi ezingadingeki ngokuphelele ngaphakathi komzimba). Amanzi avame kakhulu futhi kulula ukwenza i-ionization; kuyenzeka . Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo, ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe ye-ionizing, ama-radicals ahlukahlukene amahhala (OH- nabanye abafana nawo) kanye nama-peroxide compounds (ikakhulukazi i-H2O2) aphakama.
Ama-peroxides avelayo asebenzisana ngokugcwele nezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali emzimbeni. Nakuba, uma sithatha njengesibonelo i-superoxide anion (O2-) eyakheka ngezinye izikhathi ngesikhathi se-radiolysis, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi le ion nayo yakhiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, emzimbeni onempilo ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwama-radicals mahhala. и ukungatheleleki kwethu akukwazanga ukubhubhisa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Labo. ngaphandle kwalokhu nhlobo Lokhu akunakwenzeka neze - kuhambisana nokusabela kwe-biogenic oxidation. Inkinga ifika uma seziningi kakhulu.
Kuwukulwa nezithako ze-peroxide “eziningi kakhulu” umuntu aziqambe njengezinto ezilwa namagciwane. Bavimbela izinqubo ze-oxidation zezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwakhiwa kwama-peroxides, njll. ama-radicals mahhala futhi ngaleyo ndlela anciphise izinga .
Ingcindezi ye-oxidative inqubo yokulimala kwamaseli ngenxa ye-oxidation (= ama-radicals amaningi wamahhala emzimbeni)
Nakuba, empeleni, lokhu kuxhumana akufaki lutho olusha kulokho osekuvele kukhona, i.e. "Ama-antioxidants angaphakathi" - i-superoxide dismutase ne-catalase. Futhi ngokuvamile, uma isetshenziswe ngokungalungile, ama-antioxidants okwenziwa angeke nje asize, kodwa lokhu kucindezeleka okufanayo kwe-oxidative kuzokwanda.
Phawula "nge-peroxide namanxeba". Nakuba i-hydrogen peroxide iyisithako emakhabetheni emithi asekhaya (nasemsebenzini), kunobufakazi bokuthi ukusebenzisa i-H2O2 kuphazamisa ukuphola kwesilonda futhi kubangela izibazi ngenxa ye-peroxide. . Ukugxila okuphansi kakhulu kuphela okunomphumela omuhle (isixazululo esingu-0,03%, okusho ukuthi udinga ukuhlambulula isixazululo semithi engu-3% izikhathi eziyi-100), futhi kuphela ngokusetshenziswa okukodwa. Ngendlela, "i-coronavirus ilungile" isixazululo esingu-0,5%. . Ngakho, njengoba besho, themba, kodwa uqinisekise.
I-hydrogen peroxide empilweni yansuku zonke kanye "nokumelana ne-coronavirus"
Uma i-hydrogen peroxide ingakwazi ngisho nokuguqula i-ethanol ibe i-acetaldehyde esibindini, kungaba yinqaba ukungasebenzisi lezi zici ezinhle kakhulu ze-oxidizing ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Zisetshenziswa ngezilinganiso ezilandelayo:
Ingxenye yayo yonke i-hydrogen peroxide ekhiqizwa imboni yamakhemikhali isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-cellulose ibe mhlophe nezinhlobo ezahlukene zephepha. Indawo yesibili (20%) efunwayo ithathwa ukukhiqizwa kwama-bleach ahlukahlukene asuselwa ku-peroxides ye-inorganic (i-sodium percarbonate, i-sodium perborate, njll., njll.). Lawa ma-peroxides (ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe nawo ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa elimhlophe, ngoba usawoti we-peroxo awusebenzi emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-60 degrees) asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-"Persol", njll. (ungabona imininingwane eyengeziwe ). Bese kuba khona, ngomkhawulo omncane, ukubola kwezindwangu nemicu (15%) kanye nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi (10%). Futhi ekugcineni, isabelo esisele sihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezinto zamakhemikhali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen peroxide ngezinjongo zokwelapha. Ngizogxila kulokhu kokugcina ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi ubhubhane lwe-coronavirus luzoshintsha izinombolo ezisemdwebeni (uma lungakashintshi).
I-hydrogen peroxide isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ukuvala inzalo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene (kuhlanganise nezinsimbi zokuhlinza) futhi, muva nje, futhi isesimweni somusi (okuthiwa - vaporized hydrogen peroxide) yokuvala inzalo emagcekeni. Umfanekiso ongezansi ubonisa isibonelo sejeneretha yomhwamuko we-peroxide. Indawo ethembisa kakhulu engakafinyeleli ezibhedlela zasekhaya...
Ngokuvamile, i-peroxide ibonisa ukusebenza kahle kokubulala amagciwane ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamagciwane, amabhaktheriya, imvubelo kanye nezinhlamvu zebhaktheriya. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kuma-microorganisms ayinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-enzyme abola i-peroxide (okuthiwa i-peroxidases, icala elikhethekile okuyi-catalase eshiwo ngenhla), ukubekezelelana (~ ukumelana) kungabonwa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezixazululweni ezinokugxila ngaphansi kuka-1%. Kodwa kuze kube manje akukho lutho, hhayi igciwane, hhayi i-spore ye-bacterial, engamelana no-3%, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu kuka-6-10%.
Eqinisweni, kanye ne-ethyl ne-isopropyl utshwala kanye ne-sodium hypochlorite, i-hydrogen peroxide isohlwini lwezibulala-magciwane “ezibalulekile” eziphuthumayo zokubulala amagciwane ezindaweni ezibhekene ne-COVID-19. Nakuba kungaveli ku-COVID-19 kuphela. ekuqaleni kwayo yonke i-coronavirus bacchanalia, sinabafundi izincomo ezisetshenziswe ngokukhuthele ezivela . Izincomo zisebenza kuma-coronavirus ngokuvamile, futhi ikakhulukazi i-COVID-19. Ngakho-ke ngincoma ukulanda nokuphrinta lesi sihloko (kulabo abanentshisekelo kulo magazini).
Uphawu olubalulekile lwesibulala-magciwane esincane
Esikhathini esesidlulile kusukela kwaqubuka lolu bhubhane, akukho okungako okushintshile mayelana nokugxilwa kokusebenza. Kodwa okuye kwashintsha, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo lapho i-hydrogen peroxide ingasetshenziswa khona. Lapha ngithanda ukukhumbula ngokushesha idokhumenti enezingxenye zama-ejenti anconyelwe ukubulala amagciwane. Bengikuthanda ngokwesiko ukusula kulolu hlu (ngokwesiko, ngoba ngithanda ama-disinfectant wipes, ama-hypochlorite , futhi nganeliseke ngo-100% ngabo). Kulokhu, nganginesithakazelo kumkhiqizo waseMelika onjenge I-Oxivir Isula (noma okulingana nayo I-Oxivir 1 Isula) kusuka ku-Diversey Inc.
Kunezithako ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezibalwe:
I-Hydrogen Peroxide 0.5%
Elula futhi enambithekayo. Kepha kulabo abafuna ukuphinda lokhu kwakheka futhi bafake ama-wipes abo ajwayelekile, ngizosho ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-hydrogen peroxide, isixazululo sokukhulelwa siqukethe:
I-Phosphoric acid (i-phosphoric acid - i-stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1–1,5%
Kungani konke lokhu “kungcola” kuzocaca uma ufunda esigabeni esikhuluma ukuzinza.
Ngaphezu kokuqamba, ngithanda ukukukhumbuza ukuthi ithini ku-Oxivir eshiwo. Akukho okusha ngokuyisisekelo (okuhlobene netafula lokuqala), kodwa ngithande uhla lwamagciwane angabulawa amagciwane.
Yimaphi amagciwane anganqoba i-peroxide?
Futhi bengingeke ngibe mina uma ngingaphinde ngikukhumbuze mayelana nokuchayeka ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Njengangaphambili (=njengokuvamile) kuyanconywa ukwenza kanjalo Uma zesulwa ngezinto ezimanzi, zonke izindawo eziqinile, ezingenazimbotshana zihlala zimanzi okungenani imizuzwana engama-30. (noma okungcono, umzuzu nje!) ukususa ukungcola yonke into nawo wonke umuntu (kuhlanganise nale COVID-19 eyakho).
I-hydrogen peroxide njengekhemikhali
Sike sahambahamba ehlathini, manje sekuyisikhathi sokubhala nge-hydrogen peroxide ngokombono wosokhemisi. Ngenhlanhla, yilo mbuzo (hhayi ukuthi i-peroxisome ibukeka kanjani) ovame ukuba nentshisekelo kuyo umsebenzisi ongenalwazi onqume ukusebenzisa i-H2O2 ngezinhloso zakhe. Ake siqale ngesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu (njengoba ngisibona):
Indlela intombazane uSasha ebona ngayo isakhiwo, owesaba ukuthi i-peroxide ingase iqhume (ngaphezulu kulokhu ngezansi)
"ukubuka i-cockerel kusuka ngezansi"
I-peroxide ehlanzekile iwuketshezi olucacile (oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze lugxile kakhulu). Ubuningi bezixazululo ze-dilute buseduze nobuningi bamanzi (1 g/cm3), izixazululo ezigxiliwe ziminyene kakhulu (35% - 1,13 g/cm3...70% - 1,29 g/cm3, njll.). Ngobuningi (uma unama-hydrometer), ungakwazi ukunquma ngokunembile ukugxila kwesixazululo sakho (ulwazi oluvela ).
I-hydrogen peroxide yobuchwepheshe yasekhaya ingaba amabanga amathathu: A = ukugxila 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Igama elithi "perhydrol" livame ukutholakala (kwake kwaba khona ngisho nenkulumo ethi "perhydrol blonde"). Empeleni, kusefana “nophawu A”, i.e. isixazululo se-hydrogen peroxide ene-concentration ye-30%.
Phawula mayelana nokwenza mhlophe. Njengoba sikhumbula ngama-blondes, kungaphawulwa ukuthi i-hydrogen peroxide ehlanjululwe (2-10%) kanye ne-ammonia yasetshenziswa njengokwakheka kwe-bleaching yezinwele "ze-operhydrolyzing". Lokhu manje akusavamile ukwenziwa. Kodwa kukhona i-peroxide amazinyo amhlophe. Ngendlela, ukumhlophe kwesikhumba sezandla ngemuva kokuxhumana ne-peroxide nakho kuwuhlobo "lwe-operhydration" olubangelwa izinkulungwane. , i.e. ukuvinjelwa kwama-capillaries ngamabhamuza omoya-mpilo okwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-peroxide.
I-peroxide yezobuchwepheshe yezokwelapha iba lapho amanzi akhishwa amaminerali engezwa ku-peroxide nge-concentration of 59-60%, ehlanza ukugxilisa ingqondo ezingeni elifunekayo (3% ezweni lakithi, 6% e-USA).
Ngaphezu kokuminyana, ipharamitha ebalulekile yizinga le-pH. I-hydrogen peroxide iyi-asidi ebuthakathaka. Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa ukuncika kwe-pH yesisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide ekugxiliseni okukhulu:
Uma isixazululo sincipha kakhulu, i-pH yayo isondelana ne-pH yamanzi. I-pH encane (= ene-acidic kakhulu) ivela ekugxilweni kuka-55-65% (ibanga B ngokuya ngezigaba zasekhaya).
Kuyaphawuleka lapha, ngokudangala, ukuthi i-pH ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuhlushwa ngezizathu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, cishe yonke i-peroxide yesimanje itholakala nge-oxidation ye-anthraquinones. Le nqubo idala imikhiqizo ene-asidi engaphelela ku-peroxide eqediwe. Labo. I-pH ingase ihluke kuleyo eboniswe kuthebula elingenhla kuye ngobumsulwa be-H2O2. I-peroxide ehlanzekile (isibonelo, esetshenziselwa uphethiloli we-rocket futhi engizokhuluma ngayo ngokwehlukana) ayiqukethe ukungcola. Okwesibili, iziqinisi ze-asidi zivame ukungezwa kwi-hydrogen peroxide yezohwebo (i-peroxide izinzile kakhulu ku-pH ephansi), "ezogcoba" ukufundwa. Futhi okwesithathu, i-chelate stabilizers (yokubopha ukungcola kwensimbi, okuningi mayelana nabo ngezansi) ingaba ne-alkaline noma i-acidic futhi ithinte i-pH yesisombululo sokugcina.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunquma ukugxilisa ingqondo (). Inqubo iyafana ngokuphelele, kepha wonke ama-reagents adingekayo ekuhlolweni atholakala kalula. Udinga i-sulfuric acid egxilile (i-electrolyte yebhethri) kanye ne-potassium permanganate evamile. Njengoba u-B. Gates wake wamemeza, “Inkumbulo engu-640 kb yanele wonke umuntu!”, Ngizobabaza manje, “Wonke umuntu angayithambisa i-peroxide!” :). Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi intuition yami ingitshela ukuthi uma uthenga i-hydrogen peroxide ekhemisi futhi ungayigcini amashumi eminyaka, khona-ke ukuguquguquka kokugxila akunakwenzeka ukuba kudlule ± 1%, nokho ngizochaza indlela yokuhlola, ngoba ama-reagents iyatholakala futhi i-algorithm ilula kakhulu.
Ukuhlola i-hydrogen peroxide yokuhweba ukuze uthole izintwala
Njengoba ungase uqagele, sizohlola sisebenzisa i-titration. Inqubo ivumela umuntu ukuthi anqume ngokunembile ukugxila kusuka ku-0,25 kuya ku-50%.
I-algorithm yokuqinisekisa imi kanje:
1. Lungisa isixazululo esingu-0,1N se-potassium permanganate. Ukuze wenze lokhu, chaza i-3,3 amagremu we-potassium permanganate ku-1 litre lamanzi. Shisisa isixazululo ngamathumba bese ubilisa imizuzu engu-15.
2. Khetha ivolumu edingekayo ye-peroxide okufanele ihlolwe (kuye ngokuthi ukugxila okulindelekile, okungukuthi, uma ube no-3%, ulindele ukuthi kungazelelwe kube ngu-50% oyisiphukuphuku):
Sidlulisela ivolumu ekhethiwe ebhodleleni futhi siyikale esikalini (khumbula ukucindezela inkinobho ye-Tara ukuze ungacabangi isisindo sebhodlela ngokwalo)
3. Thela isampula yethu ku-250 ml ye-volumetric flask (noma ebhodleleni lengane elinophawu lwevolumu) bese ulifaka phezulu kuphawu ("250") ngamanzi acwecwe. Hlanganisa.
4. Thela u-500 ml wamanzi acwebile ku-250 ml ye-conical flask (="imbiza eyisigamu-litre"), engeza u-10 ml we-concentrated sulfuric acid kanye no-25 ml wesisombululo sethu kusukela esinyathelweni sesi-3.
5. Yehlisa ngethonsi (mhlawumbe ku-pipette enophawu lwevolumu) isisombululo esingu-0,1N potassium permanganate embizeni yethu eyisigamu-litre ukusuka esinyathelweni sesi-4. Ilahliwe - ixutshwe, iwisiwe - ixutshwe. Ngakho-ke siqhubeka kuze kube yilapho isisombululo esisobala sithola umbala obomvana kancane. Njengomphumela wokusabela, i-peroxide iyabola ukuze yakhe umoya-mpilo namanzi, futhi i-manganese (VI) ku-potassium permanganate iyancipha ibe yi-manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Sibala ukugcwala kwe-peroxide yethu: C H2O2 (mass%) = [Umthamo wesisombululo se-potassium permanganate ku-ml*0,1*0,01701*1000]/[ubuningi besampula ngamagremu, kusukela esinyathelweni sesi-2] INZUZO!!!
Izingxoxo zamahhala mayelana nokuzinza kwesitoreji
I-hydrogen peroxide ibhekwa njengenhlanganisela engazinzile ejwayele ukubola ngokuzenzekelayo. Izinga lokubola liyakhula ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, ukugxila kanye ne-pH. Labo. Ngokuvamile umthetho uyasebenza:
...izixazululo ezibandayo, ezincibilikayo, ezine-acidic zibonisa ukuzinza okungcono kakhulu...
Ukubola kugqugquzelwa yilokhu: izinga lokushisa elikhulayo (ijubane elikhuphukayo izikhathi ezi-2,2 kuwo wonke ama-degree Celsius ayi-10, futhi ekushiseni okungaba ngu-150 degrees, kugxilwa ngokujwayelekile. ukubola njenge-avalanche ngokuqhumaukwanda kwe-pH (ikakhulukazi ku-pH> 6-8)
Aphawule ngengilazi: I-peroxide ene-asidi kuphela engagcinwa emabhodleleni engilazi, ngoba ingilazi ijwayele ukukhiqiza indawo ene-alkaline lapho ithintana namanzi ahlanzekile, okusho ukuthi izoba nomthelela ekuwohlokeni okusheshayo.
Ithinta izinga lokubola kanye nokuba khona kokungcola (ikakhulukazi izinsimbi zokuguqulwa njengethusi, i-manganese, insimbi, isiliva, iplatinamu), ukuchayeka emisebeni ye-ultraviolet. Ngokuvamile, isizathu esiyinhloko esiyinkimbinkimbi ukwanda kwe-pH kanye nokuba khona kokungcola. Ngokwesilinganiso, nge izimo ezingu-30% ze-hydrogen peroxide zilahlekelwa cishe .
Ukususa ukungcola, i-ultrafine filtration (ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya) noma ama-chelates (ama-complexing agents) abopha i-ion yensimbi asetshenziswa. Ingasetshenziswa njengama-chelates , i-colloidal noma i-sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), i-organophosphonates, i-nitrate (+ i-pH regulators kanye ne-corrosion inhibitors), i-phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), i-sodium silicate (i-stabilizer).
Umthelela wemisebe ye-ultraviolet ngezinga lokubola alivezwa njenge-pH noma izinga lokushisa, kodwa liyenzeka (bheka isithombe):
Kungabonakala ukuthi i-coefficient yokuqothulwa kwamangqamuzana iyanda ngokuncipha kwamaza e-ultraviolet.
I-molar extinction coefficient iyisilinganiso sokuthi ikhemikhali ikubamba ngamandla kangakanani ukukhanya ngobude obuthile obuthile.
Ngendlela, le nqubo yokubola eyaqalwa ama-photons ibizwa ngokuthi i-photolysis:
I-Photolysis (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-photodissociation kanye ne-photodecomposition) ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho into yekhemikhali (i-inorganic noma i-organic) ihlukaniswa ngama-photons ngemva kokusebenzelana ne-molecule eqondiwe. Noma iyiphi i-photon enamandla anele (aphezulu kunamandla okuhlukanisa webhondi eqondiwe) ingabangela ukubola. Umphumela ofana nalowo wemisebe ye-ultraviolet ungafinyelelwa kanye nama-x-reyi kanye nama-γ-ray.
Singathini ngokujwayelekile? Futhi iqiniso lokuthi i-peroxide kufanele igcinwe esitsheni se-opaque, noma okungcono kakhulu, emabhodleleni engilazi ansundu avimba ukukhanya okweqile (naphezu kokuthi "imunca" != "ibola ngokushesha"). Akufanele ugcine ibhodlela le-peroxide eduze komshini we-X-ray :) Nokho, kusukela kuleli (UR 203Ex (?):
... kusuka ku-"“I-peroxide (kanye nesithandwa sakho, uma sikhuluma iqiniso) kufanele futhi igcinwe kude.
Kubalulekile ukuthi ngaphezu kokuba i-opaque, isitsha/ibhodlela kufanele senziwe ngezinto "ezimelana ne-peroxide", njengensimbi engagqwali noma ingilazi (kahle, + amanye amapulasitiki nama-aluminium alloys). Uphawu lungase lube usizo ekuqondisweni (kuzosiza futhi kodokotela abazocubungula amathuluzi abo):
Inganekwane yelebula imi kanje: A - ukuhambisana okuhle kakhulu, B - ukuhambisana okuhle, umthelela omncane (i-micro-corrosion noma ukuguquguquka), C - ukungahambisani kahle (akunconyelwe ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside, ukwehla kwamandla kungenzeka, njll.), D - akukho ukuhambisana (= ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa). Udeshi usho ukuthi “alukho ulwazi olutholakalayo.” Izinkomba zedijithali: 1 - ezanelisayo ku-22 ° C, 2 - ezanelisayo ku-48 ° C, 3 - eyanelisayo uma isetshenziswa kuma-gaskets nasezinyameni.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho usebenza ne-hydrogen peroxide
Kungenzeka kucacele noma ubani ofunde kuze kube manje ukuthi i-peroxide iyi-ejenti enamandla eyenza i-oxidizing, okusho ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi igcinwe kude nezinto ezivuthayo/ezivuthayo kanye nezinto ezinciphisayo. I-H2O2, yomibili isesimweni esihlanzekile futhi ehlanjululwe, ingakheka lapho uthintana nama-organic compounds. Ngokucabangela konke lokhu okungenhla, singabhala kanje
I-hydrogen peroxide ayihambisani nezinto ezivuthayo, noma yiziphi iziphuzo ezivuthayo nezinsimbi kanye nosawoti wazo (ngokulandelana kokunciphisa umphumela we-catalytic) - i-osmium, i-palladium, i-platinum, i-iridium, igolide, isiliva, i-manganese, i-cobalt, ithusi, i-lead
Ekhuluma ngama-catalysts okubola kwensimbi, umuntu akanakuhluleka ukusho ngokwehlukana . Akuyona nje kuphela insimbi eminyene kunazo zonke eMhlabeni, futhi iyisikhali esingcono kakhulu sokudiliza i-hydrogen peroxide.
Umphumela wokusheshisa ukubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide kule nsimbi ubonwa ngamanani angeke abonwe nangayo yonke indlela yokuhlaziya - ukuze ngempumelelo kakhulu (izikhathi ezingu-x3-x5 ngokuhlobene ne-peroxide ngaphandle kwe-catalyst) ibole i-peroxide ibe umoya-mpilo namanzi, udinga kuphela igremu elilodwa le-osmium ngamathani ayi-1 e-hydrogen peroxide.
Phawula "ngohlamvu oluqhumayo": (Ngangifuna ngokushesha ukubhala ukuthi “Ngiyi-peroxide”, kodwa nganginamahloni). Endabeni ye-hydrogen peroxide, intombazane eyindilinga uSasha, okufanele isebenze nale peroxide, ivame ukwesaba ukuqhuma. Futhi ngokomthetho, ukwesaba kuka-Alexandra kunengqondo. Phela, i-peroxide ingaqhuma ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, kusukela eqinisweni lokuthi esitsheni esivaliwe kuyoba nokubola kancane kancane kwe-H2O2, ukukhululwa nokuqoqwa komoya-mpilo. Ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwesitsha izokhula futhi ikhule futhi ekugcineni iBOOM! Okwesibili, kungenzeka ukuthi lapho i-hydrogen peroxide ihlangana nezinye izinto, ukwakheka kwezinhlanganisela ze-peroxide ezingazinzile kuzokwenzeka, okungase kuqhume kusuka kumthelela, ukushisa, njll. Encwadini epholile enemiqulu emihlanu Kuningi osekushiwo ngalokhu ngaze nganquma ukukufihla ngaphansi kwespoiler. Ulwazi lusebenza ku i-hydrogen peroxide egxilile >= 30% kanye <50%:
Ukungahambisani ngokuphelele
iqhuma lapho ithintana ne: utshwala + i-sulfuric acid, i-acetal + acetic acid + ukushisa, i-acetic + N-heterocycles (ngaphezu kuka-50 °C), ama-aromatic hydrocarbon + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (cishe 45 °C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , i-carboxylic acids (i-formic, i-acetic, i-tartaric), i-diphenyl diselenide (ngaphezu kuka-53 °C), i-2-ethoxyethanol + ijeli ye-polyacrylamide + i-toluene + ukushisa, i-gallium + hydrochloric acid, insimbi (II) sulfate + nitric acid + carboxymethyl +cellulose, i-nitric acid ama-ketones (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), izisekelo ze-nitrogen (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), izinhlanganisela eziphilayo (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, uthuli lwamalahle), izinto eziphilayo ze-sulfuric + i-asidi (ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivalekile), amanzi + izinto eziphilayo eziqukethe umoya-mpilo (i-acetaldehyde, i-acetic acid, i-acetone, i-ethanol, i-formaldehyde, i-formic acid, i-methanol, i-propanol, i-propanal), i-vinyl acetate, i-alcohol + i-tin chloride, i-phosphorus oxide (V), i-phosphorus, i-nitric acid, i-stibnite, i-arsenic trisulfide, i-chlorine + i-potassium hydroxide + i-chlorosulfonic acid, i-copper sulfide, i-iron (II) sulfide, i-formic acid + i-organic contaminants, i-hydrogen selenide, i-lead di- ne-monoxide, i-lead (II) sulfide, i-manganese dioxide. , i-mercury oxide (I), i-molybdenum disulfide, i-sodium iodate, i-mercuric oxide + i-nitric acid, i-diethyl ether, i-ethyl acetate, i-thiourea + acetic acid
ikhanyisa lapho uthintana nayoi-furfuryl alcohol, izinsimbi eziyimpuphu (i-magnesium, zinc, iron, nickel), sawdust
ukusabela ngodlame nge: i-aluminium isopropoxide+usawoti wensimbi esindayo, amalahle, amalahle, i-lithium tetrahydroaluminate, izinsimbi ze-alkali, i-methanol+phosphoric acid, i-unsaturated organic compounds, i-tin (II) chloride, i-cobalt oxide, i-iron oxide, i-lead hydroxide, i-nickel oxide
Eqinisweni, uma uphatha i-peroxide egxilile ngenhlonipho futhi ungayihlanganisi nezinto ezishiwo ngenhla, ungasebenza ngokunethezeka iminyaka futhi ungesabi lutho. Kodwa uNkulunkulu uvikela okuhle kakhulu, ngakho siqhubekela phambili ngokushelela emishinini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu.
I-PPE kanye nempendulo
Umqondo wokubhala isihloko wavela lapho nginquma ukubhala inothi , ezinikezelwe ezindabeni zomsebenzi ophephile onezixazululo ze-H2O2 ezigxilisiwe. Ngenhlanhla, abafundi abaningi bathenga ama-canister e-perhydrol (uma kwenzeka "akukho lutho ekhemisi" / "asikwazi ukufika ekhemisi") futhi wakwazi ngisho nokuthola ukushiswa kwamakhemikhali ekushiseni okwamanje. Ngakho-ke, okuningi kwalokho okubhalwe ngezansi (nangaphezulu) kusebenza ikakhulukazi ezixazululweni ezinokugxila ngaphezu kuka-6%. Lapho ukugxila kuphezulu, kuhambisana kakhulu nokutholakala kwe-PPE.
Ukuze uthole umsebenzi ophephile, konke okudingayo njengemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu amagilavu enziwe ngerabha ye-polyvinyl chloride/butyl, i-polyethylene, i-polyester namanye amapulasitiki ukuze uvikele isikhumba sezandla zakho, izibuko noma imaski yokuzivikela eyenziwe ngezinto ze-polymer ezisobala ukuze uvikele amehlo akho. Uma ama-aerosol akheka, engeza umshini wokuphefumula onesivikelo se-aerosol kukhithi (noma okungcono kakhulu, i-cartridge yesihlungi se-carbon ABEK enokuvikelwa kwe-P3). Uma usebenza nezixazululo ezibuthakathaka (kufika ku-6%), amagilavu anele.
Ngizogxila "emithelela emangalisayo" ngokuningiliziwe. I-hydrogen peroxide iyinto eyingozi ngokusesilinganisweni ebangela ukusha kwamakhemikhali uma ihlangana nesikhumba namehlo. Kuyingozi uma uhogelwe noma ugwinywe. Bona isithombe esivela ku-SDS (“Oxidizer” - “Corrodes” - “Irritant”):
Ukuze ungashayi esihlahleni, ngizobhala ngokushesha ngalokho okufanele ngikwenze uma i-hydrogen peroxide ene-concentration> 6% ihlangana nomuntu othile oyindilinga ngaphandle kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu.
ngesikhathi ukuthintana nesikhumba - Sula ngendwangu eyomile noma i-swab emanziswe ngotshwala. Khona-ke udinga ukugeza isikhumba esonakele ngamanzi amaningi imizuzu engu-10.
ngesikhathi ukuthintana namehlo - hlambulula ngokushesha amehlo avulekile, kanye nangaphansi kwamajwabu amehlo, ngamanzi abuthakathaka (noma isisombululo esingu-2% sesoda yokubhaka) okungenani imizuzu engu-15. Xhumana nodokotela wamehlo.
Uma igwinywe - phuza uketshezi oluningi (=amanzi angenalutho ngamalitha), ikhabhoni ecushiwe (ithebhulethi eyi-1 ku-10 kg wesisindo), i-saline laxative (i-magnesium sulfate). Ungabangeli ukuhlanza (= ukugezwa kwesisu KUPHELA ngudokotela, usebenzisa i-probe, kanye nokwejwayelekile “iminwe emibili emlonyeni”). Unganikezi lutho ngomlomo kumuntu oqulekile.
Ngokuvamile ukungenisa kuyingozi ikakhulukazi, kusukela ngesikhathi sokubola esiswini kwakheka inani elikhulu legesi (izikhathi ezingu-10 umthamo wesisombululo se-3%), okuholela ekuqothulweni nasekucindezelweni kwezitho zangaphakathi. Lokhu yikho okwenziwa yikhabhoni ecushiwe...
Uma konke kucacile ngokuphathwa kwemiphumela yomzimba, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nokulahlwa kwe-hydrogen peroxide ngokweqile / endala / echithiwe ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi.
... i-hydrogen peroxide igaywa kabusha ngokuthi a) ihlanjululwe ngamanzi futhi iwathululele emseleni, noma b) ukubola kusetshenziswa ama-catalysts (i-sodium pyrosulfite, njll.), noma c) ukubola ngokushisisa (kuhlanganise nokubilisa)
Nasi isibonelo sokuthi konke kubukeka kanjani. Isibonelo, elabhorethri ngichithe ngephutha ilitha le-30% ye-hydrogen peroxide. Angisuli lutho, kodwa engeza uketshezi ngengxube yenani elilinganayo (1:1:1) +isihlabathi+ (="i-bentonite filler yamathileyi"). Khona-ke ngimanzisa le ngxube ngamanzi kuze kube yilapho kwakheka i-slurry, ngifake i-slurry esitsheni bese ngidlulisela ebhakedeni lamanzi (okubili kwezintathu kugcwele). Futhi kakade ebhakedeni lamanzi ngingeza kancane kancane isisombululo se-sodium pyrosulfite nge-20% ngokweqile. Ukunciphisa yonke le nto ngokusabela:
I-Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Uma ulandela izimo zenkinga (ilitha lesixazululo esingu-30%), bese kuvela ukuthi ukuze ungathathi hlangothi udinga amagremu angu-838 we-pyrosulfite (ikhilogremu kasawoti iphuma ngokweqile). Ukuncibilika kwale nto emanzini kungu-~ 650 g/l, i.e. Cishe ilitha elilodwa nesigamu lekhambi eligxilile lizodingeka. Ukuziphatha yilokhu: noma ungachithi i-perhydrol phansi, noma uyihlambulule ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke uthole ama-neutralizers anele :)
Lapho efuna ukushintshwa okungenzeka esikhundleni se-pyrosulfite, uKaputeni Obvious utusa ukusebenzisa lezo ziphehlisi ezingakhiqizi igesi eningi lapho kusabela nge-hydrogen peroxide. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, insimbi (II) sulfate. Ithengiswa ezitolo ze-hardware ngisho naseBelarus. Ukuze unciphise i-H2O2, isixazululo esifakwe i-asidi ye-sulfuric siyadingeka:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Ungasebenzisa futhi iodide ye-potassium (futhi i-acidified ne-sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi konke ukucabanga kusekelwe enkingeni yesingeniso (isixazululo esingu-30%), uma uthele i-peroxide ezindaweni eziphansi (3-7%), ungasebenzisa futhi i-potassium permanganate ene-asidi ye-sulfuric. Ngisho noma i-oxygen ikhishwa lapho, ngakho-ke ngenxa yokugxila okuphansi ngeke ikwazi "ukwenza izinto" ngisho noma ifuna.
Mayelana nebhungane
Kodwa angizange ngikhohlwe ngaye, sithandwa. Izoba njengomvuzo walabo abaqede ukufunda okulandelayo funda isikhathi eside. Angazi ukuthi othandekayo u-Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka mayelana nama-jetpacks ami, kodwa nganginayo imicabango enjalo. Ikakhulukazi ngenkathi nginethuba lokubuka (noma ngisho nokubuka kabusha) ifilimu elikhanyayo lenganekwane ye-Disney kutheyiphu ye-VHS." (okokuqala Rocketeer).
Ukuxhumana lapha kungokulandelayo. Njengoba ngike ngabhala ngaphambili, i-hydrogen peroxide yokugxila okuphezulu (njengebanga B lasekhaya) ngezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanzwa (inothi - okuthiwa yi-peroxide ephezulu yokuhlola noma ) ingasetshenziswa njengophethiloli emicibisholo (kanye nama-torpedoes). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingasetshenziswa kokubili njenge-oxidizer ezinjini ezinezingxenye ezimbili (isibonelo, esikhundleni se-oxygen ewuketshezi), futhi ngesimo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi. i-monofuel. Esimweni sokugcina, i-H2O2 iphonswa "egumbini elivuthayo", lapho ibola khona ku-catalyst yensimbi (noma yiziphi izinsimbi okukhulunywe ngazo ekuqaleni esihlokweni, isibonelo, isiliva noma i-platinum) futhi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ngesimo se-steam. ngokushisa okungaba ngu-600 ° C, iphuma emlonyeni, idale ukudonsa.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi i-beetle encane evela ku-subfamily ye-beetle yomhlabathi inesakhiwo sangaphakathi esifanayo ("igumbi lomlilo", ama-nozzles, njll) ngaphakathi komzimba wayo. kubizwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kimi ukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi (=isithombe esisekuqaleni kwesihloko) kungikhumbuza iyunithi yefilimu ka-1991 eshiwo ngenhla :)
I-bug ibizwa ngokuthi i-bombardier ngoba iyakwazi ukudubula ngokunembile uketshezi olubilayo olunephunga elingemnandi elivela ezindlaleni ezingemuva kwesisu.
Izinga lokushisa ejection lingafinyelela 100 degrees Celsius, futhi isivinini ejection 10 m/s. Ukudubula okukodwa kuthatha ukusuka ku-8 kuye ku-17 ms, futhi kuqukethe ama-pulses angu-4-9 alandelana ngokushesha. Ukuze kungadingeki ngihlehlisele emuva ekuqaleni, ngizophinda isithombe lapha (kubonakala sengathi sithathwe kumagazini. kusukela kusihloko segama elifanayo).
Ibhungane likhiqiza “izingxenye zikaphethiloli zerokhethi” ezimbili ngaphakathi kwalo (okungukuthi, ayikakabi “i-monopropellant”). I-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla - (eyake yasetshenziswa njengonjiniyela ekuthwebuleni izithombe). Futhi i-oxidizing agent enamandla i-hydrogen peroxide. Lapho lisongelwa, leli bhungane lifinyeza izicubu eziphusha izinto ezimbili ezisizayo ngamashubhu amavalvu zingene egumbini lokuxutshwa elinamanzi nengxube yama-enzyme (i-peroxidase) ebola i-peroxide. Uma ehlangene, ama-reagents akhiqiza ukusabela okunamandla kwe-exothermic, uketshezi luyabila bese luphenduka igesi (= "ukuqothulwa"). Ngokuvamile, ibhungane lishisa isitha esingase sibe nesitha ngamanzi abilayo (kodwa ngokusobala awanele ukuphonsela isikhala sokuqala). Kodwa...Okungenani ibhungane lingathathwa njengomfanekiso wesigaba Izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho usebenza ne-hydrogen peroxide. Isimilo sithi:
%USERNAME%, ungafani nebhungane le-bombardier, ungaxubi i-peroxide nento eyehlisayo ngaphandle kokuqonda! 🙂
Isengezo mayelanaт : “Kubukeka sengathi ibhungane le-Earth bombardier lagqugquzelwa ibhungane le-plasma elivela ku-Starship Troopers.” Imane inomfutho owanele (hhayi ukusunduza!) ukuthuthukisa isivinini sokuqala sokuphunyuka; umshini wakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi wasetshenziswa ukujikijela izinhlamvu emzileni ukuze kunwetshwe ububanzi bawo, futhi wawuwusizo njengesikhali ngokumelene nabahambisi bemikhumbi abayisitha abangamaqili. ”
Ngamtshela ngebhungane futhi ngahlunga i-peroxide. Ake sime lapho okwamanje.
Kubalulekile! Konke okunye (okubandakanya ukuxoxisana ngamanothi, okusalungiswa okuphakathi kanye nakho konke okushicilelwe kwami) kungatholakala esiteshini socingo. . Bhalisa futhi ulandele izimemezelo.
Okulandelayo emgqeni wokucatshangelwa yi-sodium dichloroisocyanurate kanye “namaphilisi e-chlorine.”
Ukubonga: Umbhali uzwakalisa ukubonga okujulile kubo bonke ababambiqhaza abakhuthele umphakathi LAB-66 — abantu abasekela ngokwezimali “ikhona lethu lesayensi nezobuchwepheshe” (= isiteshi socingo), ingxoxo yethu (nochwepheshe abakuyo abahlinzeka ngosekelo lobuchwepheshe (!!!) kanye nombhali wokugcina. Siyabonga ngakho konke lokhu, bafo, kusukela !
“i-osmium catalyst” yokukhula nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi oshiwo ngenhla: ===>
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5. Yiba
Imithombo esetshenzisiwe
Shandala M.G. Izinkinga zamanje ekubulaleni amagciwane okuvamile. Izinkulumo ezikhethiwe. - M.: Umuthi, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Izakhiwo Eziyingozi Zakwa-Sax Zezinto Zezimboni. Uhlelo lwe-12. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012, p. Isiqephu 4:2434
Haynes, W. M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Uhlelo lwama-95. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
I-WT Hess "I-Hydrogen Peroxide". I-Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 13 (4th ed.). ENew York: Wiley. (1995). pp. 961–995.
C. W. Jones, J. H. Clark. Izicelo ze-Hydrogen Peroxide kanye ne-Derivatives. I-Royal Society of Chemistry, ngo-1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Izicelo ze-Lienke ze-Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching. I-Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45(2):206–222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Ibhungane le-bombardier nokuqhuma kwamakhemikhali alo. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1–7. (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Ukufakwa kwe-hydrogen peroxide kanye nokuphuma kwayo. I-Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. I-Hydrogen Peroxide. I-Encyclopedia ka-Ullmann ye-Industrial Chemistry. I-Encyclopedia ka-Ullmann ye-Industrial Chemistry. I-Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Incwadi ye-disinfectants kanye ne-antiseptics. ENew York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; I-Weber, Ukubulala Amagciwane kuka-DJ kanye Nokuvalwa Kwenzalo Ezikhungweni Zokunakekelwa Kwezempilo: Lokho Odokotela Okufanele Bakwazi. Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Zomtholampilo. 39(5):702–709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Isahluko 9: Izinhlanganisela ze-peroxygen. Ukubulala amagciwane, ukuvala inzalo, nokugcinwa (5th ed.). I-Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 185–204. (2000).
O'Neil, M. J. The Merck Index—An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; I-Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary Edition 16. UJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, p. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; I-Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary Edition 16. UJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisemthethweni ezindabeni zokubulala amagciwane, ukuvala inzalo, ukubulala amagciwane, ukukhishwa kwe-deratization: Ngemiqulu emi-5 / Yazisa.-ed. isikhungo seKomidi Lombuso Lokuqondiswa Kwezobunhlanzeko kanye Nezifo Zokugula ERussia. Federation, Research Institute of Prevention. i-toxicology kanye ne-disinfection; Ngaphansi jikelele ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
Futhi ngicishe ngakhohlwa, isexwayiso kumaqabane angenandaba :)
Disclaimer: lonke ulwazi olwethulwa esihlokweni lunikezwe izinjongo zolwazi kuphela futhi alulona ucingo oluqondile esenzweni. Wenza konke ukukhohlisa ngama-reagents amakhemikhali kanye nemishini ngokuzifaka engozini nangengozi yakho. Umbhali akanaso isibopho sokuphatha ngokunganaki izixazululo ezinolaka, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukuntuleka kolwazi oluyisisekelo lwesikole, njll. Uma ungazethembi ekuqondeni okubhaliwe, cela isihlobo/umngane/omaziyo onemfundo ekhethekile ukuthi agade izenzo zakho. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi usebenzisa i-PPE ngezinyathelo zokuphepha eziphakeme kakhulu.
Source: www.habr.com