NgoMgqibelo Meyi 30, 2020, kwavela inkinga engacacile ngokushesha ngezitifiketi ezidumile ze-SSL / TLS ezivela kumthengisi uSectigo (owayekade eyiComodo). Izitifiketi ngokwazo ziqhubekile nokuhleleka okuphelele, nokho, esinye sezitifiketi ze-CA esimaphakathi emaketangeni lapho lezi zitifiketi ezihlinzekwa ngawo sabola. Isimo akusho ukuthi siyabulala, kodwa asijabulisi: izinguqulo zamanje zeziphequluli azizange zibone lutho, kodwa-ke, iningi lama-automation kanye neziphequluli ezindala / i-OS bezingakakulungeli ukujika okunjalo.
UHabr naye wayehlukile, yingakho kwabhalwa lolu hlelo lwezemfundo / postmortem.
TL; DR Isixazululo ekugcineni.
Ake seqe ithiyori eyisisekelo mayelana ne-PKI, i-SSL / TLS, i-https nokuningi. Imishini yokuqinisekisa ngesitifiketi sokuvikela sesizinda wukwakha uchungechunge lwezitifiketi kwesinye salezo ezithenjwa isiphequluli noma isistimu yokusebenza, ezigcinwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Trust Store. Lolu hlu lusatshalaliswa nesistimu yokusebenza, i-ecosystem yekhodi yesikhathi sokusebenza, noma isiphequluli. Noma yiziphi izitifiketi zinedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngemva kwalokho zibhekwa njengezingathenjwa, okuhlanganisa nezitifiketi esitolo sokuthembana. Lalibukeka kanjani iketango lokwethembeka ngaphambi kosuku oluyinhlekelele? Isisetshenziswa sewebhu sizosisiza ukuthi sikubone kusuka ku-Qualys.
Ngakho-ke, esinye sezitifiketi "zezohwebo" esidume kakhulu i-Sectigo Positive SSL (ngaphambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Comodo Positive SSL, izitifiketi ezinaleli gama zisasetshenziswa), yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi isitifiketi se-DV. I-DV izinga lakudala kakhulu lesitifiketi, okusho ukuqinisekiswa kokufinyelela ekuphathweni kwesizinda ngumkhiphi walesi sitifiketi. Empeleni, i-DV imele "ukuqinisekiswa kwesizinda". Ukuze uthole ireferensi: kukhona futhi i-OV (ukuqinisekiswa kwenhlangano) kanye ne-EV (ukuqinisekisa okunwetshiwe), kanye nesitifiketi samahhala esivela ku-Let's Encrypt futhi siyi-DV. Kulabo ngenxa yesizathu esithile abanelisekile ngomshini we-ACME, umkhiqizo we-Positive SSL yiwona ofaneleka kakhulu ngokwentengo / izici (isitifiketi sesizinda esisodwa sibiza cishe amadola angu-5-7 ngonyaka nenani eliphelele lesikhathi sokufaneleka kwesitifiketi iminyaka emi-2 nezinyanga ezi-3).
I-Sectigo DV Generic Certificate (RSA) kuze kube muva nje ifike nalolu chungechunge lwama-CA amaphakathi:
Certificate #1:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
7d:5b:51:26:b4:76:ba:11:db:74:16:0b:bc:53:0d:a7
Signature Algorithm: sha384WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=New Jersey, L=Jersey City, O=The USERTRUST Network, CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
Validity
Not Before: Nov 2 00:00:00 2018 GMT
Not After : Dec 31 23:59:59 2030 GMT
Subject: C=GB, ST=Greater Manchester, L=Salford, O=Sectigo Limited, CN=Sectigo RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA
Certificate #2:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
13:ea:28:70:5b:f4:ec:ed:0c:36:63:09:80:61:43:36
Signature Algorithm: sha384WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=SE, O=AddTrust AB, OU=AddTrust External TTP Network, CN=AddTrust External CA Root
Validity
Not Before: May 30 10:48:38 2000 GMT
Not After : May 30 10:48:38 2020 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=New Jersey, L=Jersey City, O=The USERTRUST Network, CN=USERTrust RSA Certification AuthorityAsikho “isitifiketi sesithathu”, esizisayinise ngokwaso sisuka ku-AddTrust AB, njengoba ngesikhathi esithile kwathathwa njengemikhuba emibi ukufaka izitifiketi zempande ezizisayinele emaketangeni. Qaphela ukuthi i-CA emaphakathi ekhishwe i-AddTrust's UserTrust inedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngomhla ka-30 Meyi 2020. Lokhu akulula, njengoba kwakuhlelwe inqubo yokuyeka ukusebenza kule CA. Kukholakala ukuthi ngoMeyi 30, 2020, isitifiketi esisayinwe ngokuphambana esivela ku-UserTrust sizovela kuzo zonke izitolo ezithembekile ngalesi sikhathi (ngaphansi kwe-hood, lesi yisitifiketi esifanayo, noma kunalokho ukhiye womphakathi) kanye neketango, ngisho isitifiketi esingathenjwa esifakiwe kakade, sizoba nezinye izindlela zokwakha futhi akekho ozoqaphela. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zashayisana namaqiniso, okuyigama elide elithi "izinhlelo zefa". Ngempela, abanikazi bezinguqulo zamanje zeziphequluli abazange baqaphele lutho, kodwa-ke, intaba ye-automation eyakhelwe kuma-curl kanye nemitapo yezincwadi ye-ssl / tls yezilimi eziningi zokuhlela kanye nezindawo zokwenza ikhodi zaphuka. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi imikhiqizo eminingi ayiqondiswa ngamathuluzi wokwakha amaketango akhiwe ku-OS, kodwa "iphathe" isitolo sabo sokuthembana nabo. Futhi azikuqukethe njalo lokho abangathanda ukukubona. . Futhi ku-Linux, amaphakheji afana nezitifiketi ze-ca-certificate awavuselelwa njalo. Ekugcineni, yonke into ibonakala ihlelekile, kodwa kukhona okungasebenzi lapha nalaphaya.
Kusukela kuMdwebo 1, kuyacaca ukuthi nakuba yonke into yayibukeka ijwayelekile kubantu abaningi, kukhona into ephukile kumuntu othile futhi ithrafikhi yacwiliswa ngokuphawulekayo (umugqa obomvu wesobunxele), yabe isikhula lapho esinye sezitifiketi eziyinhloko sishintshwa (umugqa wesokudla). Kube nokuqhuma phakathi, ngesikhathi kushintshwa ezinye izitifiketi, okubuye kuncike kukho. Njengoba iningi lazo zonke izinto ziqhubeka zisebenza njalo noma kancane (ngaphandle kwezingqinamba eziyinqaba njengokungenzeki kokulayisha izithombe ku-Habrastorage), singenza isiphetho esingaqondile mayelana nenani lamaklayenti amafa nama-bots ku-Habré.
Umfanekiso 1. Igrafu "yethrafikhi" ku-Habré.
Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa ukuthi iketango "elihlukile" lakhiwa kanjani kuzinguqulo zamanje zeziphequluli kusitifiketi se-CA esithenjwayo esipheqululini somsebenzisi, ngisho noma kukhona isitifiketi "esibolile" kuchungechunge. Lokhu, njengoba uSectigo ngokwakhe ayekholelwa, yisona sizathu sokungenzi lutho.
Umfanekiso 2. Iketanga kusitifiketi esethembekile senguqulo yesimanje yesiphequluli.
Kodwa kuMfanekiso 3, ungabona ukuthi yonke into ibukeka kanjani ngempela uma kukhona okungahambanga kahle futhi sinesistimu yefa. Kulesi simo, uxhumano lwe-HTTPS alusungulwa futhi sibona iphutha njengokuthi "ukuqinisekiswa kwesitifiketi kuhlulekile" noma okufanayo.
Umfanekiso 3. Iketango lalingasebenzi ngoba isitifiketi sempande nesiphakathi esisayinwe yiso "kwakubolile".
Emfanekisweni wesi-4, sesivele sisibona “isixazululo” samasistimu amafa: kukhona esinye isitifiketi esimaphakathi, noma kunalokho “isiginesha ephambene” evela kwenye i-CA, evamise ukufakwa ngaphambili kumasistimu amafa. Yilokhu okudingeka ukwenze: thola lesi sitifiketi (esimakwe Njengokulanda Okungeziwe) bese ubuyisela "esibolile" ngaso.
Umfanekiso 4. Elinye iketango lezinhlelo zefa.
Ngendlela: inkinga ayizange ibe nokusakazwa okubanzi kanye nohlobo oluthile lwengxoxo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokukhukhumeza ngokweqile kwe-Sectigo. Isibonelo, nawu umbono womunye wabahlinzeki besitifiketi ku kulesi simo:
Ngaphambili bona [I-Sectigo] waqinisekisa wonke umuntu ukuthi azikho izinkinga ezizoba khona. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi amanye amaseva/amadivayisi wefa ayathinteka.
Isimo esingenangqondo leso. Sikhombise ukunaka kwabo ku-AddTrust RSA/ECC ephelelwa yisikhathi izikhathi eziningi phakathi nonyaka futhi isikhathi ngasinye i-Sectigo isiqinisekisa ngokuthi azikho izinkinga ezizoba khona.
Ngabuza mathupha ku-Stack Overflow mayelana nalokhu enyangeni edlule, kodwa ngokusobala, izethameli zephrojekthi azifaneleki kakhulu emibuzweni enjalo, ngakho kwadingeka ngiziphendule ngokwami ngemva kokuhlaziywa.
I-Sectigo Kune-FAQ ngale ndaba, kodwa ayifundeki futhi yinde kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuyisebenzisa. Nasi isicaphuna esiyingqikithi yakho konke ukushicilelwa:
Okudingayo Ukwenza
Ezimweni eziningi zokusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa nezitifiketi ezinikeza amasistimu eklayenti esimanje noma iseva, asikho isenzo esidingekayo, noma ngabe ukhiphe izitifiketi eziboshwe ngamaketango kumpande we-AddTrust.Kusukela ngomhlaka-30 Ephreli 2020: Ezinqubweni zebhizinisi ezincike kumasistimu amadala kakhulu, i-Sectigo yenze kwatholakala (ngokuzenzakalelayo kuzinqwaba zesitifiketi) impande entsha yefa yokusayinda okuphambene, impande ethi “Amasevisi Esitifiketi Se-AAA”. Kodwa-ke, sicela usebenzise ukuqapha okukhulu nganoma iyiphi inqubo encike kumasistimu amadala amadala. Amasistimu angazange athole izibuyekezo ezidingekayo ukuze asekele izimpande ezintsha njengempande ye-COMODO ye-Sectigo nakanjani azolahlekelwa ezinye izibuyekezo ezibalulekile zokuphepha futhi kufanele abhekwe njengangavikelekile. Uma usengathanda ukuwela umsuka Wamasevisi Wesitifiketi se-AAA, sicela uxhumane ne-Sectigo ngokuqondile.
Ngiyithanda kakhulu ithisisi "endala kakhulu", kunjalo. Isibonelo, curl kukhonsoli ye-Ubuntu Linux 18.04 LTS (i-OS yethu eyisisekelo okwamanje) enezibuyekezo zakamuva ezingekho ngaphezu kwenyanga, kunzima ukuyibiza indala kakhulu, kodwa ayisebenzi.
Iningi labasabalalisi bezitifiketi bakhiphe amanothi abo ezinqumo ntambama yangomhla zingama-30 kuNhlaba. Isibonelo, ezifanele kakhulu ngokwemibandela yezobuchwepheshe kusuka (ngencazelo ethile yokuthi yini okufanele uyenze kanye nezinqwaba ze-CA esezilungile ezigciniwe ze-zip, kodwa i-RSA kuphela):
Umfanekiso 5. Izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa zokulungisa izinto ngokushesha.
Zikhona kusuka ku-Redhat, kodwa liyanda Ifa futhi udinga ukufaka isitifiketi sefa lempande esengeziwe esivela ku-Comodo ukuze yonke into isebenze.
Isixazululo
Kuyafaneleka ukuphinda isixazululo lapha futhi. Ngezansi kukhona amasethi amabili amaketango ezitifiketi DV I-Sectigo (hhayi i-Comodo!), eyodwa yezitifiketi ze-RSA ezejwayelekile, enye eyezitifiketi ezingajwayelekile ze-ECC (ECDSA) (sesinesikhathi eside sisebenzisa amaketango amabili). Nge-ECC, bekunzima kakhulu, njengoba izixazululo eziningi azinaki ukuba khona kwezitifiketi ezinjalo ngenxa yokusabalala kwazo okuphansi. Ngenxa yalokho, isitifiketi esiphakathi esidingekayo sitholwe ku .
Uchungechunge lwezitifiketi olususelwe ku-algorithm yokhiye RSA. Qhathanisa neketango lakho futhi uqaphele ukuthi isitifiketi esingaphansi kuphela esishintshiwe, kanti esingaphezulu sisalokhu sinjalo. Ngibahlukanisa ekhaya ngezinhlamvu ezintathu zokugcina zamabhulokhi angu-base64, ngingabali uhlamvu "olinganayo" (kulokhu En8= и 1+V):
# Subject: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Sectigo Limited/CN=Sectigo RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA
# Algo: RSA, key size: 2048
# Issuer: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
# Not valid before: 2018-11-02T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2030-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: 33:E4:E8:08:07:20:4C:2B:61:82:A3:A1:4B:59:1A:CD:25:B5:F0:DB
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: 7F:A4:FF:68:EC:04:A9:9D:75:28:D5:08:5F:94:90:7F:4D:1D:D1:C5:38:1B:AC:DC:83:2E:D5:C9:60:21:46:76
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIGEzCCA/ugAwIBAgIQfVtRJrR2uhHbdBYLvFMNpzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQwFADCB
iDELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgTCk5ldyBKZXJzZXkxFDASBgNVBAcTC0pl
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AQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA1nMz1tc8INAA0hdFuNY+B6I/x0HuMjDJsGz99J/LEpgPLT+N
TQEMgg8Xf2Iu6bhIefsWg06t1zIlk7cHv7lQP6lMw0Aq6Tn/2YHKHxYyQdqAJrkj
eocgHuP/IJo8lURvh3UGkEC0MpMWCRAIIz7S3YcPb11RFGoKacVPAXJpz9OTTG0E
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H19+24rcRki2aArPsrW04jTkZ6k4Zgle0rj8nSg6F0AnwnJOKf0hPHzPE/uWLMUx
RP0T7dWbqWlod3zu4f+k+TY4CFM5ooQ0nBnzvg6s1SQ36yOoeNDT5++SR2RiOSLv
xvcRviKFxmZEJCaOEDKNyJOuB56DPi/Z+fVGjmO+wea03KbNIaiGCpXZLoUmGv38
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LcmsJWTyXnW0OMGuf1pGg+pRyrbxmRE1a6Vqe8YAsOf4vmSyrcjC8azjUeqkk+B5
yOGBQMkKW+ESPMFgKuOXwIlCypTPRpgSabuY0MLTDXJLR27lk8QyKGOHQ+SwMj4K
00u/I5sUKUErmgQfky3xxzlIPK1aEn8=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
# Subject: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
# Algo: RSA, key size: 4096
# Issuer: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Comodo CA Limited/CN=AAA Certificate Services
# Not valid before: 2019-03-12T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2028-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: D8:9E:3B:D4:3D:5D:90:9B:47:A1:89:77:AA:9D:5C:E3:6C:EE:18:4C
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: 68:B9:C7:61:21:9A:5B:1F:01:31:78:44:74:66:5D:B6:1B:BD:B1:09:E0:0F:05:CA:9F:74:24:4E:E5:F5:F5:2B
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFgTCCBGmgAwIBAgIQOXJEOvkit1HX02wQ3TE1lTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQwFADB7
MQswCQYDVQQGEwJHQjEbMBkGA1UECAwSR3JlYXRlciBNYW5jaGVzdGVyMRAwDgYD
VQQHDAdTYWxmb3JkMRowGAYDVQQKDBFDb21vZG8gQ0EgTGltaXRlZDEhMB8GA1UE
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A4IBAQAYh1HcdCE9nIrgJ7cz0C7M7PDmy14R3iJvm3WOnnL+5Nb+qh+cli3vA0p+
rvSNb3I8QzvAP+u431yqqcau8vzY7qN7Q/aGNnwU4M309z/+3ri0ivCRlv79Q2R+
/czSAaF9ffgZGclCKxO/WIu6pKJmBHaIkU4MiRTOok3JMrO66BQavHHxW/BBC5gA
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vGp4z7h/jnZymQyd/teRCBaho1+V
-----END CERTIFICATE-----Uchungechunge lwezitifiketi olususelwe ku-algorithm yokhiye ECC. Ngokufanayo neketango le-RSA, kwashintshwa isitifiketi esiphansi kuphela, kanti esingaphezulu sisafana (kulokhu. fmA== и v/c=):
# Subject: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Sectigo Limited/CN=Sectigo ECC Domain Validation Secure Server CA
# Algo: EC secp256r1, key size: 256
# Issuer: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority
# Not valid before: 2018-11-02T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2030-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: E8:49:90:CB:9B:F8:E3:AB:0B:CA:E8:A6:49:CB:30:FE:4D:C4:D7:67
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: 61:E9:73:75:E9:F6:DA:98:2F:F5:C1:9E:2F:94:E6:6C:4E:35:B6:83:7C:E3:B9:14:D2:24:5C:7F:5F:65:82:5F
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
# Subject: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority
# Algo: EC secp384r1, key size: 384
# Issuer: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Comodo CA Limited/CN=AAA Certificate Services
# Not valid before: 2019-03-12T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2028-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: CA:77:88:C3:2D:A1:E4:B7:86:3A:4F:B5:7D:00:B5:5D:DA:CB:C7:F9
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: A6:CF:64:DB:B4:C8:D5:FD:19:CE:48:89:60:68:DB:03:B5:33:A8:D1:33:6C:62:56:A8:7D:00:CB:B3:DE:F3:EA
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----Lokho kuhle kakhulu. Ngiyabonga ukulalela kwenu.
Source: www.habr.com