Njengoba kulindelwe ukuqala kokusakaza okulandelayo ngenani walungisa indaba yombhali omncane enamacebiso abalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesizindalwazi. Sithemba ukuthi lokhu kwaziswa kuzoba usizo kuwe.
Imininingo egciniwe ikhona yonke indawo: kusukela kumabhulogi alula nezinkomba kuya ezinhlelweni zolwazi ezithembekile kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu. Akubalulekile kangako ukuthi i-database ilula noma iyinkimbinkimbi, kubaluleke kangakanani ukuyiklama ngendlela efanele. Lapho i-database iklanyelwe ngokungacabangi futhi ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacile kwenjongo, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo ne-database kuyoba ukuhlushwa kwangempela, ihlathi elingenakufinyeleleka kubasebenzisi. Nawa amanye amathiphu wokuklama isizindalwazi ukuze akusize udale umkhiqizo owusizo nosebenziseka kalula.
1. Thola ukuthi itafula ngelani nokuthi isakhiwo salo sinjani
Namuhla, izinqubo zokuthuthukisa ezifana ne-Scrum noma i-RAD (Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesicelo Esisheshayo) zisiza amaqembu e-IT ukuthuthukisa imininingwane yolwazi ngokushesha. Nokho, ekuphishekeleni isikhathi, isilingo sikhulu kakhulu sokungena ngokushesha ekwakheni isisekelo, ucabange ngokungacacile ukuthi umgomo ngokwawo uyini, ukuthi kufanele kube yini imiphumela yokugcina.
Njengokungathi ithimba lihloselwe ukusebenza kahle, umsebenzi wejubane eliphezulu, kodwa lokhu kuyinhlakanhlaka. Ngokuya ujula futhi ngokushesha kuphrojekthi, kuzothatha isikhathi esiningi ukukhomba nokulungisa amaphutha kuphrojekthi eyisisekelo.
Ngakho-ke, into yokuqala okufanele uyinqume ukunquma inhloso yesizindalwazi sakho. Isisekelo sithuthukiswa luphi uhlobo lohlelo? Ingabe umsebenzisi uzosebenza kuphela ngamarekhodi futhi adinge ukunaka okwenziwayo, noma unesithakazelo esikhulu ekuhlaziyeni idatha? Isisekelo kufanele sisetshenziswe kuphi? Ingabe izolandelela ukuziphatha kwamakhasimende noma imane iphathe ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo?
Ngokushesha ithimba lokuklama liphendula le mibuzo, inqubo yokuklama isizindalwazi izoba bushelelezi.
2. Iyiphi idatha okufanele ngikhethe ukuyigcina?
Hlela kusengaphambili. Imicabango mayelana nokuthi isayithi noma isistimu lapho isizindalwazi esakhelwe khona izokwenzenjani esikhathini esizayo. Kubalulekile ukweqa izidingo ezilula zemigomo yereferensi. Sicela ungaqali ukucabanga ngazo zonke izinhlobo zedatha umsebenzisi azoke azigcine. Kunalokho, cabanga ukuthi abasebenzisi bazokwazi yini ukuthumela, ukulayisha amadokhumenti noma izithombe, noma ukushintshanisa imilayezo. Uma kunjalo, khona-ke ku-database udinga ukwabela isikhala sabo.
Sebenza nethimba, umnyango, noma inhlangano ezosekela isisekelo sokuklama ngokuzayo. Xhumana nabantu bamazinga ahlukene, kusukela kubaphathi bama-akhawunti kuya kwezinhloko zeminyango. Ngakho ngosizo lwempendulo, uzothola umbono ocacile wezidingo zenkampani.
Nakanjani, izidingo zabasebenzisi ngaphakathi komnyango ofanayo zizoshayisana. Uma uhlangabezana nalokhu, ungesabi ukuthatha kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho futhi uthole ukuvumelana okufanele bonke abathintekayo futhi okwanelisa umgomo wokugcina wesizindalwazi. Qiniseka: ngokuzayo uzothola +100500 ku-karma kanye nentaba yamakhukhi.
3. Imodeli yedatha ngokucophelela
Kunezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele uzikhumbule lapho umodela idatha. Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, inhloso ye-database inquma ukuthi yiziphi izindlela okufanele zisetshenziswe ekumodeleni. Uma sakha isizindalwazi sokucutshungulwa kwamarekhodi ku-inthanethi (i-OLTP), ngamanye amazwi ukuze sidale, sihlele futhi sisule amarekhodi, bese sisebenzisa ukumodela kokwenziwayo. Uma i-database kufanele ibe nobudlelwano, ngakho-ke kungcono ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-multidimensional.
Ngesikhathi sokumodela, kwakhiwa amamodeli edatha yomqondo (CDM), ngokomzimba (PDM), kanye nenengqondo (LDM).
Amamodeli omqondo achaza amabhizinisi nezinhlobo zedatha azifakayo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwawo. Hlukanisa idatha yakho ibe izingxenye ezinengqondo - kulula kakhulu ukuphila ngaleyo ndlela.
Into esemqoka isilinganiso, ungadluli.
Uma ibhizinisi linzima kakhulu ukulihlukanisa ngegama elilodwa noma ibinzana, sekuyisikhathi sokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezincane (izinhlangano zezingane).
Uma inhlangano ihola impilo yayo, inezimfanelo ezichaza ukuziphatha kwayo nokubukeka kwayo, kanye nobudlelwane nezinye izinto, awukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuphepha i-subtype kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-supertype (inhlangano yomzali).
Uma uziba lo mthetho, abanye onjiniyela bazodideka kumodeli yakho futhi ngeke baqonde ngokugcwele idatha nemithetho yokuthi iqoqwa kanjani.
Amamodeli omqondo asetshenziswa ngosizo lwalawo anengqondo. Lawa mamodeli afana nemephu yomgwaqo yokuklama isizindalwazi esiphathekayo. Kumodeli enengqondo, izinhlangano zedatha yebhizinisi ziyahlukaniswa, izinhlobo zedatha ziyachazwa, isimo sokhiye womthetho olawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwedatha.
Bese imodeli yedatha enengqondo iqhathaniswa neplathifomu ye-DBMS (uhlelo lokuphathwa kwedathabhesi) ekhethiwe bese kutholwa imodeli yePhysical. Ichaza ukuthi idatha igcinwa kanjani ngokomzimba.
4. Sebenzisa izinhlobo zedatha ezifanele
Ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwedatha olungalungile kungaholela kudatha enembe kancane, ubunzima bokujoyina amathebula, izibaluli zokuvumelanisa, nosayizi bamafayela akhukhumele.
Ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bolwazi, isibaluli kufanele siqukathe kuphela izinhlobo zedatha esamukelayo. Uma ubudala bufakwe kusizindalwazi, qiniseka ukuthi ikholomu igcina izinombolo ezinomkhawulo wamadijithi angu-3.
Dala ubuncane bamakholomu angenalutho. Uma udala wonke amakholomu njenge-NULL, lokhu kuyiphutha. Uma udinga ikholomu engenalutho ukuze wenze umsebenzi othile webhizinisi, lapho idatha ingaziwa noma ingenangqondo, zizwe ukhululekile ukuyidala. Phela, asikwazi ukugcwalisa amakholomu "Usuku lokufa" noma "Usuku lokuxoshwa" kusengaphambili, asibona ababikezeli abakhomba iminwe esibhakabhakeni :-).
Iningi lesoftware yokumodela (ER/Studio, MySQL Workbench, SQL DBM, gliffy.com) idatha ikuvumela ukuthi ufanise izifunda zedatha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa hhayi kuphela uhlobo lwedatha olulungile, ukuqonda kohlelo lokusebenza, nokusebenza okuhle, kodwa futhi nokucaciswa kwenani okuyisibopho.
5. Khetha okungokwemvelo
Lapho unquma ukuthi iyiphi ikholomu kuthebula ozoyisebenzisa njengokhiye, hlala ucabangela ukuthi yiziphi izinkambu umsebenzisi angazihlela. Ungalokothi uzikhethe njengokhiye - umbono omubi. Noma yini ingenzeka, futhi kufanele uqinisekise ukuhluka.
Kungcono ukusebenzisa ukhiye wemvelo, noma webhizinisi (ukhiye wemvelo). Inencazelo ye-semantic, ngakho ugwema ukuphindaphinda kusizindalwazi.
Uma ukhiye webhizinisi kuphela ungewona ohlukile (igama, isibongo, isikhundla) futhi uphindwa emigqeni ehlukene yethebula noma kufanele ushintshwe, khona-ke ukhiye wokwenziwa okhiqiziwe, ukhiye wokungenela (ukhiye wokwenziwa) kufanele unikezwe njengokhiye oyinhloko. .
6. Zijwayeze ngokulinganisela
Ukuze uhlele ngempumelelo idatha kusizindalwazi, isethi yezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu kufanele ilandelwe bese isizindalwazi senziwe sibe sijwayelekile. Kunamafomu amahlanu ajwayelekile okumele uwalandele.
Ngokujwayela, ugwema ukuphindaphinda futhi uqinisekise ubuqotho bedatha esetshenziswa kuhlelo lokusebenza noma kuwebhusayithi.
Njengenjwayelo, yonke into kufanele ibe ngokulinganisela, ngisho nokujwayelekile. Uma kunamathebula amaningi kakhulu kusizindalwazi anokhiye abafanayo abahlukile, khona-ke uye wathatheka futhi wenza isizindalwazi sibe esivamile. Ukujwayela okweqile kunomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kwesizindalwazi.
7. Hlola kusenesikhathi, hlola njalo
Uhlelo lokuhlola nokuhlola okufanele kufanele kube yingxenye yomklamo wesizindalwazi.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlola i-database ngokusebenzisa i-Continuous Integration. Lingisa isimo esithi "Usuku Empilweni Yesizindalwazi" futhi uhlole ukuthi wonke amacala onqenqema ayasingathwa, yikuphi ukusebenzisana komsebenzisi okungenzeka. Ngokushesha lapho uthola izimbungulu, kulapho wonga khona kokubili isikhathi nemali.
Lawa amathiphu ayisikhombisa nje angakusiza ukuthi udizayine isizindalwazi esihle kakhulu sokusebenza nokusebenza kahle. Uma uzilandela, uzogwema ubuhlungu bekhanda abaningi esikhathini esizayo. Lawa mathiphu ayiphuzu nje le-iceberg ekufanisweni kwesizindalwazi. Kunenani elikhulu lama-hacks empilo. Iziphi ozisebenzisayo?
Source: www.habr.com