I-Cloud4Y isivele ikhulume ngokuthakazelisayo ithuthukiswe e-USSR. Ukuqhubeka nesihloko, ake sikhumbule ukuthi yimaphi amanye amaphrojekthi abe namathemba amahle, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi awazange athole ukuqashelwa okubanzi noma abekwe emashalofini ngokuphelele.
Igalaji likaphethiloli
Phakathi namalungiselelo ama-Olympics-80, kwanqunywa ukubonisa wonke umuntu (futhi okokuqala emazweni onxiwankulu) isimanjemanje ye-USSR. Futhi amagalaji kaphethiloli abe ngenye yezindlela zokubonisa amandla nemikhuba emihle yezwe. EJapane, amagalaji kaphethiloli amaningana (ngokweminye imibiko, angu-5 noma angu-8, kodwa isibalo singanembile), ayehluke kakhulu kumagalaji avamile.
Eyokuqala yafakwa ku-Brovarsky Prospekt e-Kyiv, phakathi kweziteshi zikamasipala zaseDarnitsa naseLevoberezhna. Ngendlela, igalaji likaphethiloli lisebenza futhi , nakuba imibhobho kaphethiloli ingasaphakelwa kusuka phezulu. Ezinye izisetshenziswa zahlala isikhathi eside zingasebenzi, futhi zabola noma zebiwa, kodwa ezinye zanele kuphela igalaji likaphethiloli elilodwa. Wabekwa kuthelawayeka waseKharkov.
Abazange benze okwengeziwe kwalokhu. Nokho, babekhona abanye. Ngokwesibonelo, eKuibyshev (manje eyiSamara), ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo omkhulu waseMoskovsky kanye nomgwaqo we-Revolutionary, kwakukhona igalaji likaphethiloli, lapho uphethiloli nawo wawuhlinzekwa khona kusukela phezulu.
Emgwaqweni omkhulu osogwini loLwandle Olumnyama eNizhnyaya Khobz (eduze kwaseSochi) kwakunepuleti legalaji. Lesi siteshi sakhiwa ngo-1975 ngokwephrojekthi yokuqala, kucatshangelwa isimo sezwe, izimo zezulu futhi sihlome ngemishini yasekhaya.
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi imibono yokudala yokuklama amagalaji kaphethiloli yaphelela lapho. Izwe belingakulungele ukuklama, ngakho ukubukeka kwegalaji likaphethiloli akukashintshi kakhulu nanamuhla. Yebo, yonke into isiye yaba yesimanje futhi elula kakhulu, kodwa ingqikithi iyafana. Futhi kuthiwani ngokubhaliswa kweziteshi zokugcwalisa kwamanye amazwe? Nansi ukukhetha okuncane kwamagalaji kaphethiloli amahle.
Izithombe eziningi zegalaji likaphethiloli
Igalaji likaphethiloli emgwaqeni omkhulu waseKharkov
Ukufaka uphethiloli e-Sochi manje
Futhi nasi esinye isiteshi sikaphethiloli esingavamile. Isithombe sango-1977.
Isiteshi sikaphethiloli i-POPS Arcadia Route 66 e-Oklahoma (USA) singabonwa ukude sibonga ibhodlela elikhulu elingamamitha angama-20 ukuphakama.
Igalaji likaphethiloli elisedolobheni laseMelika iZilla lathola lesi simo ngokuhlonipha intaba eseduze, emathunjini lapho uwoyela wakhishwa khona. Le ntaba yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Tipot Dome, okuyigama elihambisana negama elithi teapot - okungukuthi, imbiza yetiye
Kodwa i-gas station-hut, njengaseCanada, ayisoze yakhiwa lapha. Ubukeka njengengozi yomlilo
Igalaji likaphethiloli elivela edolobheni laseSlovakia laseMatushkovo, elakhiwe ngo-2011, nalo libukeka lithakazelisa. Izimo ze-canopy zibukeka njengamasoso endizayo
Kodwa lesi "siteshi sikaphethiloli segolide" esivela e-Iraq sizokwenza uzizwe njengeNkosi Midas.
Itiye elibekwe nguMalevich
Cha, akamnyama. Emhlophe. Umdwebi odumile uqhamuke nenkonzo yomumo wejometri ongajwayelekile. UKazimir wachitha impilo yakhe yonke efuna amafomu amasha, ezama ukuguqula umbono wokuthi izinto ezijwayelekile zingabukeka kanjani. Futhi endabeni yenkonzo, waphumelela.
Ukudalwa kwenkonzo kwaba nokwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ngemva kwe-Revolution ka-Okthoba, i-Imperial Porcelain Factory yaqala ukukhiqiza i-porcelain "inguquko kokuqukethwe, ephelele ngesimo futhi ingenasici ekusebenzeni kobuchwepheshe." Futhi uhehe abaculi be-avant-garde ngenkuthalo ukuthi bakhe amaqoqo amasha.
Inkonzo kaMalevich, ehlanganisa izinto ezine, iyisibonelo esicacile sokuqaliswa kwemibono ye-avant-garde ezintweni ezisebenzayo. Izinkomishi ezine zenziwe ngendlela yama-hemispheres enziwe lula anezibambo eziwunxande. Iketela lingachazwa njengokunqoba komklamo phezu kokusebenza kanye nokuba lula. Ukuma kwayo okungajwayelekile kuyokudida.
Izitsha zikaMalevich azizange zikhululeke, kodwa umqondo ngokwawo wawubaluleke kakhulu kumculi. Imikhiqizo yabaculi be-avant-garde ayizange ikhishwe ngobuningi, nakuba le nkonzo isakhiqizwa e-Imperial Porcelain Factory.
Izithombe eziningi
Isisekelo senyanga "Zvezda"
Idizayini enemininingwane yokuqala yesisekelo eNyangeni. Umqondo wedolobha lenyanga wawucatshangelwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nama-70s. Kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kusetshenziswe isiteshi eNyangeni kuphela ngezinjongo zesayensi, nakuba empeleni isisekelo sasinamandla ezempi: sasikwazi ukuhlalisa amasistimu ezikhali ezicitshwayo kanye nemishini yokulandela umkhondo engafinyeleleki ezikhalini zasemhlabeni. Lolu hlelo lwafinyelela esigabeni salo sokugcina, kodwa ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi, ososayensi kwadingeka bawunciphise lo msebenzi.
Ngokwale phrojekthi, "isitimela senyanga" esinosomkhathi abangu-4 besizofika kuqala enyangeni. Ngosizo lwesitimela, amalungu ohambo ayezoqhuba ucwaningo oluningiliziwe ngendawo futhi aqale ukwakhiwa kwesizinda sesikhashana senyanga. Ngosizo lwezimoto ezisindayo zokwethulwa, kwakuhlelwe ukuletha amamojula ayi-9 endaweni yenyanga. Imojula ngayinye yayinenjongo ethile: ilabhorethri, indawo yokugcina izinto, ishabhu, igalaji, inkantini, indawo yosizo lokuqala enendawo yokuzivocavoca, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezintathu.
Ubude bamamojula ahlalwayo babuyi-8,6 m, ububanzi - 3,3 m; isisindo esiphelele - amathani ayi 18. Ibhulokhi elifushanisiwe elingadluli amamitha ama-4 ubude lalethwa eNyangeni khona lapho. Futhi-ke, ngenxa ye-accordion yensimbi, yelulelwa ubude obufunayo. Ingaphakathi bekufanele ligcwale ifenisha ephefumulayo, kanti amaseli aphilayo aklanyelwe abantu ababili.
Abasebenzi bemikhumbi yenyanga bakhethwa, izindiza zahlelelwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980. Konakelephi? Izimoto zokwethulwa ziphezulu. Lolu hlelo lwavalwa ngoNovemba 24, 1972, lapho ukwethulwa kwesine kwe-N-1 “lunar rocket” kwaphela kwenye ingozi. Ngokusho kwabahlaziyi, imbangela yokuqhuma kwaba ukungakwazi ukuxhumanisa inqwaba yezinjini. Lokhu kwaba ukwehluleka okukhulu kwe-S.P. Indlovukazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaklami baye babala ukuthi kuzodingeka ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-80) ohambweni lwenyanga, ukwakhiwa nokuhlala kwesisekelo senyanga. Bekukuningi kakhulu. Umqondo wokwakha isisekelo senyanga wavalwa kuze kube kamuva.
Ukubona ngeso lengqondo nemidwebo
I-OS DEMOS
Cishe ngo-1982-1983 e-Institute of Atomic Energy. U-I. V. Kurchatov ulethe ukusatshalaliswa kwesistimu yokusebenza ye-UNIX (v6 ne-v7). Ngokubandakanya ochwepheshe bezinye izinhlangano emsebenzini, ososayensi bazama ukuvumelanisa i-OS nezimo zaseSoviet: bahumushe ngesiRashiya futhi baqalise ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe basekhaya. Okokuqala, ngemishini ye-SM-4 ne-SM-1420. Ukwenza kwasendaweni kwenziwe yi-Institute for Advanced Studies yoMnyango Wemboni Yezimoto.
Ngemva kokuthi iqembu lihlanganisiwe, iphrojekthi yaqanjwa ngokuthi DEMOS (I-Interactive Unified Mobile Operating System). Kuyahlekisa ukuthi ingaphinde ibizwe nge-UNAS, njengokungathi iphikisana neqiniso lokuthi i-UNIX ithi “banayo”. Futhi i-Minavtoprom yaze yabiza uhlelo lwe-MNOS (Uhlelo Lokusebenza Oluzimele Lomshini).
I-Soviet OS ihlanganise ngempumelelo izinguqulo ezimbili ze-Unix: i-16-bit DEC PDP OS kanye nesistimu ye-VAX engu-32-bit. I-DEMOS isebenze kuzo zombili izakhiwo. Futhi lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-SM 1700, i-analogue ye-VAX 730, iqala esitshalweni saseVilnius, i-DEMOS OS yayisivele ifakwe kuyo.
Ngo-1985, inguqulo ye-DEMOS 2.0 yakhululwa, futhi ngo-1988, abathuthukisi beSoviet OS baklonyeliswa ngomklomelo weSayensi noBuchwepheshe we-USSR Council of Ministers. Kodwa ngawo-1990 umsebenzi wavalwa. Kubuhlungu vele. Phela, ubani owaziyo, ingabe intuthuko yethu ingawudlula umkhiqizo wesitha ovela kwaMicrosoft?
Izithombe eziningi
Abathuthukisi be-DEMOS ngemuva komcimbi wokuklomelisa
Kwakukhona ngisho nencwadi ngeSoviet OS. Nokunye kwakhe thenga!
Inkampani ebizwa nge-OS eyakhiwe yasinda e-USSR
Lena indawo ka-Rodchenko
Ingaphakathi le-constructivist lika-Alexander Rodchenko, elibizwa ngokuthi "I-Workers' Club", likhonjiswe e-USSR Pavilion e-International Exhibition of Decorative Arts eParis ngo-1925. Kwakuwumbukiso wokuqala omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe lapho iSoviet Union yaba nengxenye khona. U-Rodchenko udale indawo enemisebenzi eminingi ekhombisa izinhloso zomphakathi omusha obheke esikhathini esizayo. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ingaphakathi lizoba uhlobo oluyisisekelo lwamakilabhu abasebenzi, kokubili ngokuklama nokuhlela.
I-Workers' Club ayilona nje igumbi elihlotshiswe ngendlela ye-constructivist. Kwakuyifilosofi yangempela yokudala indawo lapho abasebenzi baseSoviet bengashintshana khona ngemibono, banikeze izinkulumo, bazifundise, badlale i-chess, njll. Ngokulandela ama-canon of multifunctionality, umdwebi wadala izinto ezihlangene ezingashintsha zibe ezinye.
Isibonelo, inkundla egoqayo ingase ibe indawo yezinkulumo, imidlalo, izikhathi zakusihlwa zasetiyetha, futhi ukuze kongiwe isikhala, itafula le-chess lenziwa lazungeza ukuze abadlali bakwazi ukushintsha umbala wezingcezu ngaphandle kokusukuma. Ngokusho kukaRodchenko, wayeqondiswa isimiso "esenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhambisa into emsebenzini wakhe endaweni enkulu, kanye nokuhlanganisa ngokulinganayo lapho umsebenzi usuphelile."
Kusetshenziswe imibala emine ekwakhiweni - grey, obomvu, omnyama nomhlophe. Umbala wanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu - wawugcizelela ubunjalo bezinto kanye nendlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo.
Le phrojekthi yathola indondo yesiliva, futhi ngemva kombukiso yanikezwa iQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseFrance, ngakho alikaze liboniswe eRussia. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2008, ochwepheshe baseJalimane bakha kabusha iklabhu embukisweni wabo othi "From Plane to Space. Malevich and Early Modernism”, wabe esenikela ngekhophi ku-Tretyakov Gallery.
Izithombe eziningi zehhovisi
isikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba
Indaba eyisimanga egcwele izinkanuko zobunhloli nokuqhuma okungaqondakali. Ngawo-1930, unjiniyela u-Alexander Trebelsky (ngokweminye imithombo - uTrebelev) wakhuluma kabi ngombono wokudala "indawo engaphansi komhlaba" - imoto ekwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba njengezihlangu zokudonsa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ishesha, ithule. futhi ewusizo kakhudlwana.
Ekuqaleni, u-Trebelevsky wazama ukwakha i-supercircuit eshisayo - idivayisi, uma kunesidingo, eyayikwazi ukushisa igobolondo langaphandle lesikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba futhi lishise emhlabathini oqinile. Kodwa kamuva wawuyeka lo mbono, wasungula umklamo, isimiso sokusebenza kwawo esasibolekiwe imvukuzane evamile. Lezi zilwane zimba umhlabathi ngokuzungeza izidladla zazo nekhanda, bese ziphusha umzimba wazo ngemilenze yazo yangemuva. Kulokhu, umhlaba uphonswa ezindongeni zembobo ewumphumela.
Isikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba saklanywa ngendlela efanayo. I-drill enamandla yayibekwe phezu komnsalo, phakathi kwakukhona ama-augers ayecindezela idwala ezindongeni zemithombo, futhi ngemuva kwakukhona ojeke abane abanamandla abahambisa idivayisi phambili. Ngokuzungezisa umshini wokubhola ngesivinini esingu-300 rpm, isikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba sasihamba ibanga elingamamitha angu-10 ngehora.Kwabonakala kuyimpumelelo. Kwavela ukuthi kunjalo.
Ngo-1933, uTrebelevsky waboshwa yi-NKVD ngoba ngesikhathi sohambo oluya eJalimane wahlangana nonjiniyela othile futhi waletha imidwebo esuka lapho. Kwavela ukuthi uTrebelevsky waboleka umqondo wesikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba ku-Horner von Wern futhi wazama ukukukhumbuza. Imidwebo yahlala endaweni ethile ku-NKVD. Njengonjiniyela ngokwakhe.
Imvukuzane yensimbi yakhunjulwa futhi eminyakeni yama-60: U-Nikita Khrushchev wathembisa esidlangalaleni "ukuthola ama-imperialists hhayi nje emkhathini, kodwa nangaphansi komhlaba." Izingqondo eziphambili ze-USSR zazixhunywe ukusebenza esikebheni esisha: uprofesa waseLeningrad uBabaev ngisho no-academician Sakharov. Umphumela womsebenzi onzima kwaba imoto ene-reactor yenuzi, elawulwa ithimba labasebenzi abangu-5 futhi ekwazi ukuthwala ithani leziqhumane nama-fighters angu-15. I-subterrin yahlolwa ekwindla ka-1964 e-Urals eduze neNtaba iBlagodat. Isikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba saqanjwa ngokuthi "Battle Mole".
Idivayisi ingene phansi ngesivinini somuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, yahamba cishe amakhilomitha angu-15 futhi yacekela phansi indawo engaphansi enemibandela yesitha. Amasosha nososayensi bamangala ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa. Banquma ukuphinda lokho kuhlolwa, kodwa imvukuzane yokulwa yaqhuma ngaphansi komhlaba, yabulala bonke abantu ebhodini futhi yanamathela kuze kube phakade emathunjini e-Ural. Okubangele ukuqhuma akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile, ngoba zonke izinto ezitholakala kulesi sigameko zisahlukaniswa ngokuthi "imfihlo ephezulu". Ngokunokwenzeka, injini ye-athomu yokufaka yaqhuma. Ngemuva kwesimo esiphuthumayo, isinqumo sokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwesikebhe esingaphansi komhlaba sahlehliswa, sabe sesincishiswa ngokuphelele.
Izithombe eziningi
Ingabukeka kanjani i-subterrine?
Imishini yabasebenzi
Intaba efanayo lapho ukuhlolwa kwenzeka khona
Futhi yimaphi amaphrojekthi athokozisayo, kodwa "angasusiwe", owakhumbulayo?
Yini enye ongayifunda kubhulogi?
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Bhalisela yethu -isiteshi, ukuze ungaphuthelwa yisihloko esilandelayo! Asibhali ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngesonto futhi ngebhizinisi kuphela.
Source: www.habr.com