Lapho kwakhiwa amanethiwekhi e-Ethernet, amakilasi ahlukahlukene wemishini yokushintsha asetshenziswa. Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukugqamisa ukushintshwa okungalawulwa - amadivaysi alula akuvumela ukuthi uhlele ngokushesha nangempumelelo ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi encane ye-Ethernet. Lesi sihloko sihlinzeka ngemininingwane eningiliziwe yokushintsha kwezimboni ezingaphethwe ezingeni lokungena zochungechunge lwe-EKI-2000.
Isingeniso
I-Ethernet sekuyisikhathi eside iyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi inethiwekhi yezimboni. Leli zinga, elivela embonini ye-IT, lenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthela ezingeni elisha lekhwalithi yenhlangano yenethiwekhi. Isivinini sinyukile, ukwethembeka kunyukile, futhi amathuba okuphathwa kwengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi sekuvele. Abadali bezivumelwano zokudluliswa kwedatha abaphoqwanga ukuthi balinde isikhathi eside. Cishe zonke izivumelwano ezinkulu zezimboni, njenge-Modbus TCP, EtherNet/IP, IEC 60870-5-104, PROFINET, DNP3, njll., zisebenzisa imodeli ye-OSI efanayo noma efanayo njengesisekelo. Umthwalo okhokhelwayo ufakwa ohlakeni bese udluliselwa ngenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet. Cishe sonke isilawuli sesimanje, inzwa ehlakaniphile noma iphaneli ye-opharetha ifakwe isixhumi esibonakalayo se-Ethernet sokuxhuma kunethiwekhi yegama elifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokombono, inethiwekhi yezimboni ingasebenzisa amadivaysi e-Ethernet ajwayelekile angatholakala kunethiwekhi yezinkampani, ihhovisi, noma imbala yasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, sekunesikhathi eside kwakhiwa isigaba esikhulu samadivayisi aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngokuqondile namanethiwekhi afana ne-Industrial Ethernet. Kuhlanganisa amadivaysi enethiwekhi aguqulelwe ukusebenza ngokuqondile endaweni yezimboni, ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka, amazinga amancane okubambezeleka, kanye nokuhlangabezana namazinga emboni ahlukahlukene adingwa imboni ethile. Kulesi simo, iyunithi "yokulwa" eyinhloko, njengomthetho, i-switch ye-Ethernet yezimboni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukushintshwa kuyithuluzi elivumela ukwethembeka futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuxhumana okusheshayo phakathi kwezingxenye namanodi enethiwekhi yezimboni.
Shintsha - isixazululo esilungile senethiwekhi yezimboni
Ukushintsha kwezimboni, noma ukushintshwa, kuyithuluzi eliyinhloko elisetshenziselwa ukwakha inethiwekhi yezimboni. Kungani ukushintsha? Phela, kukhona amanye amadivaysi enethiwekhi, isibonelo ihabhu (ihabhu) noma i-router (i-router). Konke kumayelana nesivinini kanye nokusebenza. Idivayisi eshesha kakhulu esohlwini ihabhu; esikhathini esithile esedlule lolu hlobo lwedivayisi beludume kakhulu ngenxa yentengo yalo ephansi. Eqinisweni, ihabhu iphindaphinda ama-multiport; isebenza ezingeni elibonakalayo ngokuya ngemodeli yenethiwekhi ye-OSI futhi idlulisela idatha etholiwe kuzo zonke izimbobo ezixhunyiwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lolu hlelo luvumela ukubambezeleka okuncane kunethiwekhi, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthwalo kunethiwekhi uyakhula, njengoba ukusakazwa ngalokhu kuqaliswa kuvela kusakazwa. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekwehleni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi. I-router, yona, iyidivayisi esebenza ezingeni lenethiwekhi ngokuya ngemodeli ye-OSI futhi inomsebenzi ocebile kakhulu ovumela ukwakhiwa kwemizila yokudlulisa ithrafikhi. Ukusebenza okunjalo kudinga ukusebenza okuphezulu kwedivayisi, njengoba iphakethe lolwazi liyahlaziywa kusukela kunhlokweni yeleveli yesi-3 yemodeli ye-OSI nangaphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubambezeleka kuba isikhathi eside, njengoba ukuqaliswa kuma-routers ezikhathini eziningi kuyi-software, intengo iphakeme ngokwemvelo, futhi ukusebenza okunjalo kuyadingeka ezingeni eliyinhloko lenethiwekhi.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukushintsha kwamazinga ahlukahlukene nokusebenza sekuyinto esakazeke kakhulu kumanethiwekhi e-Ethernet yezimboni. Iswishi iyidivayisi ehlakaniphile kunehabhu futhi ishesha kunerutha ngoba isebenza kungqimba yesixhumanisi ngokuya ngemodeli ye-OSI. Ithrafikhi isatshalaliswa ngokucacile futhi ithunyelwe ngokuqondile kumamukeli, okuqeda umthwalo ongadingekile kumpahla yenethiwekhi, okuvumela ezinye izingxenye ukuthi zingacubunguli idatha engahlosiwe yona. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokuhlaziya umthumeli namakheli e-MAC endawo aqukethwe kuhlaka ngalunye lwedatha edluliswayo. Lokhu kushintsha kukuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele ukubambezeleka okuncane ekusabalaliseni kwethrafikhi kuyilapho ugcina ileveli yentengo eyamukelekayo.
Enkumbulweni yayo, inkinobho iqukethe itafula (ithebula le-CAM), elibonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwekheli le-MAC lomsingathi kanye nechweba elingokoqobo le-switch, elinciphisa ngokunembile umthwalo kunethiwekhi, njengoba inkinobho yazi kahle ukuthi iyiphi ichweba. ukudlulisa iphakethe ledatha kuyo. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi uma inkinobho ivuliwe noma iqalwa kabusha, isebenza kumodi yokuqeqesha, njengoba itafula lokuxhumana alinalutho. Kule modi, idatha eza enguqulweni ithunyelwa kuzo zonke ezinye izimbobo, futhi iswishi iyahlaziya bese ifaka ikheli le-MAC lomthumeli etafuleni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithrafikhi yenziwa eyasendaweni njengoba iswishi ihlanganisa ithebula lemephu yekheli le-MAC eliphelele lazo zonke izimbobo.
Manje abakhiqizi abaningi bemishini yenethiwekhi yamanethiwekhi ezimboni banikeza ukushintshwa njengamadivayisi okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanodi enethiwekhi. Iphothifoliyo ihlanganisa ukushintsha kokusebenza okuhlukahlukene; njengomthetho, kukhona ukushintsha okungalawulwa, okuphethwe kanye neleveli ye-L3. Futhi uma ama-switch e-L3 esetshenziswa njengenye indlela yama-routers ezingeni eliwumgogodla wenethiwekhi futhi yizinkinga ezikhethekile kuphela ezihlotshaniswa nokukhetha kwazo, khona-ke ukukhetha phakathi kweswishi ephethwe nengalawulwa kwehla encazelweni efanele yemisebenzi okufanele idivayisi yenethiwekhi isebenze. xazulula. Okulandelayo, sizobheka umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwamaswishi aphethwe nangaphethwe.
Amaswishi aphethwe futhi angaphethwe
Amaswishi aphethwe futhi angaphethwe empeleni angamadivayisi amabili ahlukene asebenza ezingeni le-L2 lemodeli ye-OSI. Iswishi engaphethwe iklanyelwe ukusabalalisa ngokuzenzakalela isivinini kanye nethrafikhi edluliswayo ngokulinganayo kubo bonke ababambiqhaza benethiwekhi. Lesi yisixazululo esilungile samanethiwekhi anenombolo encane yamadivayisi wokugcina; izinzuzo zifaka:
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuphuma okuphezulu kwenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet;
- isikhathi esifushane sokuphendula;
- Ukulula kokulawula;
- ukutholakala komsebenzi ongeziwe wokulawulwa kokugeleza kwedatha.
I-switch ephethwe inezindleko eziphakeme, isetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi amakhulu futhi inamandla okulawula ngokugcwele ithrafikhi edlulisiwe, isivinini, futhi inamandla okuphatha engeziwe. Eqinisweni, lesi yisixazululo esilungile sezigaba zenethiwekhi lapho kudingeka khona ukusebenza okwengeziwe kokuhlukaniswa, ukuphindaphinda, ukuphepha kolwazi, njll. Ngokungafani neswishi engaphethwe, iswishi ephethwe kufanele imiswe ngokucacisa inani lezilungiselelo ezengeziwe neziyisibopho.
Amaswishi angaphethwe angamathuluzi okufaka nokudlala angadingi ukumiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi noma ulwazi olujulile. Zikuvumela ukuthi uhlele ngokushesha ukushintshana phakathi kwemishini kunethiwekhi ye-Ethernet ngaphandle kwezilungiselelo ezengeziwe. Lezi zinguquko zivumela amadivayisi e-Ethernet ukuthi axhumane (njengama-PLC nama-HMI), anikeze uxhumano kunethiwekhi kanye nokudlulisa ulwazi endaweni okuyiwa kuyo ukusuka kumthumeli. Ziza nokucushwa okugxilile futhi azivumeli noma yiziphi izinguquko kuzilungiselelo, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokubeka phambili ozimele noma ukwenza ukumisa okwengeziwe.
Amaswishi angaphethwe asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuxhuma amadivaysi e-peripheral kuma-network spurs noma kunethiwekhi encane emele yodwa enezingxenye ezimbalwa. Ezimweni zezimboni, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amaswishi ahambisana nezidingo ezithile.
Ukushintshwa kwezimboni zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene zezimboni ezifana nokuphehla ugesi, uwoyela negesi, ezokuthutha ngololiwe nengqalasizinda, njll. Aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukusebenza ebangeni elibanzi lamazinga okushisa, ukudlidliza nokushaqeka futhi anikele ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi evikelekile engabizi nethembekile.
Ukushintshwa kochungechunge lwe-Advantech
Izimboni zishintsha uchungechunge lwe-Advantech zingamadivayisi ezinga lokungena futhi aklanyelwe ukuhlela ngokushesha ukusebenzisana kwamadivayisi ngokwakha inethiwekhi ye-Ethernet. Okwamanje ikuchungechunge Amadivayisi angaphezu kuka-25 afakiwe, ithebula elingezansi libonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwenombolo ye-oda.
Kulesi simo, amaswishi angahlonyiswa ngazo zombili izimbobo ze-RJ-45 nezimbobo zokubona zokudlulisa idatha nge-fiber yemodi eyodwa kanye ne-multimode, isivinini esiphezulu singafinyelela ku-1 Gbit/s.
Ukusebenza kochungechunge lwamaswishi
Ukusebenza kokushintsha okungalawulwa ngokuvamile akuyona into engavamile. Kodwa-ke, ake sithole ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi esatholakala kumaswishi ochungechunge lwe-Advantech .
Ukutholwa okuzenzakalelayo kohlobo lokuxhumeka kwe-MDI/MDI-X
Lesi sici sikuvumela ukuthi uxhume noma yiluphi uhlobo lwedivayisi ye-Ethernet kumaswishi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngohlobo lwekhebula: iqonde noma i-crossover.
Ngokuvamile, ikhebula "eliqondile" lisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma i-adaptha yenethiwekhi kumishini yenethiwekhi ye-L2 (ihabhu noma inkinobho). Ukuxhuma amadivaysi amabili enethiwekhi afanayo komunye nomunye noma, isibonelo, i-adaptha yenethiwekhi kumzila, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ikhebula le-crossover. Ukuba khona komsebenzi we-MDI/MDI-X kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise noma yiluphi uhlobo lwekhebula ngokushintsha.
Ukutholwa okuzenzakalelayo kohlobo lwenethiwekhi (Ukuxoxisana okuzenzakalelayo)
Lo msebenzi, olandela i-MDI/MDI-X, ungowe-Plug and Play futhi ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlobo lwenethiwekhi nesivinini sokudlulisela esinikezwa yizinga le-Ethernet. Ngokwenza, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba inethiwekhi ekhona ingasebenzisa imishini enezici ezihlukahlukene zejubane, kusukela ku-10 Mbit / s kuya ku-1 Gbit / s. I-Auto-Negotiation yenza impilo ibe lula kakhulu kubasebenzisi benethiwekhi. Idivayisi ngokwayo "izoxoxisana" ngesivinini nomngcele wayo "umakhelwane we-Ethernet".
Sakaza Ukuvikelwa Kwesiphepho
Ukuvikela isiphepho sokusakaza nakho kuyisici esiwusizo kakhulu kumaswishi. Isiphepho sokusakaza ngokuvamile sibangelwa amaluphu kunethiwekhi yendawo noma ukuziphatha okungalungile komunye wabahlanganyeli benethiwekhi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inethiwekhi izogcwaliswa ngenani elikhulu lamafreyimu angenamsebenzi, okuzothinta isivinini sayo.
Isici sokuvikela isiphepho esisakazwayo sihlunga ngokuzenzakalelayo amafreyimu okusakaza. Futhi lapho ithrafikhi yokusakaza idlula umkhawulo othile, inethiwekhi isasebenza ngoba iswishi igcina ngokuzenzakalelayo umkhawulokudonsa ukuze udlulise amafreyimu avamile.
Sakaza isici sokuvikela isiphepho kumaswishi angaphethwe inikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalela. Ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngamavelu e-threshold wemodeli ngayinye kufanele lucaciswe kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yomkhiqizi.
I-P-Fail edluliselwe
Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi amamodeli amaningi ochungechungeni yakhelwe ububanzi bevoltheji yokufaka engu-12β¦48 V DC. Okokufaka kuyimpinda futhi kuvikelwe ekuguqulweni kwe-polarity, kanye nakuma-overcurrent ngendlela ye-fuse ezihlela kabusha. Kukhona isiqhathanisi se-voltage kokokufaka, futhi lapho i-voltage isetshenziswa kukho kokubili okokufaka, isiqhathanisi sikhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo inani eliphakeme futhi senze lokhu okokufaka kube okuyinhloko. Lapho i-voltage kwenye yezinto ezifakiwe ihluleka noma lapho izinga layo lehla ngaphansi kwe-12 V, inkinobho ishintshela ngokuzenzakalelayo esiteshini sesibili futhi ivale i-P-Fail relay. Lo msebenzi ikuvumela ukuthi uqaphe isimo senethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla kwamaswishi futhi ubonise ngokushesha ukusebenza okungavamile.
Isibonisi se-LED
Lesi sici sikuvumela ukuthi uhlole isimo seswishi ngokuyihlola ngokuyibuka. Imbobo ngayinye yedatha yeswishi yochungechunge inama-LED amabili okubonisa isivinini sokudlulisa, isimo sokuxhuma kanye nesimo sokushayisana okungenzeka. Kukhona nama-LED aphinda ama-relay e-P-Fail, asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho enye yamasekhethi kagesi ephukile.
I-PoE (Power-over-Ethernet)
Kumaswishi amaningi angaphethwe ochungechungeni Umsebenzi we-Power-over-Ethernet uqalisiwe. Ikuvumela ukuthi unikeze amandla kumadivayisi akude ngokuya ngezindinganiso ze-IEEE 802.3af kanye ne-IEEE 802.3at (PoE+), lapho kusetshenziswa ulayini wokudlulisa osontekile wesigaba 5e nangaphezulu njengentambo yamandla. Kutuswa ukusebenzisa inani elivamile le-53...57 VDC njengenethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla kulawa mashishi ukuze kugwenywe ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kulayini.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-EMI ne-ESD eyakhelwe ngaphakathi
Shintsha uchungechunge ube nesistimu yokuhlunga eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuze uvikeleke ekuphazamisekeni kwe-electromagnetic kanye ne-static voltage. Ngolayini wamandla, iswishi ingaqinisekisa ukusebenza ngesikhathi somsindo wesikhashana ofinyelela ku-3000 V DC, kanye nangesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-electrostatic kumachweba we-RJ-45 kufika ku-4000 V.
Okwakhayo
Impela wonke amaswishi ochungechungeni ube nendlu yensimbi eqinile enezinga lokuvikela IP30. Uchungechunge lwesakhiwo ingenziwa ngezinguqulo ezimbili, lokhu kungaba inguqulo yokukhwezwa kumzila wesitimela we-DIN noma ukukhwezwa ku-rack engu-19'. Konke ukukhweza okudingekayo kufakwe kukhithi. Futhi, amaswishi aklanyelwe ukukhwezwa kumzila wesitimela we-DIN angafakwa kuphaneli; okokukhweza kuyahlinzekwa.
isiphetho
Amaswishi angalawulwa yizimboni angamadivayisi aguqulelwe ukusebenza ikakhulukazi endaweni yezimboni. Banikeza ukuxhumana okuthembekile nokusheshayo phakathi kwamanodi e-Ethernet, futhi akudingi izilungiselelo ezengeziwe nokucushwa. Okwamanje, ukushintshwa okungalawulwa kuyithuluzi lenethiwekhi elilula elibiza kancane elingaxazulula inani elikhulu impela lemisebenzi eyisisekelo ehlobene nokuhlela ukushintshana ngenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet. Akukho ukucushwa okudingekayo; udinga nje ukususa iswishi ebhokisini bese uxhuma zonke izixhumi ezidingekayo.
I-Advantech Unmanaged Switch Series , okuyingxenye echaziwe yamadivayisi, isekela imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile nedingekayo, njengokutholwa okuzenzakalelayo kohlobo lokuxhumeka kwe-MDI/MDI-X, ukutholwa okuzenzakalelayo kohlobo lwenethiwekhi (I-Auto-Negotiation), ukuvikela isiphepho sokusakaza, i-PoE, ukuvikelwa ngokumelene nokuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic kanye namazinga e-electrostatic, njll. Kuhlanganiswe, yonke le misebenzi ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo zokuhlela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwenethiwekhi nama-node okuphela.
Isibonelo sohlelo lokusebenza
Elinye lamakhasimende e-Advantech . Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono okuxhumana kwedatha kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko ezihlobene, i-CNPC ikhethe isixazululo sokuqapha nokulawula kwendawo kawoyela ye-Advantech. Idatha idluliselwa ngenethiwekhi yeselula isuka ensimini iye esikhungweni sokulawula. Amarutha afakwe namaswishi emakhabetheni aseduze nama-pump bays, ahlinzeka ngoxhumano lwenethiwekhi lwemishini yasensimini njengamakhamera, ama-PLC, ama-RTU namanye amadivaysi.
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Umbhali uyisisebenzi senkampani
Source: www.habr.com