UMaurice Herlihy - umnikazi ababili Imiklomelo ye-Dijkstra. Esokuqala esomsebenzi "Ukuvumelanisa Okungalindeli" (Brown University) kanye neyesibili, yakamuva, - "Inkumbulo Yokwenziwayo: Ukusekelwa Kwezakhiwo Zezakhiwo Zedatha Engakhiyiwe" (Virginia Tech University). Umklomelo we-Dijkstra unikezwa ngemisebenzi ukubaluleka kwayo nomthelela oye wabonakala okungenani iminyaka eyishumi futhi, ngokusobala, uMaurice ungomunye wochwepheshe abadume kakhulu kulo mkhakha. Njengamanje ungusolwazi eBrown University futhi unezinto azifezile isikhathi eside. Manje uhlanganyela ocwaningweni lwe-blockchain kumongo we-computing esakazwa yakudala.

Ngaphambilini, uMaurice usevele eze eRussia nge-SPTCC (ikhasethi yevidiyo) futhi wenze umhlangano omuhle kakhulu womphakathi wonjiniyela we-JUG.ru Java e-St.ikhasethi yevidiyo).

Le habrapost iyingxoxo enhle no-Maurice Herlihy. Ixoxa ngezihloko ezilandelayo:

• Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezemfundo nezimboni;
• Isisekelo socwaningo lwe-blockchain;
• Ivelaphi imibono yokuphumelela? Ithonya lokuthandwa;
• PhD ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaBarbara Liskov;
• Umhlaba ulinde ama-multi-core;
• Umhlaba omusha, izinkinga ezintsha. I-NVM, i-NUMA kanye nokugetshengwa kwezakhiwo;
• Ama-Compilers vs CPUs, RISC vs CISC, inkumbulo eyabiwe vs ukudlula komlayezo;
• Ubuciko bokubhala amakhodi anemicu eminingi entekenteke;
• Ubafundisa kanjani abafundi ukuthi bayibhala kanjani ikhodi eyinkimbinkimbi enemicu eminingi;
• Uhlelo olusha lwencwadi ethi "The Art of Multiprocessor Programming";
• Yasungulwa kanjani inkumbulo yokuthengiselana?   
• Kungani kufaneleka ukwenza ucwaningo emkhakheni we-computing esabalalisiwe;
• Ingabe ukuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms kumile, nokuthi ungaphila kanjani;
• Sebenza eBrown University;
• Umehluko phakathi kocwaningo lwenyuvesi nolwezinkampani;
• IHydra ne-SPTDC.

Izingxoxo zenziwa ngu:

Vitaly Aksenov - okwamanje uyi-post-doc e-IST Austria kanye nomsebenzi woMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe Bekhompyutha e-ITMO University. Uzibandakanya ocwaningweni emkhakheni wethiyori kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlaka zedatha ezincintisanayo. Ngaphambi kokujoyina i-IST, uthole i-PhD yakhe e-Paris Diderot University kanye ne-ITMO University ngaphansi kukaProf. Petr Kuznetsov.

Alexey Fedorov ungumkhiqizi e-JUG Ru Group, inkampani yaseRussia ehlela izingqungquthela zabathuthukisi. U-Alexey wabamba iqhaza ekulungiseleleni izingqungquthela ezingaphezu kuka-50, futhi ukuqhubeka kwakhe kuqukethe yonke into kusukela esikhundleni sikanjiniyela wezokuthuthukiswa e-Oracle (JCK, Java Platform Group) esikhundleni sonjiniyela e-Odnoklassniki.

UVladimir Sitnikov ungunjiniyela kwaNetcracker. Sekuyiminyaka eyishumi esebenza ekusebenzeni nasekulinganiseni kwe-NetCracker OS, isofthiwe esetshenziswa opharetha be-telecom ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo zokuphatha inethiwekhi kanye nenethiwekhi. Unentshisekelo ezindabeni zokusebenza kwe-Java ne-Oracle Database. Umbhali wentuthuko yokusebenza engaphezu kweshumi nambili kumshayeli osemthethweni we-PostgreSQL JDBC.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezemfundo nezimboni

U-Alexey: Maurice, usunesikhathi eside usebenza esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme futhi umbuzo wokuqala umayelana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezemfundo nezimboni. Ungasitshela ukuthi ukusebenzelana phakathi kwabo kushintshe kanjani muva nje? Kwakuyini eminyakeni engu-20-30 edlule futhi kwenzekani manje? 

UMaurice: Bengilokhu ngizama ukusebenzelana eduze nezinkampani zezentengiselwano ngoba zinezinselele ezithakazelisayo. Njengomthetho, abanasithakazelo kakhulu ekushicileleni imiphumela yabo noma ekuchazeni okuningiliziwe kwezinkinga zabo emphakathini womhlaba. Banentshisekelo yokuxazulula lezi zinkinga kuphela. Ngasebenza kwezinye zalezi zinkampani isikhashana. Ngichithe iminyaka emihlanu ngisebenza isikhathi esigcwele elebhu yocwaningo eDigital Equipment Corporation, eyayiyinkampani enkulu yamakhompyutha. Ngangisebenza usuku olulodwa ngesonto e-Sun, kwaMicrosoft, e-Oracle, ngisebenza kancane ku-Facebook. Manje ngizothatha ikhefu lesabatha (uprofesa waseyunivesithi yaseMelika uvunyelwe ukuthatha iholidi elinjalo isikhathi esingangonyaka cishe kanye eminyakeni eyisithupha) futhi ngisebenze Algorand, lena yinkampani ye-cryptocurrency e-Boston. Ukusebenza eduze nezinkampani bekulokhu kuyintokozo, ngoba yileyo ndlela ofunda ngayo ngezinto ezintsha nezithokozisayo. Ngokuvamile ungaba umuntu wokuqala noma wesibili ukushicilela isihloko ngesihloko esikhethiwe, esikhundleni sokuthuthukisa kancane kancane izixazululo zezinkinga wonke umuntu asevele esebenza kuzo.

U-Alexey: Ungasitshela kabanzi mayelana nokuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani?

UMbongeni: Yebo. Uyazi, ngenkathi ngise-Digital Equipment Corporation, mina no-Elliot Moss, sasungula inkumbulo yokwenziwayo. Kwakuyisikhathi esithela kakhulu lapho wonke umuntu eqala ukuba nesithakazelo kubuchwepheshe bolwazi. I-Concurrency ifakiwe, nakuba amasistimu anezingqikithi eziningi ayengakatholakali. Ngezinsuku ze-Sun ne-Oracle, ngenza umsebenzi omningi ekwakhiweni kwedatha efanayo. Ku-Facebook, ngibambe iqhaza kuphrojekthi yabo ye-blockchain, engingakwazi ukukhuluma ngayo kodwa ngethemba ukuthi izovela esidlangalaleni maduze. Ngonyaka ozayo, e-Algorand, ngizobe ngisebenza ethimbeni labacwaningi elifunda izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile.

U-Alexey: Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, i-blockchain isibe yisihloko esithandwa kakhulu. Ingabe luzosiza ucwaningo lwakho? Mhlawumbe kuzokwenza kube lula ukuthola izibonelelo noma ukunikeza ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zezinkampani ezisebenza embonini?

UMaurice: Sengivele ngithole isibonelelo esincane esivela ku-Ethereum Foundation. Ukuthandwa kwe-blockchain kuyasiza kakhulu ekukhuthazeni abafundi ukuthi basebenze kulo mkhakha. Banesithakazelo esikhulu kulo futhi bayakujabulela ukuba nengxenye, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi abaqapheli ukuthi ucwaningo oluzwakala kulinga ngaphandle luhilela umsebenzi onzima ngempela. Kodwa-ke, ngijabule kakhulu ukusebenzisa yonke le-mystique ezungeze i-blockchain, kuyasiza ukuheha abafundi. 

Kodwa akugcini lapho. Ngisebhodini labaluleki labaqaphi abambalwa be-blockchain. Abanye babo bangase baphumelele, abanye babo bangase bangaphumeleli, kodwa kuhlale kuthakazelisa kakhulu ukubona imibono yabo, ukuyitadisha nokweluleka abantu. Okujabulisa kakhulu yilapho uxwayisa abantu ukuthi bangenzi okuthile. Izinto eziningi zibonakala ziwumqondo omuhle ekuqaleni, kodwa ingabe zinjalo ngempela?

Isisekelo socwaningo lwe-blockchain

Vitaly: Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi i-blockchain nama-algorithms ayo kuyikusasa. Futhi abanye abantu bathi elinye ibhamuza nje. Ungakwazi ukwabelana ngemibono yakho ngalolu daba?

UMaurice: Okuningi okwenzekayo emhlabeni we-blockchain akusebenzi kahle, okunye kuwumkhonyovu nje, izinto eziningi zeqile. Nokho, ngicabanga ukuthi kunesisekelo esiqinile sesayensi salezi zifundo. Iqiniso lokuthi izwe le-blockchain ligcwele ukuhlukana kwemibono libonisa izinga lokujabula nokuzinikela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akuzuzisi ngokukhethekile ucwaningo lwesayensi. Manje, uma ushicilela i-athikili ekhuluma ngokushiyeka kwe-algorithm ethile, ukusabela okutholiwe akuhlali kwesayensi ngokugcwele. Ngokuvamile abantu baveza imizwa yabo. Ngicabanga ukuthi i-hype enjalo kule ndawo ingase ibonakale ikhanga kwabanye, kodwa ekugcineni, kunezinkinga zangempela zesayensi nezobunjiniyela okusamele zixazululwe. Kukhona i-Computer Science eningi lapha.

Vitaliy: Ngakho-ke uzama ukubeka isisekelo socwaningo lwe-blockchain, akunjalo?

UMaurice: Ngizama ukubeka isisekelo sesiyalo esiqinile, ngokwesayensi nangokwezibalo. Futhi ingxenye yenkinga ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi kufanele uphikise ezinye zezikhundla ezinokhahlo ngokweqile zabanye abantu, ungazinaki. Ngezinye izikhathi abantu bangibuza ukuthi kungani ngisebenza emkhakheni wamaphekula nabadayisi bezidakamizwa kuphela abanentshisekelo kuwo. Ukusabela okunjalo akunangqondo njengokuziphatha kwabalandeli abaphinda amazwi akho ngobumpumputhe. Ngicabanga ukuthi iqiniso likhona endaweni ethile phakathi. I-Blockchain isazoba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini nasemnothweni womhlaba. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke ngenxa yobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buzothuthuka futhi lokho okuzobizwa ngokuthi i-blockchain esikhathini esizayo kuzoba okubaluleke kakhulu. Mhlawumbe ngeke kuze kubukeke njengama-blockchains esimanje, lowo ngumbuzo ovulekile.

Uma abantu besungula ubuchwepheshe obusha, bazoqhubeka nokubiza ngokuthi i-blockchain. Ngisho, njengeFortran yanamuhla ayihlanganise lutho nolimi lweFortran kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960, kodwa wonke umuntu ulokhu eyibiza ngeFortran. Okufanayo ku-UNIX. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "blockchain" kusazowenza uguquko. Kodwa ngiyangabaza ukuthi le blockchain entsha izofana nalokho wonke umuntu athanda ukukusebenzisa namuhla.

Ivelaphi imibono yokuphumelela? Umthelela wokuduma

U-Alexey: Ingabe ukuthandwa kwe-blockchain kuholele emiphumeleni emisha ngokombono wesayensi? Ukusebenzisana okwengeziwe, abafundi abaningi, izinkampani eziningi endaweni. Ingabe ikhona imiphumela yalokhu kukhula kokuduma kakade?

UMurice: Ngaba nesithakazelo kulokhu lapho othile enginika ipheshana elisemthethweni lenkampani eyayisanda kwenza imali eningi. Ubhale mayelana umsebenzi wojenene baseByzantiumengijwayelene kakhulu nakho. Okubhalwe epheshaneni kwakungalungile ngokobuchwepheshe. Abantu ababhale lokhu abazange baqonde ngempela imodeli ebangela le nkinga... nokho le nkampani iqoqe imali eningi. Kamuva, inkampani ithule yashintsha leli pheshana yafaka inguqulo elungile kakhulu - futhi ngeke ngisho ukuthi laliyini igama lale nkampani. Zisekhona futhi zenza kahle kakhulu. Leli cala langiqinisekisa ukuthi, okokuqala, i-blockchain imane nje iwuhlobo lwekhompiyutha esabalalisiwe. Okwesibili, umkhawulo wokungena (ngaleso sikhathi, eminyakeni emine edlule) wawuphansi kakhulu. Abantu abasebenza kule ndawo babenomdlandla futhi bekhaliphile, kodwa babengawafundi amaphepha esayensi. Bazama ukuqamba kabusha izinto ezaziwa futhi bakwenza kabi. Namuhla idrama yehlisiwe.

U-Alexey: Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba eminyakeni embalwa edlule sasinomkhuba ohlukile. Kufana nokuthuthukiswa kwe-front-end, lapho abathuthukisi bokusebenzelana kwesiphequluli basungula kabusha bonke ubuchwepheshe obabuvele budumile ngasemuva ngaleso sikhathi: ukwakha amasistimu, ukuhlanganisa okuqhubekayo, nezinto ezinjalo. 

UMbongeni: Ngiyavuma. Kodwa lokhu akumangazi, ngoba imibono ephumelelayo ihlale ivela ngaphandle komphakathi osungulwe. Abacwaningi abasunguliwe, ikakhulukazi iziphathimandla ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme, mancane amathuba okuba benze noma yini evusa amadlingozi ngempela. Kulula ukubhala umbiko wenkomfa elandelayo mayelana nendlela oyithuthukise ngayo kancane imiphumela yomsebenzi wakho odlule. Iya engqungqutheleni, hlanganani nabangani, nikhulume ngezinto ezifanayo. Futhi abantu abagqekeza ngemibono yokuphumelela cishe njalo baphuma ngaphandle. Abayazi imithetho, abalwazi ulimi, kodwa noma kunjalo ... Uma ungaphakathi komphakathi osungulwe, ngikweluleka ukuthi unake izinto ezintsha, into engahambisani nenkulu. isithombe. Ngomqondo othile, kungenziwa umzamo wokuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwangaphandle, okuwuketshezi okwengeziwe namasu esiwaqonda kakade. Njengesinyathelo sokuqala, zama ukwakha isisekelo sesayensi, bese usiguqula ukuze sisetshenziswe emibonweni emisha yempumelelo. Ngicabanga ukuthi i-blockchain inhle endimeni yombono omusha wempumelelo.

U-Alexei: Ucabanga ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Ngoba abantu "abangaphandle" abanazo izithiyo ezithile ezikhona emphakathini?

UMbongeni: Kunephethini lapha. Uma ufunda umlando we-Impressionists emidwebo kanye nobuciko ngokujwayelekile, khona-ke ngesikhathi esisodwa abaculi abadumile benqaba impressionism. Bathi kuwubuntwana obuthile. Ngemva kwesizukulwane, lolu hlobo lobuciko olwanqatshwa ngaphambili lwaba indinganiso. Engikubonayo ensimini yami: abasunguli be-blockchain babengenasithakazelo emandleni, ekuqedeni ukushicilelwa kanye nenkomba yokucaphuna, babefuna ukwenza okuthile okuhle. Basebehlala phansi baqala ukukwenza. Babentula inani elithile lokujula kobuchwepheshe, kodwa lokho kuyalungiseka. Kunzima kakhulu ukuqhamuka nemibono emisha yokuqamba kunokulungisa nokukhulisa leyo engavuthiwe ngokwanele. Ngenxa yalaba basunguli, manje kukhona okumele ngikwenze!

U-Alexey: Lokhu kufana nomehluko phakathi kwamaphrojekthi okuqala namaphrojekthi wefa. Sithola ifa lokulinganiselwa emicabangweni eminingi, izithiyo, izidingo ezikhethekile, njalo njalo.

UMaurice: Isifaniso esihle yi-computing esabalalisiwe. Cabanga nge-blockchain njengokungathi iqala futhi isabalalisa ikhompiyutha njengenkampani enkulu esunguliwe. Ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe isendleleni yokuthengwa futhi ihlanganiswe ne-blockchain.

PhD ngaphansi kukaBarbara Liskov

Vitaliy: Sisenemibuzo eminingi! Besicwaninga nge-bio yakho futhi sathola iqiniso elithakazelisayo mayelana ne-PhD yakho. Yebo, kwakukudala, kodwa isihloko sibonakala sibalulekile. Uthole i-PhD yakho ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka UBarbara Liskov! UBarbara udume kakhulu emphakathini wokuthuthukiswa kolimi, futhi ungumuntu odume kakhulu ngokujwayelekile. Kunengqondo ukuthi ucwaningo lwakho belukumkhakha wezilimi zokuhlela. Ushintshe kanjani ku-parallel computing? Kungani unqume ukushintsha isihloko?

UMbongeni: Ngaleso sikhathi, uBarbara neqembu lakhe babesanda kubuka ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe, okwakuwumbono omusha kakhulu. Kukhona nabathi i-computing esabalalisiwe iyimbudane, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha akusho lutho. Enye yezinkinga ezicatshangelwa kumakhompuyutha asabalalisiwe, okubahlukanisa nekhompiyutha eyodwa, ukubekezelela amaphutha. Ngemva kocwaningo oluningi, sinqume ukuthi ngolimi lohlelo lwekhompuyutha esabalalisiwe, udinga ukuba nento efana nokuthengiselana kwe-athomu, ngoba awusoze waqiniseka ukuthi ikholi ekude izophumelela. Uma usunemisebenzi, kunenkinga yokulawulwa kwe-concurrency. Bese kuba nomsebenzi omningi ekutholeni izakhiwo zedatha yohwebo ehambisana kakhulu. Kwathi uma ngiqeda ngaya UCarnegie Mellon futhi waqala ukufuna isihloko somsebenzi. Kwafika kimina ukuthi ikhompuyutha isuke kukhompyutha ngayinye yaya kumanethiwekhi amakhompyutha. Ukuqhubeka kwemvelo kwenqubekelaphambili kungaba ama-multiprocessors - igama elithi "multi-core" lalingekho ngaleso sikhathi. Ngacabanga: yini elingana nokuthengiselana kwe-athomu yesistimu ye-multi-core? Nakanjani ukuthengiselana akukona okwejwayelekile, ngoba kukhulu kakhulu futhi kuyasinda. Futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngathola umqondo umugqa futhi yileyo ndlela engiqhamuke ngayo nakho konke ukuvumelanisa okungalindi. Bekuwumzamo wokuphendula umbuzo wokuthi iyini i-analogue yokuthengiselana kwe-athomu yesistimu ye-multiprocessor enenkumbulo eyabiwe. Uma uthi nhlá, lo msebenzi ungase ubukeke uhluke kakhulu, kodwa eqinisweni uwukuqhubeka kwendikimba efanayo.

Umhlaba ulinde ama-multi-core

U-Vitaly: Ushilo ukuthi ayemancane kakhulu amakhompyutha ane-multi-core ngaleso sikhathi, akunjalo?

UMbongeni: Zazingekho. Kwakukhona okuthiwa ama-symmetrical multiprocessors, ayexhunywe ebhasini elifanayo. Akusebenzanga kahle kakhulu, ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi uma inkampani entsha idala into efana nale, i-Intel ikhipha iphrosesa eyodwa edlula i-multiprocessor.

U-Alexei: Ingabe lokhu akusho ukuthi ngalezo zikhathi zasendulo, kwakuwucwaningo lwethiyori?

UMaurice: Kwakungelona inkolelo-mbono, kodwa kwakuwucwaningo lokuqagela. Konke lokhu kwakungekona mayelana nokusebenza ngamathiyori amaningi, kunalokho, sibeka phambili imibono mayelana nezakhiwo ezazingekho ngaleso sikhathi. Yilokho ucwaningo olwenzelwe! Ayikho inkampani ebingenza lokhu, konke bekungokuthile okusuka kude. Eqinisweni, lokhu kwaze kwaba ngu-2004, lapho kwavela khona ama-multi-core processors. Ngenxa yokuthi amaphrosesa ashisa ngokweqile, ungenza iphrosesa ibe mncane kakhulu, kodwa awukwazi ukuyenza ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaba khona ukushintshela kuma-multi-core architectures. Futhi-ke kwakusho ukuthi kungazelelwe kwaba nokusetshenziswa kwayo yonke imiqondo esasiyithuthukisile esikhathini esidlule.

U-Alexey: Kungani ucabanga ukuthi ama-multi-core processors avela kuphela kuma-XNUMXs? Pho kungani sekwephuze kangaka?

UMaurice: Kungenxa yokulinganiselwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha. I-Intel, i-AMD, nezinye izinkampani zinhle kakhulu ekukhuphuleni isivinini sokuphrosesa. Lapho ngesinye isikhathi ama-processor eba mancane ngokwanele ukuthi awakwazanga ukukhulisa isivinini sewashi ngoba amaphrosesa azoqala ukusha. Ungazenza zibe zincane, kodwa hhayi ngokushesha. Okusemandleni abo - esikhundleni seprosesa encane kakhulu, faka amaprosesa ayisishiyagalombili, ayishumi nesithupha noma amashumi amathathu nambili kumthamo ofanayo wecala, lapho eyodwa kuphela esetshenziselwa ukulingana. Manje unokuxhumana okuxubile nokusheshayo phakathi kwabo ngoba babelana ngezinqolobane. Kodwa awukwazi ukubenza bagijime ngokushesha - kunomkhawulo wejubane othize kakhulu. Baqhubeka bethuthuka kancane kancane, kodwa hhayi kakhulu. Imithetho yefiziksi yangena endleleni.

Umhlaba omusha, izinkinga ezintsha. I-NUMA, i-NVM kanye nokugetshengwa kwezakhiwo

U-Alexei: Kuzwakala kunengqondo kakhulu. Ngama-multi-core processors afika nezinkinga ezintsha. Ingabe wena nozakwenu nizilindele lezi zinkinga? Mhlawumbe uye wazifunda kusengaphambili? Ezifundweni zethiyori ngokuvamile akulula kakhulu ukubikezela izinto ezinjalo. Lapho izinkinga zenzeka, zifinyelele kangakanani kulokho owawukulindele nozakwenu? Noma ingabe zazizintsha futhi wena nozakwenu kwadingeka nichithe isikhathi esiningi nixazulula izinkinga njengoba ziphakama?

U-Vitaliy: Ngizofaka embuzweni ka-Alexey: ingabe ubikezele kahle ukwakhiwa kwamaphrosesa ngenkathi ufunda i-theory?

UMaurice: Akubona bonke abangu-100%. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi mina nozakwethu senze umsebenzi omuhle wokubikezela i-multi-core yenkumbulo eyabiwe. Ngicabanga ukuthi sibikezele kahle ubunzima bokuklama izakhiwo zedatha ezifanayo ezisebenza ngaphandle kokukhiya. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zedatha bezibalulekile ezinhlelweni eziningi, nakuba kungenjalo kuzo zonke, kodwa ngokuvamile udinga ngempela ukwakheka kwedatha okungakhiyiwe. Ngesikhathi sizisungula, abaningi babethi lokhu kungamampunge, ukuthi yonke into isebenza kahle ngezingidi. Sibone kusengaphambili kahle ukuthi kuzoba nezixazululo esezilungile zezinkinga eziningi zokuhlela nezinkinga zesakhiwo sedatha. Kwakukhona nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, njenge I-NUMA - Ukufinyelela inkumbulo okungalingani. Eqinisweni, awazange acatshangelwe kwaze kwasungulwa ama-multi-core processors ngoba ayecaciswe kakhulu. Umphakathi wocwaningo wasebenza emibuzweni ebivame ukubikezelwa. Ezinye izinkinga ze-hardware ezihambisana nezakhiwo ezithile kwakudingeka zilinde emaphikweni - empeleni, ukubukeka kwalezi zakhiwo. Isibonelo, akekho osebenze ngempela ezakhiweni zedatha eqondene ne-GPU ngoba i-GPU yayingekho ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba usemkhulu umsebenzi osewenziwe I-SIMD, lawa ma-algorithms aselungele ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha nje lapho kuvela i-hardware efanele. Nokho, akunakwenzeka ukubikezela konke.

U-Alexey: Uma ngiqonda kahle, i-NUMA iwuhlobo lokuyekethisa phakathi kwezindleko, ukusebenza nezinye izinto. Ukhona yini umbono wokuthi kungani i-NUMA ifike sekudlule isikhathi?

UMaurice: Ngicabanga ukuthi i-NUMA ikhona ngenxa yenkinga yehadiwe esetshenziselwa ukwenza inkumbulo: uma izingxenye zikude, zifinyelelwa kancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani lesibili lalokhu kukhishwa ukufana kwenkumbulo. Ngakho-ke, esinye sezici ze-parallel computing ukuthi zonke izinto ezikhishwayo ziphukile kancane. Uma ukufinyelela bekufana ngokuphelele, yonke inkumbulo ibiyolingana, kodwa lokhu kungokomnotho, futhi mhlawumbe akunakwenzeka ngokomzimba. Ngakho-ke lokhu kungqubuzana kuvela. Uma ubhala uhlelo lwakho njengokungathi inkumbulo ifana, khona-ke cishe izobe ilungile. Ngomqondo wokuthi ngeke inikeze izimpendulo ezingalungile. Kodwa ukusebenza kwezinkanyezi zakhe esibhakabhakeni ngeke kubambe. Ngokufanayo, uma ubhala ama-spinlocks ngaphandle kokuqonda i-hierarchy yama-caches, ukukhiya ngokwayo kuyoba okulungile, kodwa ungakhohlwa mayelana nokusebenza. Ngomqondo othile, kufanele ubhale izinhlelo ezihlala ngaphezulu kokukhipha okulula, kepha kufanele udlule ngobuhlakani abantu abakunike lokho kudonsela phansi: kufanele wazi ukuthi ngaphansi kokukhishwa kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwenkumbulo, ukuthi kukhona ibhasi phakathi kwakho nale nkumbulo, njalo njalo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukungqubuzana okuthile phakathi kwezifinyezo eziwusizo ngokwazo, okusiholela ezinkingeni eziqondile nezingokoqobo.

UVitaliy: Kuthiwani ngekusasa? Ungakwazi yini ukubikezela ukuthi amaphrosesa azothuthuka kanjani? Kunombono wokuthi enye yezimpendulo inkumbulo yokuthengiselana. Cishe unokuthile esitokweni.

UMaurice: Kunezinselele ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezizayo. Enye ukuthi inkumbulo ehambisanayo iwukudonswa okumangalisayo, kodwa iqala ukuwohloka ezimweni ezikhethekile. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-NUMA iyisibonelo esiphilayo sento ethile lapho ungaqhubeka nokwenza sengathi inkumbulo efanayo ikhona. Eqinisweni - cha, ukusebenza kuzokukhalisa. Ngesinye isikhathi, abaklami bezakhiwo kuzodingeka balahle umqondo wokwakhiwa kwememori okuhlanganisiwe, awukwazi ukuzenzisa unomphela. Kuzodingeka amamodeli ezinhlelo amasha asebenziseka kalula futhi anamandla ngokwanele ukwenza ihadiwe engaphansi isebenze kahle. Lokhu kuwukuyekethisa okunzima kakhulu, ngoba uma ubonisa abahleli bezinhlelo izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ngempela kuhadiwe, bazohlanya. Iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ayiphatheki. Uma wethula isixhumi esibonakalayo esilula kakhulu, ukusebenza kuzoba kubi. Ngakho-ke, ukuyekethisa okuningi okunzima kakhulu kuzodinga ukwenziwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe amamodeli ezinhlelo awusizo asebenza kumaphrosesa amakhulu we-multi-core processors. Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi omunye umuntu ngaphandle kukachwepheshe omncane okwazi ukwenza izinhlelo kukhompyutha engu-2000-core. Futhi ngaphandle uma wenza i-computing ekhethekile kakhulu noma yesayensi, i-cryptography noma yini, akukacaci nhlobo ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani kahle. 

Esinye isiqondiso esifanayo yizakhiwo ezikhethekile. Izisheshisi zezithombe sezinesikhathi eside zikhona, kodwa sezivele zaba uhlobo lwesibonelo sakudala sokuthi ungathatha kanjani uhlobo olukhethekile lokubala bese ulusebenzisa ku-chip ezinikele. Lokhu kungeza izinselelo zakhona: uxhumana kanjani nedivayisi enjalo, uyihlela kanjani. Ngisanda kusebenzela imisebenzi endaweni eduze nekhompyutha yememori. Uthatha iphrosesa encane futhi uyinamathisele engxenyeni enkulu yenkumbulo ukuze inkumbulo isebenze ngesivinini senqolobane ye-L1, bese ixhumana nedivayisi efana I-TPU - iphrosesa imatasa ilayisha imisebenzi emisha kumongo wememori yakho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zedatha nezinqubo zokuxhumana zalolu hlobo lwento esinye isibonelo esithokozisayo. Ngakho-ke, amaphrosesa akhethekile kanye nehadiwe kuzoba ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa isikhathi eside.

U-Alexey: Kuthiwani ngenkumbulo engaguquki (inkumbulo engaguquki)?

UMbongeni: O, leso esinye isibonelo esihle! I-NVM izoshintsha kakhulu indlela esibheka ngayo izinto ezifana nezakhiwo zedatha. Inkumbulo engaguquguquki, ngomqondo othile, ithembisa ukusheshisa izinto ngempela. Kodwa ngeke yenze impilo ibe lula, ngoba amaphrosesa amaningi, ama-cache, namarejista asaguquguquka. Uma uqala ngemva kokuphahlazeka, isimo sakho nesimo sakho senkumbulo ngeke sifane ncamashi nangaphambi kokuphahlazeka. Ngibonga kakhulu kubantu abathintekayo ku-NVM - isikhathi eside, abacwaningi bazoba nokuthile okufanele bakwenze, bezama ukuthola izimo zokunemba. Izibalo zilungile uma zingasinda engozini lapho kulahleka khona okuqukethwe kwenqolobane namarejista, kodwa inkumbulo eyinhloko ihlala injalo.

Ama-Compilers vs CPUs, RISC vs CISC, inkumbulo eyabiwe vs ukudlula komlayezo

UVladimir: Ucabangani ngenkinga yabahlanganisi nabaprosesa ngokuya ngesethi yemiyalo? Ukuchazela labo abangekho esihlokweni: uma siya kumemori engalingani noma into efana naleyo, singasebenzisa isethi yemiyalo elula futhi sicele umdidiyeli ukuthi enze ikhodi eyinkimbinkimbi engathatha inzuzo yezinzuzo ezitholiwe. Noma singahamba ngenye indlela: sebenzisa imiyalo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ucele iphrosesa ukuthi ihlele kabusha imiyalo futhi yenze okunye ukukhohlisa ngayo. Ucabangani ngakho?

UMbongeni: Anginayo ngempela impendulo yalowo mbuzo. Le nkulumompikiswano isineminyaka engamashumi amane iqhubeka. Kwakukhona isikhathi phakathi esifushanisiwe umyalo isethi futhi nzima izimpi zombango zazilwiwa iqoqo lamaqembu. Isikhathi esithile, abantu be-RISC bawina, kodwa i-Intel yakha kabusha izinjini zabo ukuze kusetshenziswe isethi yokufundisa encishisiwe ngaphakathi, futhi egcwele yathunyelwa ngaphandle. Mhlawumbe lesi yisihloko lapho isizukulwane esisha ngasinye kufanele sizitholele esaso ukuyekethisa futhi sizenzele izinqumo zaso. Kunzima kakhulu ukubikezela ukuthi yiziphi kulezi zinto ezizoba ngcono. Ngakho-ke noma yisiphi isibikezelo engisenzayo sizoba yiqiniso isikhathi esithile, bese siphenduka amanga futhi okwesikhashana, bese sibe yiqiniso futhi.

U-Alexey: Kuvame kangakanani embonini jikelele ukuthi eminye imibono iphumelele emashumini ambalwa eminyaka futhi ilahlekelwe ngokulandelayo? Ingabe zikhona ezinye izibonelo zezinguquko zezikhathi ezithile?

UMaurice: Emkhakheni we-computing esabalalisiwe, kunabantu abakholelwa kukho inkumbulo eyabiwe nabantu abakholwayo imiyalezo. Ekuqaleni kukhompyutha esabalalisiwe, i-parallel computing isho ukudlula komlayezo. Omunye wabe esethola ukuthi inkumbulo eyabiwe yenza ukuhlela kwaba lula kakhulu. Olunye uhlangothi luthe inkumbulo eyabiwe iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba idinga izingidi nokunye, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuthuthela ezilimini lapho kungekho lutho ngaphandle kokudlulisa umyalezo. Othile wabheka okwaphuma kuyo wayesethi: “Hawu, lokhu kuqaliswa kwemiyalezo kubukeka kufana kakhulu nenkumbulo eyabiwe, ngoba udala amaningi, amaningi ala mamojula amancane, athumela imiyalezo komunye nomunye, futhi wonke i-deadlock, - masenze isizindalwazi sememori eyabiwe sibe ngcono!". Konke lokhu kuphindaphindwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, futhi akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi elinye lamaqembu lilungile ngokungananazi. Olunye uhlangothi luyohlale lubusa, ngoba lapho nje oyedwa wabo ecishe ephumelele, abantu baphinde basungule izindlela zokuthuthukisa elinye.

Ubuciko bokubhala ikhodi enemicu eminingi efiphalayo

U-Alexei: Lokhu kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, uma sibhala ikhodi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiluphi ulimi lohlelo, ngokuvamile kufanele sakhe izifinyezo ezifana namaseli angafundwa futhi abhalwe. Kodwa empeleni, ezingeni elithile lomzimba, kungase kubukeke njengokuthumela umlayezo ebhasini lehadiwe phakathi kwamakhompyutha ahlukene namanye amadivaysi. Kuvela ukuthi kunomsebenzi kuwo womabili amazinga okukhipha ngesikhathi esisodwa.

UMaurice: Kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi inkumbulo eyabiwe yakhelwe ekudlulisweni komlayezo - amabhasi, izinqolobane, nokunye. Kodwa kunzima ukubhala izinhlelo usebenzisa ukudlulisa umyalezo, ngakho-ke i-hardware iqamba amanga ngamabomu, ishaya sengathi unohlobo oluthile lwenkumbulo efanayo. Lokhu kuzokwenza kube lula kuwe ukuthi ubhale izinhlelo ezilula, ezilungile ngaphambi kokuthi ukusebenza kuqale ukwehla. Bese uthi: kubonakala sengathi sekuyisikhathi sokwenza ubungane nenqolobane. Futhi yilapho uqala ukukhathazeka mayelana nendawo yenqolobane, bese siyahamba. Ngandlela thize, wephula lokho okushiwo: uyazi ukuthi akuyona nje inkumbulo eyisicaba, efanayo, futhi uzosebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuze ubhale izinhlelo ezilungele inqolobane. Yilokhu okufanele ukwenze emisebenzini yangempela. Lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kokukhishwa okuhle okulula okunikiwe kanye nokuqaliswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwe-hardware eyisisekelo yilapho wonke umuntu enza khona ukuyekethisa. Nginencwadi ekhuluma ngama-multiprocessors nokuvumelanisa, futhi ngolunye usuku ngangizobhala isahluko mayelana nezakhiwo zedatha java.util.concurrent. Uma ubheka kubo, izinto ezifana yeqa izinhlu Lena imisebenzi yobuciko emangalisayo. (Inothi lomhleli: labo abajwayelene nolimi lwe-Java kufanele okungenani babheke ukuqaliswa ConcurrentSkipListMap, Ungabheka izixhumanisi ze API и ikhodi yomthombo). Kodwa ngokombono wami, bekuyoba ukungabi nasibopho ukuwabonisa abafundi, ngoba isakhiwo sedatha esinjalo siwuhlobo lomfana osekisini, ogijima entanjeni eqinile phezu komgodi webhere. Uma ushintsha ngisho nemininingwane eyodwa encane, sonke isakhiwo sizowa. Le khodi ishesha kakhulu futhi inhle ngoba ibhalwe kahle, kodwa uguquko oluncane luzoholela ekuhlulekeni okuphelele. Uma nginikeza le khodi njengesibonelo kubafundi, bazothi ngokushesha: Nami ngingakwenza lokhu! Bese kuthi enye indiza iphahlazeke noma kuqhume isiphehli senuzi, futhi kuyoba iphutha lami ukuthi angizange ngibanike ulwazi oluningi ngesikhathi esifanele.

U-Alexey: Lapho ngisemncane, izikhathi eziningi ngangizama ukufunda ikhodi yomthombo kaDoug Lee, isibonelo, java.util.concurrent, ngenxa yokuthi iwumthombo ovulekile, kulula kakhulu ukuyithola futhi uzame ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani lapho. Akuhambanga kahle kakhulu: ngokuvamile, akucaci ukuthi kungani uDoug enqume ukwenza okuthile ngale ndlela, lapho wonke umuntu ekwenza ngendlela ehlukile. Uzichaza kanjani lezi zinto kubafundi bakho? Ingabe ikhona indlela ethile elungile yokuchaza imininingwane ethile ye-hardcore algorithm, isibonelo? Ukwenza kanjani?

UMaurice: Othisha bokudweba banombhalo abawukhumbulayo kuqala: uma ufuna ukudweba njengo-Picasso, kufanele uqale ufunde ukudweba izithombe ezingokoqobo ezilula, futhi kuphela uma wazi imithetho ungaqala ukuyiphula. Uma uqala ngokushesha ngokwephula imithetho, uthola ukungcola. Okokuqala, ngifundisa abafundi indlela yokubhala ikhodi elula, elungile ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokusebenza. Ngithi kunezinkinga zesikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicashile lapha, ngakho-ke ungakhathazeki ngama-caches, ungakhathazeki ngamamodeli wememori, qiniseka ukuthi yonke into isebenza kahle. Lokhu sekunzima ngokwanele kakade: ukuhlela kwesimanje akulula ngokwako, ikakhulukazi kubafundi abasha. Futhi uma bene-intuition mayelana nendlela yokubhala izinhlelo ezifanele, ngithi: bheka lezi zindlela ezimbili zokuqaliswa kwe-spinlock: eyodwa ihamba kancane kakhulu, kanti eyesibili nayo ayilungile kakhulu, kodwa isivele ingcono. Nokho, ngokwezibalo lawa ma-algorithms amabili afanayo. Eqinisweni, enye yazo isebenzisa indawo yenqolobane. Enye yazo izulazula kudatha egcinwe kunqolobane yasendaweni, kanti enye yenza ngokuphindaphindiwe imisebenzi edlula ebhasini. Awukwazi ukubhala ikhodi ephumelelayo uma ungayiqondi, uma ungazi ukuthi ungayinqamula kanjani i-abstraction futhi ubheke isakhiwo esingaphansi. Kodwa ngeke ukwazi ukuqala ukukwenza ngaso leso sikhathi. Kunabantu abaqala ukwenza lokhu ngaso leso sikhathi bese bekholelwa ebuhlakanini babo, imvamisa kugcina kubi ngoba abayiqondi imigomo. Akekho odweba njengo-Picasso noma obhala izinhlelo ezifana no-Doug Lee, osanda kuphuma enyuvesi, esontweni lakhe lokuqala. Kuthatha iminyaka ukufinyelela kuleli zinga lolwazi.

U-Alexey: Kuvela ukuthi uhlukanisa inkinga ibe izingxenye ezimbili: eyokuqala ilungile, eyesibili iwukusebenza?

UMlungisi: Impela. Futhi, ngaleyo ndlela. Ingxenye yenkinga ukuthi abafundi abasha ababoni ukuthi ukulungisa kunzima ukukufeza. Bathi ekuboneni kuqala: lokhu kulungile ngokusobala, kuhlala kuphela ukusheshisa. Ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi ngibatshela nge-algorithm engalungile ngokwemvelo njengokungathi ilungile.

Ubafundisa kanjani abafundi ukubhala amakhodi ayinkimbinkimbi anemicu eminingi

U-Alexei: Ukubona nje ukuthi bayalizwa yini iqhinga?

UMurice: Ngihlale ngikuxwayisa kusenesikhathi ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ngizoza nama-algorithms angalungile. Akufanele ukhohlise abantu. Ngiphakamisa ukuthi babe nokungabaza mayelana nolwazi. Uma ngitshela okuthile futhi ngithi: "bheka, lokhu kulungile ngokusobala" - lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi endaweni ethile bazama ukukukhohlisa, futhi kufanele uqale ukubuza imibuzo. Okulandelayo, ngizama ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi baqhubeke bebuza imibuzo, bese bethi: "kwenzekani uma sishiya yonke into njengoba injalo?". Futhi ngokushesha babona iphutha. Kodwa ukukholisa abafundi ukuthi badinga ukukhathazeka ngokunemba kunzima kunalokho kubonakala ekuqaleni. Abaningi balaba bafundi bafika nolwazi lokuhlela esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, abanye sebevele bathola imisebenzi bahlela khona, futhi bonke bagcwele ukuzethemba. Lokhu kuyinto yezempi: okokuqala kufanele uguqule indlela abacabanga ngayo ukuze ubaqinisekise ukuthi basondele ngesineke isisombululo sezinkinga ezivelayo. Noma mhlawumbe kufana nezindela zamaBuddha: okokuqala zifunda ukucabanga ngokunemba, futhi lapho seziqonda izindlela zokucabanga ngokunemba, zivunyelwe ukuya ezingeni elilandelayo futhi ziqale ukukhathazeka ngokusebenza.

U-Alexey: Okusho ukuthi, ngezinye izikhathi ubonisa abafundi izibonelo ezingasebenzi, ngenxa yokuthi uthola impendulo ebonisa ukuthi bayayiqonda yini ingqikithi yenkinga, ukuthi bangathola yini ikhodi engalungile kanye nomphumela ongalungile. Hhayi-ke, abafundi bavame ukujabulisa noma bacasuke kanjani?

UMbongeni: Cishe njalo abafundi bagcina belitholile iphutha. Uma befuna kancane kakhulu, ngibuza imibuzo eholayo, futhi lapha kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uma bengakhohliswa, bazoqala ukubona amazwi akho ngokungacabangi njengeqiniso lokugcina. Bese becikeka balale befunda uFacebook kwilaptop yabo ngesikhathi sekilasi. Kodwa uma ubazisa kusenesikhathi ukuthi bazoqolwa nokuthi bazobukeka beyiziphukuphuku uma bengalizwa iqhinga, baqapha kakhulu. Lokhu kuhle ngezindlela eziningi. Ngingathanda ukuthi abafundi bangagcini nje ngokungabaza ukuqonda kwabo udaba, kodwa baphinde bangabaze igunya likathisha. Umqondo wukuthi umfundi angaphakamisa isandla noma kunini athi: Ngicabanga ukuthi oqeda ukukusho akulungile. Kuyithuluzi lokufunda elibalulekile. Angifuni ukuthi noma yimuphi wabafundi ahlale futhi athule azicabangele: konke lokhu kubonakala kuyimbudane ephelele, kodwa kuyethusa kakhulu ukuphakamisa isandla sakho, futhi ngempela, unguprofesa, ngakho konke akushoyo kuyiqiniso. Ngakho-ke, uma bexwayiswa kusenesikhathi ukuthi akuzona zonke izinto ezishiwoyo eziyiqiniso ngempela, baba nesikhuthazo sokukunaka okwengeziwe. Ngikusho ngokusobala ukuthi ukuphakamisa isandla sakho nokubuza imibuzo kulungile. Umbuzo wakho ungase uzwakale ubuwula noma ungenangqondo, kodwa ngokuvamile yiyona ndlela imibuzo engcono kakhulu efika ngayo.

U-Alexei: Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokuvamile abantu banohlobo oluthile lwesithiyo esingokwengqondo esibavimbela ekubuzeni uprofesa umbuzo. Ikakhulukazi uma kunabantu abaningi ekamelweni, futhi wonke umuntu wesaba ukuthi ukuxoxa ngombuzo wakho oyisiphukuphuku kuzothatha isikhathi sabo bonke laba bantu. Ingabe akhona amaqhinga okubhekana nalokhu?

UMbongeni: Ngivame ukuma ngibuze imibuzo yakudala. Ingabe noma yisiphi isitatimende sizobe silungile, noma bazoyixazulula kanjani inkinga okuxoxwa ngayo. Lesi yisinyathelo esibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kweseshini, lapho abantu benamahloni ngisho nokusho into encane kakhulu. Ubuza abafundi umbuzo ungabe usasho lutho. Kuthuleke wonke umuntu aqinise kancane, kushube kushube, kusenjalo kuqhamuke umuntu ahlehle asho impendulo. Ngakho-ke uvula isimo: kuba nzima futhi ungakhululeki ukuthula kunokuphendula! Leli iqhinga lokufundisa elijwayelekile. Wonke uthisha emhlabeni kufanele azi ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani lokhu.

U-Alexey: Manje sinesihloko esihle sale nhlolokhono: "kulula ukuphendula kunokuthi uthule."

Vitaly: Ake ngikubuze okunye futhi. Usebenza ngobufakazi be-topological. Ungene kanjani kulokhu, ngoba i-computing esabalalisiwe kanye ne-topology yizinto ezihluke ngokuphelele!

UMbongeni: Kunobuhlobo obufihliwe lapho. Lapho ngisengumfundi futhi ngifunda izibalo, ngafunda izibalo ezihlanzekile. Ngangingenaso isithakazelo sangempela kumakhompyutha kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezifundo zami futhi ngazithola ngisesidingweni esiphuthumayo sokufuna umsebenzi. Njengomfundi, ngafunda i-algebraic topology. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngenkathi esebenza inkinga ebizwa "K-Setha Inkinga Yesivumelwano", ngasebenzisa amagrafu ukuze ngibonise inkinga futhi, njengoba kwakubonakala ngaleso sikhathi, ngathola isisombululo. Kwakufanele nje uhlale phansi futhi uzungeze igrafu. Zama ukuthola impendulo efanele kule grafu. Kodwa i-algorithm yami ayizange isebenze: kwavela ukuthi wayezohlala egijima emibuthanweni. Ngeshwa, akukho kulokhu okungachazwa ngolimi olusemthethweni lwe-graph theory, ulimi bonke ososayensi bekhompyutha abalwaziyo. Ngabe sengikhumbula ukuthi eminyakeni eminingi edlule, ngisho nasemakilasini e-topology, sasisebenzisa lo mqondo "simplicial complex", okuwukwenza amagrafu abe yizilinganiso eziphakeme. Ngabe sengizibuza: kwenzekani uma silungisa kabusha inkinga ngokuya ngezakhiwo ezilula? Lokhu kwaba ukhiye. Ngokusebenzisa i-formalism enamandla kakhulu, inkinga ivele ibe lula kakhulu. Abantu badonsa kanzima isikhathi eside, besebenzisa amagrafu, kodwa abakwazanga ukwenza lutho. Futhi ngisho namanje abakwazi - impendulo efanele kwakungeyona i-algorithm, kodwa ubufakazi bokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga. Okusho ukuthi, i-algorithm enjalo ayikho nje. Kodwa bonke ubufakazi bokuthi akunakwenzeka isekelwe ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma ezintweni abantu abenza sengathi abazicabangeli izakhiwo ezilula. Kusukela eqinisweni lokuthi ubize into ngegama elisha, ayilahlekelwa ingqikithi yayo.

Vitaliy: Kuvela ukuthi ube nenhlanhla nje?

UMaurice: Ngaphezu kwenhlanhla, kunjalo ukuzimisela. Okusho ukuthi, akufanele ukhohlwe "izinto ezingenamsebenzi" ozifundile ngaphambili. Lapho ufunda izinto ezingasizi ngalutho, kulapho uzokwazi ukuthola khona imininingwane eyengeziwe lapho ubhekene nenkinga entsha. Lolu hlobo lokufanisa iphethini enembile lubalulekile ngoba... Ake sithi nje, iketango: ekuqaleni, ngathola ukuthi amagrafu awazange asebenze noma awazange asebenze nhlobo, kwangikhumbuza okuthile eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule. neminyaka yabafundi lapho sifunda zonke lezi zakhiwo ezilula . Nakho-ke, lokhu kwangivumela ukuthi ngithole incwadi yami endala ye-topology futhi ngiyibuyisele ekhanda lami. Kodwa ukube bekungelona lolo lwazi lwakudala, bengingeke ngenze enye indlela ekuxazululeni inkinga yokuqala.

Uhlelo olusha lwe-Art of Multiprocessor Programming

U-Alexei: Usho amagama ambalwa mayelana nencwadi yakho. Cishe akuyona imfihlo enkulu kunazo zonke obhale ngayo incwadi edume kakhulu emhlabeni nge-multithreading, "I-Art of Multiprocessor Programming". Useneminyaka engaba ngu-11 ubudala futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waphuma kuphela  ukuphrinta kabusha okubuyekeziwe. Ingabe kuzoba khona uhlelo lwesibili?

UMbongeni: Kuhle ukuthi ubuze! Kuzoba maduze kakhulu, ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ngaphezulu. Kukhona abanye ababhali ababili, sengeze izinto eziningi kakhulu, sathuthukisa isigaba semfoloko / ukujoyina ukufana, sabhala isigaba ku-MapReduce, sengeza izinto eziningi ezintsha futhi salahla ezingadingekile - into eyayithakazelisa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokubhala. uhlelo lokuqala, kodwa ayisekho namuhla. Kwaba yincwadi ebukezwe kakhulu.

U-Alexei: Konke sekuvele kwenziwa, kusasele ukukhululwa kuphela?

UMurice: Izahluko ezimbalwa kusadingeka kusetshenzwe ngazo. Umshicileli wethu (ngicabanga ukuthi usezonda) usazama ukuveza ukuthi kufanele sisebenze ngokushesha. Sisemuva kakhulu nesimiso. Ngokwethiyori, sasingayenza le ncwadi eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili.

U-Alexey: Ingabe likhona ithuba lokuthola inguqulo entsha yencwadi ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi?

UMbongeni: Yilokho umgomo wethu! Kodwa sengibikezele ukunqoba izikhathi eziningi kangangokuthi akekho osangikholwa. Cishe nawe akufanele ungethembe kakhulu nakulolu daba.

U-Alexei: Kunoma yikuphi, lezi yizindaba ezimnandi. Ngiluthande kakhulu uhlelo lokuqala lwencwadi. Ungathi ngingumlandeli.

UMaurice: Ngithemba ukuthi uhlelo olusha luzowufanelekela umdlandla wakho oqotho, ngiyabonga!

Indlela inkumbulo yokuthengiselana eyasungulwa ngayo

Vitaly: Umbuzo olandelayo umayelana nenkumbulo yokuthengiselana. Ngokuqonda kwami, uyingqalabutho kulo mkhakha, uwusungule ngesikhathi lapho kungekho muntu owayecabanga ngezinto ezinjalo. Kungani unqume ukuthuthela kule ndawo? Kungani ukuthengiselana bekubalulekile kuwe? Ubucabanga ukuthi ngolunye usuku ziyohlanganiswa nensimbi?

UMurice: Bengazi ngokuthengiselana kusukela ngiphothula izifundo zami.

UVitaliy: Yebo, kodwa lokhu ukuthengiselana okuhlukile!

UMaurice: Ngisebenze no-Elliott Moss ekuqoqweni kukadoti okungavimbeli. Inkinga yethu ibiwukuthi besifuna ukushintsha amagama ambalwa enkumbulweni nge-athomu bese ama-algorithms abelula kakhulu, futhi okungenani amanye awo azosebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa qhathanisa-futhi-ukushintshanisa ngoba load-link/store-conditionalokuhlinzekwe yi-parallel architecture, kungenzeka ukwenza okuthile, kodwa kungasebenzi kahle futhi kubi ngoba kuzodingeka ubhekane namazinga wokungaqondisi. Ngifuna ukushintsha amagama enkumbulo futhi ngidinga ukushintsha ngoba ngingakwazi ukushintsha isikhombi esisodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke badinga ukukhomba uhlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo esifana nohla lwemibhalo. Sikhulume ngokuthi kungaba kuhle kangakanani uma singashintsha i-hardware ukuze iqophe kanyekanye. Kubonakala sengathi u-Elliot ukubonile lokhu: uma ubheka izivumelwano zokusebenzisana kwenqolobane, sezivele zinikeza iningi lomsebenzi odingekayo. Ngokwenziwe okunethemba, iphrothokholi yokuhlangana kwenqolobane izobona ubukhona bokungqubuzana kwesikhathi futhi inqolobane izoba -ngalungile. Kwenzekani uma uqala umsebenzi ngokuqagela kunqolobane yakho futhi usebenzise izindlela zephrothokholi yokuhlangana ukuze uthole ukungqubuzana? I-architecture ye-hardware eqagelayo bekulula ukuyiklama. Ngakho sabhala lokho ukushicilelwa kokuqala kakhulu mayelana nenkumbulo yokuthengiselana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkampani engangiyisebenzela, i-Digital Equipment Corporation, yakha umshini omusha wamabhithi angu-64 obizwa ngokuthi i-Alpha. Ngakho-ke ngahamba ngayonikeza isethulo eqenjini lokuthuthukisa i-Alpha mayelana nenkumbulo yethu emangalisayo yokuthengiselana, futhi babuza: iyiphi imali eyengeziwe ezotholwa yinkampani yethu uma sifaka konke lokhu ngqo kumprosesa? Futhi ngangingenayo nhlobo impendulo kulokho, ngoba nginguchwepheshe, angiyena umuntu wokumaketha. Impela ngangingenalutho engingalusho. Abazange bahlabeke umxhwele kakhulu ngokuthi ngangingazi lutho.

Vitaly: Izigidigidi! Vele uthi "izigidigidi"!

UMbongeni: Yebo, yilokho obekufanele ngikusho. Manje, enkathini yokuqala nakho konke lokho, ngiyazi ukubhala uhlelo lwebhizinisi. Ukuthi ungaqamba amanga kancane mayelana nobukhulu benzuzo engaba khona. Kodwa ngalezo zinsuku kwakubonakala kuwubuwula, ngakho ngavele ngathi, "Angazi." Uma ubheka umlando wokushicilelwa mayelana nenkumbulo yokuthengiselana, uzobona ukuthi ngemva konyaka kwakukhona izinkomba eziningana kuwo, futhi cishe iminyaka eyishumi akekho owacaphuna lesi sihloko. Izingcaphuno zavela cishe ngo-2004, lapho i-multi-core yangempela yaba khona. Lapho abantu bethola ukuthi ukubhala ikhodi efanayo kungenza imali, kwaqala ucwaningo olusha. Ravi Rajwar wabhala isihloko, okuthe ngandlela thize kwethula okujwayelekile kumqondo wenkumbulo yokwenziwe. (Inothi Lomhleli: Lesi sihloko sinenguqulo yesibili eyakhululwa ngo-2010 futhi itholakala mahhala njenge-PDF). Kungazelelwe, abantu baqaphela ukuthi konke lokhu kungasetshenziswa kanjani, ukuthi bangasheshisa kanjani ama-algorithms wendabuko ngezingidi. Isibonelo esihle sokuthile esikhathini esidlule kwakubonakala kuyinkinga yezemfundo ethokozisayo. Futhi yebo, uma ngabe ungibuze ngaleso sikhathi uma ngicabanga ukuthi konke lokhu kuzoba okubalulekile esikhathini esizayo, ngabe ngithi: kunjalo, kodwa lapho ncamashi akucaci. Mhlawumbe eminyakeni engu-50? Empeleni, kwaba yiminyaka eyishumi kuphela. Kuhle kakhulu uma wenza okuthile, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi nje abantu bayakuqaphela.

Kungani kufaneleka ukwenza ucwaningo emkhakheni we-computing esabalalisiwe

Vitaly: Uma sikhuluma ngocwaningo olusha, ungabeluleka ngani abafundi - ikhompyutha esabalalisiwe noma i-multi-core futhi ngani? 

UMaurice: Kulula ukuthola i-multi-core processor kulezi zinsuku, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukumisa uhlelo olusabalalisiwe lwangempela. Ngaqala ukusebenza ngazo ngoba ngangifuna ukwenza okuhlukile kunePhD yami. Lesi iseluleko engihlale ngisinika abaqalayo: ungabhali i-dissertation yokulandelela - zama ukuya endaweni entsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufunda okuningi kulula. Ngingazama ngemfologo yami esebenza kukhompuyutha ephathekayo ngaphandle kokuvuka embhedeni. Kodwa uma ngokungazelelwe ngifuna ukudala uhlelo lwangempela olusabalalisiwe, kuzodingeka ngenze umsebenzi omningi, ngihehe abafundi, njalonjalo. Ngingumuntu ovilaphayo futhi ngingathanda ukusebenza kuma-multi-core. Ukuhlola amasistimu ane-multi-core nakho kulula kunokuzama ngezisabalalisiwe, ngoba ngisho nasohlelweni olusabalalisiwe oluyisiphukuphuku kunezici eziningi kakhulu ongazilawula.

Vitaliy: Wenzani manje, ucwaninga nge-blockchain? Yiziphi izihloko okufanele uzinake kuqala?

UMbongeni: Ngisanda kuvela isihloko esihle kakhuluengayibhala nomfundi wami, uVikram Saraf, ngqo Izingqungquthela ze-Tokenomcs eParis emasontweni amathathu edlule. Lesi sihloko mayelana nezinhlelo ezisabalalisiwe eziwusizo lapho siphakamisa khona ukwenza i-Ethereum ibe yimicu eminingi. Manje izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile (ikhodi esebenza ku-blockchain) zenziwa ngokulandelana. Sabhala isihloko phambilini esasikhuluma ngendlela yokusebenzisa ukuthengiselana okuqagelayo ukusheshisa inqubo. Sithathe imibono eminingi kusuka kumemori yokuhweba yesofthiwe futhi sathi uma wenza le mibono ibe yingxenye yomshini we-Etherium virtual, khona-ke konke kuzosebenza ngokushesha. Kodwa kulokhu kuyadingeka ukuthi azikho izingxabano zedatha ezinkontileka. Futhi-ke sacabanga ukuthi empilweni yangempela azikho ngempela izingxabano ezinjalo. Kodwa asizange sibe nethuba lokuthola lokho. Khona-ke kwenzeka kithi ukuthi cishe sasineminyaka eyishumi yomlando wenkontileka wangempela ezandleni zethu, ngakho-ke sethula i-blockchain ye-Etherium futhi sazibuza: bekuzokwenzekani uma la marekhodi omlando ahambisana ngokufana? Sithole ukwenyuka okukhulu kwesivinini. Ezinsukwini zakuqala ze-Etherium, ijubane landa kakhulu, kodwa namuhla yonke into iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba kunezinkontileka ezimbalwa kanye nethuba lokungqubuzana kwedatha edinga ukwenziwa kwe-serialization sekuphakeme. Kodwa konke lokhu kuwumsebenzi wokuhlola onedatha yangempela yomlando. Into enhle nge-blockchain ukuthi ikhumbula yonke into unomphela, ukuze ukwazi ukubuyela emuva futhi ufunde ukuthi bekuzokwenzekani uma sisebenzisa amanye ama-algorithms ukuqalisa ikhodi. Abantu esikhathini esidlule bebengawuthanda kanjani umbono wethu omusha. Kulula kakhulu futhi kumnandi ukwenza ucwaningo olunjalo, ngoba kukhona into eqapha yonke into futhi irekhode yonke into. Lokhu sekuvele kufana nesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kunokuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms.

Ingabe ukuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms kumile nokuthi ungaphila kanjani

Vitaly: Isikhathi sombuzo wokugcina wethiyori! Ingabe kuzwakala sengathi ukuthuthuka kwezinhlaka zedatha ezincintisanayo zincipha minyaka yonke? Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi sesifinyelele endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu izakhiwo zedatha, noma kuzoba nentuthuko enkulu? Mhlawumbe kukhona imibono ehlakaniphile engashintsha ngokuphelele yonke into?

UMaurice: Kungenzeka ukuthi sifinyelele ithafa ngezakhiwo zedatha yezakhiwo zendabuko. Kodwa izakhiwo zedatha zezakhiwo ezintsha ziseyindawo ethembisa kakhulu. Uma ufuna ukudala izakhiwo zedatha, yithi, izisheshisi zehadiwe, khona-ke izakhiwo zedatha ye-GPU zihluke kakhulu kuzakhiwo zedatha ye-CPU. Uma uklama izakhiwo zedatha zama-blockchains, udinga ukusheshisa izingcezu zedatha bese uzifaka kokuthile umuthi we-merkle, ukuvimbela ukwenziwa komgunyathi. Muva nje sekunokushuba kwemisebenzi kule ndawo, abaningi benza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ukuthi izakhiwo ezintsha nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha kuzoholela ekwakhiweni kwedatha entsha. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindala kanye nezakhiwo zendabuko - mhlawumbe ayisekho indawo yocwaningo. Kodwa uma usuka endleleni eshaywe futhi ubheka onqenqemeni, uzobona izinto eziwumsangano abantu abaningi abangazinaki njengezibalulekile - yilapho zonke izinto ezijabulisayo zenzeka khona.

U-Vitaly: Ngakho-ke, ukuze ngibe umcwaningi odume kakhulu, kwadingeka ngisungule eyami i-architecture 🙂

UMaurice: Ungakwazi "ukweba" isakhiwo esisha somunye umuntu - kubonakala kulula kakhulu!

Usebenza eBrown University

Vitaliy: Ungasitshela kabanzi mayelana Inyuvesi yaseBrownusebenza kuphi? Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngaye endabeni yobuchwepheshe bolwazi. Ngaphansi kwe-MIT, isibonelo.

UMaurice: IYunivesithi yaseBrown ingelinye lamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu e-United States. Ngicabanga ukuthi uHarvard kuphela osekhulile kancane. UBrown uyingxenye yalokho okubizwa ivy ligi, okuyiqoqo lamanyuvesi amadala ayisishiyagalombili. Harvard, Brown, Cornell, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, Pennsylvania, Princeton. Lolu wuhlobo lwenyuvesi endala, encane futhi eneziqu eziphakeme. Okugxilwe kakhulu ekufundiseni ubuciko obukhululekile. Akuzami ukufana ne-MIT, i-MIT ikhethekile kakhulu futhi inobuchwepheshe. UBrown uyindawo enhle yokufunda i-Russian Literature noma i-Classical Greek futhi, kunjalo, i-Computer Science. Igxile emfundweni ephelele. Iningi labafundi bethu liya ku-Facebook, Apple, Google, ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi abafundi bethu abanankinga ngokuthola umsebenzi embonini. Ngayosebenza kwaBrown ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho ngangisebenza eDigital Equipment Corporation eBoston. Kwakuyinkampani eyasungula izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo, kodwa yaphika ukubaluleka kwamakhompyutha omuntu. Inkampani enesiphetho esinzima, abasunguli bayo abake baba abavukeli abasha, abazange bafunde lutho futhi abazange bakhohlwe lutho, ngakho-ke baphendukela kumavukelambuso baye kwabaphendulayo phakathi neminyaka engaba yishumi. Babethanda ukwenza ihlaya ngokuthi amakhompiyutha omuntu siqu ayesegaraji—igalaji elingasasebenzi. Kusobala ukuthi bacekelwa phansi yizinkampani eziguquguqukayo. Lapho kuba sobala ukuthi inkampani isenkingeni, ngafonela umngane wami wakwaBrown, oqhele ngehora ukusuka eBoston. Ngangingafuni ukuhamba eBoston ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba amanye amanyuvesi ayengenazo izikhala eziningi. Kube yisikhathi lapho zingekho izikhala eziningi emkhakheni weComputer Science njengoba zikhona manje. Futhi uBrown wayenomsebenzi, kwakungadingeki ngiphume endlini yami, kwakungadingeki ngithuthe umndeni wami, futhi ngikujabulela ngempela ukuhlala eBoston! Ngakho ngenza isinqumo sokuya kuBrown. Ngiyayithanda. Abafundi bahle, ngakho angikaze ngizame nokuya kwenye indawo. Ngesabatha, ngasebenza kwaMicrosoft unyaka, ngaya eTechnion eHaifa unyaka, futhi manje ngizoba se-Algorand. Nginozakwethu abaningi yonke indawo ngakho-ke indawo engokoqobo yamakilasi ethu ayibalulekile kangako. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ngabafundi, bangcono kakhulu lapha. Angikaze ngizame ukuya kwenye indawo, ngoba ngijabule kakhulu lapha.

Yize kunjalo naphezu kodumo lukaBrown e-United States, akaziwa ngokumangalisayo phesheya kwezilwandle. Njengoba ubona, manje ngenza konke okusemandleni ami ukulungisa lesi simo.

Umehluko phakathi kocwaningo lwenyuvesi nolwebhizinisi

Vitaliy: Kulungile, umbuzo olandelayo umayelana Nezisetshenziswa Zedijithali. Ubungumcwaningi lapho. Uyini umehluko phakathi kokusebenza emnyangweni we-R&D wenkampani enkulu nokusebenza enyuvesi? Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi?

UMaurice: Ngibe ngiseMicrosoft iminyaka engamashumi amabili, ngisebenza eduze nabantu eSun Microsystems, Oracle, Facebook, futhi manje e-Algorand. Ngokusekelwe kukho konke lokhu, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukwenza ucwaningo lwezinga lokuqala kokubili ezinkampanini naseyunivesithi. Umehluko obalulekile wukuthi enkampanini usebenza nozakwenu. Uma kungazelelwe nginombono wephrojekthi engakatholakali, kufanele ngiqinisekise ontanga ukuthi umqondo omuhle lona. Uma ngiseBrown, ngingasho kubafundi bami: asisebenzele i-antigravity! Bazoya komunye umuntu noma bathathe iphrojekthi. Yebo, ngizodinga ukuthola uxhaso, ngizodinga ukubhala isicelo sesibonelelo njalonjalo. Kunoma yikuphi, kuyohlale kunabafundi abaningi, futhi uzokwazi ukwenza izinqumo unilaterally. Kodwa enyuvesi, cishe ngeke usebenze nabantu bezinga lakho. Emhlabeni wocwaningo lwezimboni, kufanele uqale uqinisekise wonke umuntu ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho ikufanele ukwenziwa. Angikwazi uku-oda lutho kunoma ubani. Futhi zombili lezi zindlela zokusebenza zibalulekile, ngoba uma usebenza kokuthile okuhlanya ngempela futhi osebenza nabo kunzima ukukholisa, kulula ukukholisa abafundi abathweswe iziqu - ikakhulukazi uma ubakhokhela. Uma usebenza kokuthile okudinga ulwazi oluningi kanye nobuchwepheshe obujulile, udinga ozakwenu abangathi “cha, kuvele kuvele ukuthi ngiyawuqonda lo mkhakha futhi umbono wakho mubi, akukho okuzovela kuwo.” Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu mayelana nokumosha isikhathi. Futhi, uma ezindaweni zokucwaninga zezimboni uchitha isikhathi esiningi ubhala imibiko, khona-ke enyuvesi uchitha lesi sikhathi uthola imali. Uma ngifuna abafundi bakwazi ukuya kwenye indawo, kufanele ngithole imali yakho kwenye indawo. Futhi lapho isikhundla sakho enyuvesi sibaluleke kakhulu, kuba nesikhathi esiningi osichitha uqoqa imali. Ngakho-ke, manje uyazi ukuthi ngisebenza ini - isinxibi esiqeqeshiwe! Njengenye yalezo zindela ezihamba nepuleti lomnikelo. Ngokuvamile, le misebenzi emibili iyaphelelisana. Yingakho ngizama ukuphila nokuma ngiqine ngezinyawo zami kuyo yomibili le mihlaba.

UVitaliy: Kubonakala sengathi ukukholisa inkampani kunzima kakhulu kunokukholisa abanye ososayensi.

UMurice: Kunzima, nokunye okuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezahlukene kuhlukile: othile wenza ucwaningo oluphelele, futhi othile ugxile esihlokweni sakhe. Uma ngiya ku-Microsoft noma ku-Facebook futhi ngithi, masenze ukulwa namandla adonsela phansi, ngeke bawathokozele. Kodwa uma ngisho into efanayo kubafundi bami abaphothule iziqu, cishe bazofika emsebenzini ngokushesha, nakuba manje ngizobe nginezinkinga - ngoba udinga ukuthola imali yalokhu. Kodwa uma nje ufuna ukwenza okuthile okuhambisana nemigomo yenkampani, leyo nkampani ingaba indawo enhle kakhulu yokwenza ucwaningo.

IHydra ne-SPTDC

Vitaliy: Imibuzo yami isizophela, ngakho ake sixoxe kancane ngohambo oluzayo lwaseRussia.

UMbongeni: Yebo, ngibheke ngabomvu ukubuyela ePetersburg.

U-Alexey: Kuyilungelo elikhulu kimi ukuthi unathi kulo nyaka. Lesi yisikhathi sakho sesibili e-St. Petersburg, akunjalo?

UMbongeni: Sekungokwesithathu!

U-Alexei: Ngiyezwa, kodwa I-SPTDC - ncamashi okwesibili. Kugcine kubizwa isikole I-SPTCC, manje sesishintshe uhlamvu olulodwa (C kuya ku-D, Concurrent to Distributed) ukuze sigcizelele ukuthi kunezindawo eziningi ezihlobene ne-computing esabalalisiwe kulo nyaka. Ungakwazi yini ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nezethulo zakho eSikoleni kanye Izinkomfa Hydra?

UMaurice: Esikoleni, ngifuna ukukhuluma ngezisekelo ze-blockchain nokuthi yini ongayenza ngayo. Ngingathanda ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-blockchains afana kakhulu nohlelo olunezintambo eziningi esizijwayele, kodwa ngama-nuances awo, futhi kubalulekile ukuqonda lo mehluko. Uma wenza iphutha kuhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu olujwayelekile, kuyacasula nje. Uma ubhala ikhodi ye-buggy kuhlelo lokusebenza lwezezimali, othile uzokweba yonke imali yakho. Leli izinga elihluke ngokuphelele lesibopho nemiphumela. Ngizokhuluma kancane mayelana nobufakazi bomsebenzi, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, ukuthengiselana phakathi kwama-blockchain ahlukene.

Ezinye izikhulumi zizosebenza eduze kwami, nazo ezinokuthile mayelana ne-blockchain, futhi sivumelene ukuthi sixhumane phakathi kwethu ukuze izindaba zethu zilingane kahle. Kodwa ngenkulumo yobunjiniyela, ngifuna ukunikeza incazelo ecacile kubabukeli abaningi ukuthi kungani akufanele ukholwe yonke into oyizwayo ngama-blockchains, kungani ama-blockchains eyinsimu enhle, ukuthi ahlangana kanjani neminye imibono eyaziwayo, nokuthi kungani kufanele. bheka ikusasa ngesibindi.

U-Alexey: Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi lokhu ngeke kwenzeke ngefomethi yokuhlangana noma iqembu labasebenzisi, njengoba kwenzeka eminyakeni emibili edlule. Sanquma ukwenza ingqungquthela encane eduze nesikole. Isizathu siwukuthi ngemva kokukhuluma noPeter Kuznetsov, saqaphela ukuthi isikole silinganiselwe kuphela ikhulu, mhlawumbe abantu abangu-120. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunonjiniyela abaningi abafuna ukukhuluma nawe, ukuya emibikweni, futhi ngokuvamile banentshisekelo esihlokweni. Ngalokhu sidale ingqungquthela entsha ebizwa ngeHydra. By the way, yimuphi umqondo kungani Hydra?

UMbongeni: Ngoba izoba nezikhulumi eziyisikhombisa? Futhi banganqunywa amakhanda abo, futhi izikhulumi ezintsha zizokhula endaweni yazo?

U-Alexey: Umbono omuhle wokukhulisa izikhulumi ezintsha. Kodwa empeleni, kukhona indaba lapha. Khumbula inganekwane ka-Odysseus, lapho kwadingeka ahambe ngomkhumbi phakathi U-Scylla no-Charybdis? IHydra yinto efana neCharybdis. Indaba ukuthi ngake ngakhuluma engqungqutheleni ngakhuluma nge-multithreading. Bekunamathrekhi amabili kuphela kule ngqungquthela. Ekuqaleni kombiko, ngitshele izethameli ehholo ukuthi manje sebenokukhetha phakathi kukaScylla noCharybdis. Isilwane sami somoya yi-Charybdis, ngoba i-Charybdis inamakhanda amaningi, futhi ingqikithi yami iwukufunda okuningi. Avela kanje amagama ezinkomfa.

Kunoma yikuphi, sesiphelelwe yikho kokubili imibuzo nesikhathi. Ngakho-ke ngiyabonga bangani ngengxoxo enhle futhi sibonane kwa-SPTDC nase-Hydra 2019!

Kuzokwazi ukuqhubeka nokuxhumana no-Maurice engqungqutheleni ye-Hydra 2019, ezoba ngoJulayi 11-12, 2019 eSt. Uzofika nombiko "Ama-Blockchains kanye nekusasa le-computing esabalalisiwe". Amathikithi angathengwa kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni.

Source: www.habr.com