Izimpi zamaprosesa. Indaba kanogwaja oluhlaza kanye nofudu olubomvu

Umlando wesimanje wokungqubuzana phakathi kwe-Intel ne-AMD emakethe yokucubungula uhlehlela emuva engxenyeni yesibili yama-90s. Inkathi yezinguquko ezinkulu kanye nokungena kokujwayelekile, lapho i-Intel Pentium ibekwe njengesixazululo sendawo yonke, futhi i-Intel Inside yaba cishe isiqubulo esibonakala kakhulu emhlabeni, yaphawulwa ngamakhasi akhanyayo emlandweni we-blue hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi. red - kusukela esizukulwaneni se-K6, i-AMD yaqhudelana ngokungakhathali ne-Intel ezigabeni eziningi zemakethe. Kodwa-ke, kwakuyizehlakalo zesigaba sakamuva - ingxenye yokuqala yeminyaka yawo-XNUMX - ezabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuveleni kwesakhiwo esidumile se-Core, esisengaphansi komugqa wokucubungula we-Intel.

Umlando omncane, imvelaphi kanye nenguquko

Ukuqala kweminyaka yama-2000s kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nezigaba ezimbalwa ekuthuthukisweni kwamaphrosesa - umjaho wemvamisa ye-1 GHz efiselekayo, ukuvela kweprosesa yokuqala eyi-dual-core processor, kanye nomzabalazo oshubile wokuba ngowokuqala esigabeni esikhulu sedeskithophu. Ngemuva kokuthi iPentium isiphelelwe yisikhathi futhi i-Athlon 64 X2 ingena emakethe, i-Intel yethula ama-Core generation processors, agcina eseyinguquko ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni.

Amaphrosesa okuqala e-Core 2 Duo amenyezelwe ekupheleni kukaJulayi 2006 - ngaphezu konyaka ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-Athlon 64 X2. Emsebenzini wayo esizukulwaneni esisha, i-Intel yayiholwa ngokuyinhloko yizinkinga zokwenziwa kwezakhiwo, ifinyelela izinkomba ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zamandla kakade ezizukulwaneni zokuqala zamamodeli asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Core, i-codenamed Conroe - yayiphakeme izikhathi eziphindwe nengxenye kune I-Pentium 4, kanye nephakheji elishisayo elimenyezelwe lika-65 W, insimbi, mhlawumbe, amaprosesa asebenza kahle kakhulu emakethe ngaleso sikhathi. Isebenza njenge-catch-up (okwenzeke ngokungajwayelekile), i-Intel iqalise ukusekelwa kwesizukulwane esisha sokusebenza kwe-64-bit ngokwakhiwa kwe-EM64T, isethi entsha yemiyalo ye-SSSE3, kanye nephakheji elibanzi lobuchwepheshe obususelwa ku-x86.

I-Core 2 Duo microprocessor iyafa

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-Conroe processors kwakuyi-cache enkulu ye-L2, umthelela wawo ekusebenzeni jikelele kwamaphrosesa wabonakala kakhulu ngisho nangaleso sikhathi. Ngemva kokunquma ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zeprosesa, i-Intel ikhubaze ingxenye yenqolobane engu-4 MB L2 yabamele abancane bomugqa (E6300 kanye ne-E6400), ngaleyo ndlela imaka ingxenye yokuqala. Kodwa-ke, izici zobuchwepheshe ze-Core (isizukulwane sokushisa esiphansi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-lead solder) kwavumela abasebenzisi abathuthukile ukuthi bafinyelele amaza aphakeme kakhulu kuzixazululo ezithuthukisiwe zesistimu - amabhodi omama asezingeni eliphezulu enze kwaba nokwenzeka ukweqa ibhasi le-FSB. , okwandisa imvamisa yeprosesa encane kuze kufike ku-3 GHz nangaphezulu (okuhlinzeka ngokunyuka okuphelele kwe-60%), ngenxa yokuthi amakhophi aphumelele we-E6400 angaqhudelana nabafowabo abadala E6600 no-E6700, nakuba ngezindleko zezingozi ezinkulu zokushisa. . Kodwa-ke, ngisho ne-overclocking enesizotha yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzuza imiphumela engathi sína - kumabhentshimakhi, amaphrosesa amadala athathela kalula i-Athlon 64 X2 ethuthukisiwe, okumaka isikhundla sabaholi abasha nezintandokazi zabantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Intel yethule uguquko lwangempela - ama-quad-core processors omndeni wakwa-Kentsfield anesiqalo se-Q, esakhelwe phezu kwama-nanometers angu-65 afanayo, kodwa kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwama-chip amabili e-Core 2 Duo endaweni eyodwa. Ngemva kokuzuza amandla angcono kakhulu angenzeka (inkundla idle inani elifanayo namakristalu amabili asetshenziswe ngokuhlukana), i-Intel ngokokuqala ngqa yabonisa ukuthi isistimu enezintambo ezine ingaba namandla kangakanani - ezinhlelweni zemultimedia, ukugcinwa kungobo yomlando kanye nemidlalo esindayo esebenzisa ngokunenzuzo umthwalo. ukuhambisana emicu eminingi eminingi (Ngo-2007, lawa bekuyi-Crysis ehlaba umxhwele kanye namaGears of War angeyona isithonjana kancane), umehluko ekusebenzeni ngokucushwa kwe-single-processor ungaba u-100%, obekuyinzuzo emangalisayo kunoma yimuphi umthengi uhlelo olusekelwe ku-Core 2 Quad.

Ukunamathisela ama-C2D amabili ku-substrate eyodwa - I-Core 2 Quad

Njengolayini wePentium, amaphrosesa ashesha kakhulu aqokwa abe Extreme ngesiqalo se-QX, futhi atholakala kwabashisekayo nabakhi bohlelo lwe-OEM ngentengo ephezulu kakhulu. Umqhele wesizukulwane se-65-nm kwakuyi-QX6850 ene-frequency ye-3 GHz kanye nebhasi elisheshayo le-FSB elisebenza ngemvamisa ye-1333 MHz. Le processor iye yathengiswa ngo-$999.

Vele, impumelelo emangalisa kanjalo yayingeke ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nokuncintisana okuvela ku-AMD, kodwa umdondoshiya obomvu ngaleso sikhathi wawungakadluleli ekukhiqizeni ama-quad-core processors, ukuze kuliwe nemikhiqizo emisha evela ku-Intel, inkundla yokuhlola ye-Quad FX. , ethuthukiswe ngokubambisana ne-NVidia, yethulwa futhi yathola imodeli eyodwa ye-serial ye-ASUS L1N64 motherboard, eklanyelwe ukusebenzisa ama-Athlon FX X2 amabili nama-Opteron processors.

I-ASUS L1N64

Ipulatifomu yaba yinto emisha yezobuchwepheshe ethokozisayo endaweni ejwayelekile, kepha izivumelwano eziningi zobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amakhulu nokusebenza okumaphakathi (uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli ye-QX6700) akuzange kuvumele ipulatifomu ukuthi iqhudelane ngempumelelo engxenyeni ephezulu yemakethe. - I-Intel yazuza isandla esiphezulu, futhi ama-Phenom FX processors anama-cores amane avela ngokubomvu kuphela ngoNovemba 2007, lapho oqhudelana naye eselungele ukuthatha isinyathelo esilandelayo.

Ulayini wePenryn, owawubizwa ngokuthi yi-die-shrink (ukunciphisa usayizi wokufa) wama-chips angu-65 nm kusukela ngo-2007, owakhishwa emakethe ngoJanuwari 20, 2008 nama-Wolfdale processors - ezinyangeni ezi-2 nje ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-AMD's Phenom FX. . Ukushintshela kubuchwepheshe benqubo ye-45-nm kusetshenziswa i-dielectrics yakamuva kanye nezinto zokwakha kusivumele ukuthi sandise ama-horizons we-Core architecture nakakhulu. Amaprosesa athole ukusekelwa kwe-SSE4.1, ukusekelwa kwezici ezintsha zokonga amandla (njenge-Deep Power Down, ecishe icishe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla esimweni sokulala ezinguqulweni zamaselula zamaphrosesa), futhi yaphola kakhulu - kwezinye izivivinyo umehluko. ingafinyelela ku-10 degrees uma kuqhathaniswa nochungechunge lwangaphambilini lwe-Conroe. Ngemva kokwenyuka kwemvamisa nokusebenza, kanye nokuthola inqolobane eyengeziwe ye-L2 (ye-Core 2 Duo ivolumu yayo ikhuphuke yaba ngu-6 MB), ama-Core processors amasha avikele izikhundla zawo eziholayo kuma-benchmarks, futhi avula indlela yomqhudelwano onzima futhi ukuqala kwenkathi entsha. Izinkathi zempumelelo engakaze ibonwe, izinkathi zokuma nokuzola. Isikhathi sama-Core i processors.

Isinyathelo esisodwa siye phambili bese uziro emuva. Isizukulwane sokuqala i-Core i7

Kakade ngoNovemba 2008, i-Intel yethula i-architecture entsha ye-Nehalem, ephawula ukukhululwa kwamaphrosesa okuqala ochungechungeni lwe-Core i, olujwayeleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umsebenzisi namuhla. Ngokungafani ne-Core 2 Duo eyaziwa kakhulu, i-architecture ye-Nehalem ekuqaleni yayihlinzekela ama-cores amane angokwenyama ku-chip eyodwa, kanye nenani lezinto zokwakha ezaziwa kithi kusukela emisha yezobuchwepheshe evela ku-AMD - isilawuli sememori esihlanganisiwe, inqolobane yezinga lesithathu okwabelwana ngalo. , kanye ne-QPI- interface ethatha indawo ye-HyperTransport.

I-Intel Core i7-970 microprocessor iyafa

Njengoba isilawuli sememori sihanjiswe ngaphansi kwesembozo sokucubungula, i-Intel yaphoqeleka ukuthi yakhe kabusha yonke inqolobane yokwakheka, yehlisa usayizi wenqolobane ye-L2 ivuna inqolobane ye-L3 ehlanganisiwe engu-8 MB. Kodwa-ke, lesi sinyathelo senza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa kakhulu inani lezicelo, futhi ukunciphisa inqolobane ye-L2 ku-256 KB ngomongo ngamunye kube yisixazululo esisebenzayo mayelana nesivinini somsebenzi ngezibalo ezinezintambo eziningi, lapho inqwaba yomthwalo iqondiswe kunqolobane evamile ye-L3.
Ngokungeziwe ekuhlelweni kabusha kwenqolobane, i-Intel ithathe igxathu eliya phambili ngeNehalem, ihlinzeka ngamaphrosesa ngokusekelwa kwe-DDR3 kumafrikhwensi angama-800 no-1066 MHz (nokho-ke, izindinganiso zokuqala bezikude nomkhawulo kulawa maphrosesa), nokuqeda ukwesekwa kwe-DDR2, ngokungafani ne-AMD, esebenzise isimiso sokubuyela emuva ku-Phenom II processors, etholakala kuwo womabili amasokhethi e-AM2+ kanye nama-AM3 amasha. Isilawuli senkumbulo ngokwaso eNehalem singasebenza ngenye yezindlela ezintathu ngesiteshi esisodwa, ezimbili noma ezintathu zenkumbulo ebhasini le-64, 128 noma 192-bit, ngokulandelana, ngenxa yokuthi abakhiqizi bebhodi lomama babeke izixhumi zememori ezifika ku-6 DIMM DDR3 ku-PCB. . Ngokuqondene ne-interface ye-QPI, ithathe indawo yebhasi le-FSB eselivele liphelelwe yisikhathi, ikhulisa umkhawulokudonsa wesikhulumi okungenani kabili - okwakuyisixazululo esihle kakhulu ngokombono wokwandisa izidingo zamafrikhwensi enkumbulo.

I-Hyper-Threading ekhohliwe kunalokho yabuyela e-Nehalem, yanikeza ama-core cores amane anamandla anemicu eyisishiyagalombili ebonakalayo, futhi yadala "leyo SMT." Eqinisweni, i-HT yasetshenziswa emuva ePentium, kodwa kusukela lapho i-Intel ayizange icabange ngakho kuze kube manje.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Hyper-Threading

Esinye isici sobuchwepheshe sesizukulwane sokuqala i-Core i kwaba imvamisa yokusebenza yendabuko yenqolobane nezilawuli zenkumbulo, ukucushwa okubandakanya ukushintsha imingcele edingekayo ku-BIOS - i-Intel incoma ukuphinda kabili imvamisa yenkumbulo ukuze isebenze kahle, kepha ngisho nento encane kangako. kungase kube inkinga kwabanye abasebenzisi, ikakhulukazi uma beqa amabhasi e-QPI (aka BCLK ibhasi), ngoba kuphela ifulegi elibiza kakhulu lomugqa we-i7-965 onomaka we-Extreme Edition othole isiphindaphinda esingakhiyiwe, kuyilapho i-940 ne-920 inefrikhwensi engaguquki. ngokuphindaphinda okungu-22 no-20, ngokulandelana.

I-Nehalem isibe nkulu kokubili ngokomzimba (usayizi wephrosesa ukhuphuke kancane uma uqhathaniswa ne-Core 2 Duo ngenxa yesilawuli sememori esihanjiswa ngaphansi kwekhava) futhi cishe.

Ukuqhathaniswa kosayizi beprosesa

Ngenxa yokuqapha "okuhlakaniphile" kwesistimu yamandla, isilawuli se-PCU (Power-Control Unit), kanye nemodi ye-Turbo, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola imvamisa encane (futhi, ngakho-ke, ukusebenza) noma ngaphandle kokulungiswa ngesandla, okulinganiselwe kuphela. kumanani e-nameplate angu-130 W. Yiqiniso, ezimweni eziningi lo mkhawulo ungase uhlehliselwe emuva kancane ngokushintsha izilungiselelo ze-BIOS, uthole i-100-200 MHz eyengeziwe.

Sekukonke, i-architecture ye-Nehalem inokuningi okunikezwayo - ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Core 2 Duo, ukusebenza okunezintambo eziningi, ama-cores anamandla nokusekelwa kwamazinga akamuva.

Kukhona ukungaqondi okukodwa okuhlotshaniswa nesizukulwane sokuqala se-i7, okuwukuthi ukuba khona kwezisekelo ezimbili ze-LGA1366 kanye ne-LGA1156 efanayo (ekuqaleni) i-Core i7. Kodwa-ke, la masethi amabili engqondo ayengabangelwanga ukufisa kwenhlangano ehahayo, kodwa ngenxa yokushintshela ekwakhiweni kwe-Lynnfield, isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni komugqa we-Core i processor.

Mayelana nomncintiswano ovela ku-AMD, umdondoshiya obomvu ubengajahile ukushintshela ekwakhiweni okusha kwezinguquko, ejahe ukuhambisana nejubane le-Intel. Isebenzisa i-K10 endala enhle, inkampani ikhiphe i-Phenom II, eyaba yinguquko kubuchwepheshe benqubo ye-45-nm ye-Phenom yesizukulwane sokuqala ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibalulekile zezakhiwo.

Ngenxa yokwehliswa kwendawo yokufa, i-AMD ikwazile ukusebenzisa isikhala esengeziwe ukuze ibambe inqolobane ye-L3 ehlaba umxhwele, esakhiweni sayo (kanye nokuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwezinto eziku-chip) icishe ifane nentuthuko ye-Intel neNehalem, kodwa ine inani lokungalungi ngenxa yesifiso somnotho kanye nokuhambisana nenkundla ye-AM2 eguga ngokushesha.

Ngemva kokulungisa amaphutha emsebenzini we-Cool'n'Quiet, engazange isebenze esizukulwaneni sokuqala se-Phenom, i-AMD ikhiphe izibuyekezo ezimbili ze-Phenom II, eyokuqala eyayiqondiswe kubasebenzisi kuma-chipset amadala esizukulwane se-AM2, kanti eyesibili eyenkundla ye-AM3 ebuyekeziwe esekelwa inkumbulo ye-DDR3. Bekuyisifiso sokugcina ukusekelwa kwamaphrosesa amasha kumabhodi omama amadala adlale ihlaya elinonya ku-AMD (okuyinto, nokho, izophindwa ngokuzayo) - ngenxa yezici zesikhulumi ngendlela yebhuloho elisenyakatho elihamba kancane, iPhenom entsha. I-II X4 ayikwazanga ukusebenza ngemvamisa elindelekile yebhasi elingatholakali (isilawuli sememori nenqolobane ye-L3), ilahlekelwe ukusebenza okwengeziwe ekubuyekezweni kokuqala.

Kodwa-ke, i-Phenom II yayithengeka futhi inamandla ngokwanele ukukhombisa imiphumela ezingeni lesizukulwane sangaphambilini se-Intel - okuyi-Core 2 Quad. Yiqiniso, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-AMD yayingakakulungeli ukuncintisana neNehalem. Kube bonke.
Kwabe sekufika iWestmere...

I-Westmere. Kushibhile kune-AMD, ngokushesha kune-Nehalem

Izinzuzo ze-Phenom II, ezethulwa umdondoshiya obomvu njengenye indlela yesabelomali ku-Q9400, zilele ezintweni ezimbili. Eyokuqala ukuhambisana okusobala nesiteji se-AM2, esithole abalandeli abaningi bamakhompiyutha angabizi ngesikhathi sokukhululwa kwe-Phenom yesizukulwane sokuqala. Okwesibili inani elimnandi, okungeyona i-i7 9xx ebizayo noma ethengekayo (kodwa engasenayo inzuzo) amaphrosesa ochungechunge lwe-Code 2 Quad angakwazi ukuncintisana nawo. I-AMD ibibhejela ukufinyeleleka kohlu olubanzi kakhulu lwabasebenzisi, abadlali bemidlalo abayitoho kanye nezingcweti eziqaphela isabelomali, kodwa i-Intel yayisivele inalo uhlelo lokushaya wonke amakhadi omkhiqizi abomvu kwesokunxele esisodwa.

Emgogodleni wayo kwakuyi-Westmere, ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo okulandelayo kwe-Nehalem (umnyombo we-Bloomfield), okuzibonakalise phakathi kwabathandi kanye nalabo abakhetha ukuthatha okungcono kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Intel ilahle izixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibizayo - isethi entsha ye-logic esekelwe ku-LGA1156 isokhethi ilahlekelwe isilawuli se-QPI, yathola i-DMI eyenziwe lula ngokwakhiwa, yathola isilawuli sememori ye-DDR3 eneziteshi ezimbili, futhi yaphinde yaqondisa kabusha eminye yemisebenzi ngaphansi ikhava yeprosesa - kulokhu ibe isilawuli se-PCI.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokubukeka i-Core i7-8xx entsha ne-Core i5-750 zifana ngosayizi ne-Core 2 Quad, ngenxa yokushintshela ku-32 nm, i-crystal iphenduke yaba nkulu nakakhulu ngosayizi kune-Nehalem - idela. imiphumela eyengeziwe ye-QPI kanye nokuhlanganisa ibhulokhi yamachweba ajwayelekile e-I/O, onjiniyela be-Intel bahlanganisa isilawuli se-PCI, esithatha u-25% wendawo ye-chip futhi yakhelwe ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka ekusebenzeni ne-GPU, ngoba imizila eyengeziwe engu-16 ye-PCI ayizange ibe namandla.

E-Westmere, imodi ye-Turbo nayo ithuthukisiwe, eyakhelwe phezu komgomo "we-cores ngaphezulu - imvamisa encane", esetshenziswe yi-Intel kuze kube manje. Ngokomqondo wonjiniyela, umkhawulo we-95 W (okuyimalini i-flagship ebuyekeziwe okufanele idle) awuzange uhlale ufinyelelwa esikhathini esidlule ngenxa yokugcizelela ukweqa wonke ama-cores kunoma yisiphi isimo. Imodi ebuyekeziwe yenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa i-overclocking "smart", i-dosing frequencies ngendlela yokuthi lapho i-core eyodwa isetshenziswa, ezinye zivaliwe, zikhulula amandla engeziwe ukuze kudlule umgogodla ohilelekile. Ngendlela elula kangaka, kwavela ukuthi lapho i-overclocking eyodwa core, umsebenzisi ufinyelele imvamisa yewashi esiphezulu, lapho i-overclocking emibili, yayiphansi, futhi lapho i-overclocking yonke emine, yayingabalulekile. Lena yindlela i-Intel eqinisekise ngayo ukusebenza okuphezulu emidlalweni eminingi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenzisa intambo eyodwa noma ezimbili, ngenkathi igcina ukusebenza kahle kwamandla i-AMD eyayingaphupha ngakho ngaleso sikhathi.

Iyunithi Yokulawula Amandla, enesibopho sokusabalalisa amandla phakathi kwama-cores namanye amamojula ku-chip, nayo ithuthukiswe kakhulu. Ngenxa yentuthuko yenqubo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobunjiniyela ezintweni zokwakha, i-Intel ikwazile ukwenza uhlelo olucishe lufane lapho iphrosesa, ngenkathi isesimweni sokungenzi lutho, ikwazi ukusebenzisa cishe amandla AKHO NONKE. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuzuza umphumela onjalo akuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko zezakhiwo - iyunithi yesilawuli se-PSU yathuthela ngaphansi kwesembozo se-Westmere ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko, futhi kuphela izidingo ezikhulayo zezinto zokwakha kanye nekhwalithi iyonke eyenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuvuza kwemisinga kusuka kuma-cores anqanyuliwe kuya ku-zero ( noma cishe kufika kuqanda) iphrosesa namamojula ahambisana nawo asesimweni sokungenzi lutho.

Ngokushintshanisa isilawuli senkumbulo seziteshi ezintathu seshaneli ezimbili, iWestmere ibingase ilahlekelwe ukusebenza okuthile, kodwa ngenxa yokwanda kwenkumbulo (1066 yeNehalem evamile, kanye no-1333 ngeqhawe lale ngxenye yesihloko), entsha I-i7 ayizange ilahlekelwe kuphela ekusebenzeni, kodwa kwezinye izimo ivele ishesha kune-Nehalem processors. Ngisho nasezinhlelweni ezingawasebenzisi wonke ama-cores amane, i-i7 870 icishe ifane nomfowabo omdala ngenxa yenzuzo ye-DDR3 frequency.

Ukusebenza kwegeyimu kwe-i7 ebuyekeziwe kucishe kufane nesixazululo esingcono kakhulu sesizukulwane sangaphambilini - i-i7 975, ebiza ngokuphindwe kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isixazululo esincane silinganisela onqenqemeni ne-Phenom II X4 965 BE, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuzethemba ngaphambi kwayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kancane kancane.

Kepha intengo bekuyiyona nkinga eyadida bonke abalandeli be-Intel - futhi isixazululo ngendlela ye- $199 emangalisayo ye-Core i5 750 ifanele wonke umuntu ngokuphelele. Yebo, yayingekho imodi ye-SMT lapha, kodwa ama-cores anamandla nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka hhayi nje ukudlula iphrosesa ye-AMD ye-flagship, kodwa futhi ukuyenza eshibhile kakhulu.

Lezi kwakuyizikhathi zobumnyama kuma-Reds, kodwa babene-ace emkhonweni wabo - iprosesa yesizukulwane esisha se-AMD FX yayisizokhishwa. Yiqiniso, i-Intel ayizange ifike ingahlomile.

Ukuzalwa kwenganekwane nempi enkulu. ISandy Bridge vs AMD FX

Uma sibheka emuva emlandweni wobudlelwano phakathi kwalezi ziqhwaga ezimbili, kuba sobala ukuthi kwakuyisikhathi sika-2010-2011 esasihlotshaniswa nokulindelwe okumangalisayo kwe-AMD, kanye nezixazululo eziphumelele ngokungalindelekile ze-Intel. Yize zombili lezi zinkampani zazifaka engcupheni ngokwethula izakhiwo ezintsha ngokuphelele, kumaRed isimemezelo sesizukulwane esilandelayo singaba yinhlekelele, kuyilapho i-Intel, ngokuvamile, ingenakho ukungabaza.

Ngenkathi uLynnfield elungisa iziphazamisi ezinkulu, iSandy Bridge yabuyisela onjiniyela ebhodini lokudweba. Ukushintshela ku-32 nm kwaphawula ukudalwa kwesisekelo se-monolithic, esingasafani neze nesakhiwo esihlukile esisetshenziswe e-Nehalem, lapho amabhulokhi amabili ama-cores amabili ahlukanisa i-crystal ibe izingxenye ezimbili, futhi amamojula wesibili atholakala ezinhlangothini. Endabeni yeSandy Bridge, i-Intel yakha ukwakheka kwe-monolithic, lapho ama-cores ayebekwe endaweni eyodwa, esebenzisa inqolobane evamile ye-L3. Ipayipi lokuphatha elakha ipayipi lomsebenzi laklanywa kabusha ngokuphelele, futhi ibhasi elikhala ngesivinini esikhulu linikeze ukubambezeleka okuncane lapho lisebenza ngenkumbulo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kunoma yimiphi imisebenzi.

I-Intel Core i7-2600k microprocessor chip

Ihluzo ezihlanganisiwe nazo zavela ngaphansi kwe-hood, ethatha ama-20% e-chip efanayo endaweni - ngokokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eminingi, i-Intel yanquma ukubhekana ne-GPU eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Futhi nakuba ibhonasi enjalo ingabalulekile ngezindinganiso zamakhadi ahlukene abalulekile, amakhadi emifanekiso anesizotha eSandy Bridge angase angadingeki. Kepha ngaphandle kwama-transistors ayizigidi eziyi-112 abekelwe i-chip yehluzo, eSandy Bridge onjiniyela be-Intel bathembele ekwandiseni ukusebenza okuyisisekelo ngaphandle kokukhulisa indawo yokufa, okungeyona into elula ekuqaleni - ukufa kwesizukulwane sesithathu kukhulu ngo-2 mm2 kuphela I-Q9000 yake yaba ne-. Ingabe onjiniyela be-Intel bakwazile ukufeza okumangalisayo? Manje impendulo ibonakala isobala, kodwa masiyigcine ithakazelisayo. Sizobuyela kulokhu maduze.

Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo esisha ngokuphelele, iSandy Bridge iphinde yaba umugqa omkhulu wamaphrosesa emlandweni we-Intel. Uma ngesikhathi se-Lynnfield ama-blues ethula amamodeli angu-18 (11 kuma-PC aphathwayo kanye ne-7 yamadeskithophu), manje uhla lwawo selunyuke lwaba ngama-SKU angu-29 (!) awo wonke amaphrofayili angaba khona. Ama-PC edeskithophu athole angu-8 kuwo ekukhululweni - ukusuka ku-i3-2100 kuya ku-i7-2600k. Ngamanye amazwi, zonke izingxenye zemakethe zahlanganiswa. I-i3 engabizi kakhulu yanikezwa ngama-dollar ayi-117, kanti i-flagship ibiza u-$317, eyayishibhile ngendlela emangalisayo ngokwezindinganiso zezizukulwane ezedlule.
Ezethulweni zokumaketha, i-Intel yabiza iSandy Bridge ngokuthi "isizukulwane sesibili sama-Core processors," nakuba ngobuchwepheshe kwakukhona izizukulwane ezintathu ezinjalo ngaphambi kwayo. I-blues ichaze i-logic yabo ngezinombolo zamaphrosesa, lapho inombolo emva kwegama elithi i * ifaniswe nesizukulwane - kungenxa yalesi sizathu abaningi basakholelwa ukuthi i-Nehalem yayiwukuphela kwesakhiwo sesizukulwane sokuqala i7.

Eyokuqala emlandweni we-Intel, iSandy Bridge ithole igama lamaphrosesa avuliwe - uhlamvu K egameni lemodeli, okusho ukuphindaphinda kwamahhala (njengoba i-AMD yayithanda ukwenza, okokuqala ochungechungeni lwe-Black Edition yamaphrosesa, bese kuthi yonke indawo). Kodwa, njengasendabeni ye-SMT, ukunethezeka okunjalo kwakutholakala kuphela ngemali eyengeziwe futhi kuphela kumamodeli ambalwa.

Ngokungeziwe kulayini wakudala, iSandy Bridge iphinde yaba namaphrosesa abhalwe ukuthi T kanye no-S, ahloselwe abakhi bamakhompyutha namasistimu aphathekayo. Ngaphambilini, i-Intel ibingacabangi sina ngale ngxenye.

Ngezinguquko ekusebenzeni kwesiphindaphinda kanye nebhasi le-BCLK, i-Intel ivimbe amandla okweqa amamodeli eSandy Bridge ngaphandle kwenkomba ye-K, ngaleyo ndlela ivale i-lophole esebenze kahle e-Nehalem. Ubunzima obuhlukile kubasebenzisi kwakuyisistimu "ye-overclocking elinganiselwe", eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukusetha inani lemvamisa ye-Turbo yephrosesa eyayincishwe injabulo yemodeli evuliwe. Umgomo wokusebenza we-overclocking ngaphandle kwebhokisi uhlala ungashintshiwe noLynnfield - uma usebenzisa umongo owodwa, uhlelo lukhiqiza imvamisa etholakalayo (kuhlanganise nokupholisa), futhi uma iprosesa ilayishwe ngokugcwele, i-overclocking izoba ngaphansi kakhulu, kodwa kuwo wonke ama-cores. .

Ukweqisa okwenziwa ngesandla kwamamodeli avuliwe, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwehle emlandweni ngenxa yezinombolo iSandy Bridge ezivumele ukuba zifinyelelwe ngisho noma ibhangqwe nokupholisa okulula okunikezwayo. 4.5 GHz ngaphandle kokuchitha ekupholiseni? Akekho owayeke wagxumela phezulu kangaka ngaphambili. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ngisho ne-5 GHz yayisivele ifezeke ngokubuka kwe-overclocking ngokupholisa okwanele.
Ngokuhambisana nokuqanjwa kwezakhiwo, iSandy Bridge yaphelezelwa izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe - iplathifomu entsha ye-LGA1155 efakwe ukusekelwa kwe-SATA 6 Gb/s, ukubukeka kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-UEFI se-BIOS, nezinye izinto ezincane ezijabulisayo. Inkundla ebuyekeziwe ithole ukwesekwa komdabu kwe-HDMI 1.4a, Blu-Ray 3D kanye ne-DTS HD-MA, ngenxa yalokho, ngokungafani nezixazululo zedeskithophu ezisekelwe e-Westmere (Clarkdale core), iSandy Bridge ayizange ihlangabezane nobunzima obungajabulisi lapho ikhipha ividiyo kuma-TV anamuhla futhi. ukudlala amamuvi kumafreyimu angama-24, okungangabazeki ukuthi kwajabulisa abalandeli bethiyetha yasekhaya.

Kodwa-ke, izinto zazingcono nakakhulu ngokombono wesofthiwe, ngoba kwaba ngokukhululwa kweSandy Bridge lapho i-Intel yethula ubuchwepheshe babo bokuqoshwa kwevidiyo obaziwayo besebenzisa izinsiza ze-CPU - Ukuvumelanisa Okusheshayo, okube yisixazululo esingcono kakhulu lapho besebenza ngevidiyo. . Ukusebenza kwegeyimu kwe-Intel HD Graphics, vele, akusivumelanga ukuthi simemezele ukuthi isidingo samakhadi wevidiyo manje sesiyinto yesikhathi esedlule, nokho, i-Intel ngokwayo yaphawula ngokufanelekile ukuthi nge-GPU ebiza u- $ 50 noma ngaphansi, i-chip yabo yehluzo ingakwazi. ube yimbangi engathi sína, eyayingekho kude neqiniso - ngesikhathi sokukhululwa, i-Intel yabonisa ukusebenza komgogodla wehluzo we-2500k ezingeni le-HD5450 - ikhadi lehluzo le-AMD Radeon elithengeka kakhulu.

I-Intel Core i5 2500k ithathwa njengephrosesa ethandwa kakhulu. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ngenxa ye-multiplier evuliwe, i-solder ngaphansi kwesembozo kanye nokushisa okuphansi kokushisa, isibe yinganekwane yangempela phakathi kwama-overclockers.

Ukusebenza kwegeyimu kweSandy Bridge kuphinde kwagcizelela inkambiso ebekwe yi-Intel esizukulwaneni esedlule - ukunikeza ukusebenza komsebenzisi ngokuhambisana nezixazululo ze-Nehalem ezihamba phambili ezibiza u-$999. Futhi umdondoshiya oluhlaza waphumelela - ngenani elilinganiselwe elingaphezudlwana kuka-$300, umsebenzisi uthole ukusebenza okuqhathaniswa ne-i7 980X, obekubonakala kungenakucatshangwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Yebo, ama-horizons amasha okusebenza awazange anqotshwe isizukulwane sesithathu (noma sesibili?) sama-Core processors, njengoba kwakunjalo nge-Nehalem, kodwa ukuncipha okukhulu kwezindleko zezixazululo eziphezulu ezithandwayo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba “abantu” bangempela. ukukhetha.

I-Intel Core i5-2500k

Kubonakala sengathi sesifikile isikhathi sokuthi i-AMD iqale ngezakhiwo zayo ezintsha, kodwa bekufanele silinde isikhashana ukuvela koqhudelana naye wangempela - ngokukhululwa okuphumelelayo kweSandy Bridge, i-arsenal ye-giant ebomvu ihlanganisa kuphela i-Phenom eyandisiwe kancane. Umugqa we-II, ongezwe yizixazululo ezisekelwe kuma-Thuban cores - amaphrosesa aziwa kakhulu we-X6 1055 kanye ne-1090T. Lawa maphrosesa, naphezu kwezinguquko ezincane zezakhiwo, angaziqhenya kuphela ngokubuya kobuchwepheshe be-Turbo Core, lapho umgomo wokulungisa i-overclocking yama-cores ubuyela ekuhlelweni komuntu ngamunye wabo, njengoba kwakunjalo ku-Phenom yasekuqaleni. Ngenxa yalokhu kuvumelana nezimo, kokubili imodi yokusebenza eyonga kakhulu (ngokwehla kwemvamisa eyinhloko kumodi yokungenzi lutho iye ku-800 MHz) kanye nephrofayili yokusebenza enolaka (ama-overclocking cores ngo-500 MHz ngaphezu kwefrikhwensi yefekthri) yenzeka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uThuban wayengehlukile kubafowabo abancane ochungechungeni, futhi ama-cores ayo amabili angeziwe asebenze kakhulu njengeqhinga lokumaketha le-AMD, enikeza ama-cores amaningi ngemali encane.

Maye, inani elikhulu lama-cores alizange lisho nakancane ukusebenza okukhulu - ekuhlolweni kwegeyimu, i-X6 1090T yayifisa ukufika ezingeni le-Clarkdale esezingeni eliphansi, kuphela kwezinye izimo inselele ukusebenza kwe-i5 750. Ukusebenza okuphansi ngomongo ngamunye, I-125 W yokusetshenziswa kwamandla nokunye ukushiyeka kwakudala kwezakhiwo ze-Phenom II, okuseku-45 nm, akuzange kuvumele abakwaReds ukuthi babeke ukuncintisana okunzima ku-Core yesizukulwane sokuqala nabafowabo ababuyekeziwe. Futhi ngokukhishwa kweSandy Bridge, ukuhambisana kwe-X6 kwacishe kwanyamalala, kwasala kuthakazelisa kuphela umbuthano omncane wabasebenzisi babalandeli abangochwepheshe.

Ukusabela okukhulu kwe-AMD emikhiqizweni emisha evela ku-Intel kwalandelwa kuphela ngo-2011, lapho kwethulwa umugqa omusha wamaphrosesa we-AMD FX osuselwe ekwakhiweni kweBulldozer. Ikhumbula uchungechunge oluphumelele kakhulu lwabaprosesa bayo, i-AMD ayizange ibe nesizotha, futhi yaphinda yagcizelela izifiso zayo ezinhle nezinhlelo zekusasa - isizukulwane esisha sathembisa, njengangaphambili, ama-cores amaningi emakethe yedeskithophu, izakhiwo ezintsha, futhi, kunjalo. , ukusebenza okumangalisayo ezigabeni zentengo ukuya ekusebenzeni.

Ngokombono wezokwakha, iBulldozer yayibukeka inesibindi - ukuhlelwa kwe-modular yama-cores kumabhulokhi amane kunqolobane evamile ye-L3 ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle kwaklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle emisebenzini enemicu eminingi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza, nokho, ngenxa yesifiso sokugcina ukuhambisana. ngeplathifomu ye-AM2 eguga ngokushesha, i-AMD yanquma ukugcina isembozo seprosesa yesilawuli sebhuloho elisenyakatho, nokudala enye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu yona eminyakeni eyalandela.

I-Crystal Bulldozer

Naphezu kwama-core cores angu-4, ama-Bulldozer processors anikezwe abasebenzisi njengama-cores ayisishiyagalombili - lokhu kwakungenxa yokuba khona kwama-cores amabili anengqondo kuyunithi ngayinye yekhompyutha. Ngayinye yazo iziqhayise ngenqolobane yayo enkulu engu-2 MB L2, idekhoda, isigcinalwazi esingu-256 KB kanye neyunithi yephoyinti elintantayo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezisebenzayo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlinzeka ngokucubungula idatha emicu eyisishiyagalombili, kugcizelela ukugcizelelwa kwesakhiwo esisha sekusasa elibonakalayo. Ugandaganda wathola usekelo lwe-SSE4.2 ne-AESNI, futhi iyunithi eyodwa ye-FPU ngomgogodla ngamunye wakwazi ukusebenzisa imiyalo engu-256-bit AVX.

Ngeshwa i-AMD, i-Intel isivele yethule iSandy Bridge, ngakho-ke izidingo zengxenye yokucubungula ziye zanda kakhulu. Ngenani elingaphansi kwe-X6 1090T, umsebenzisi omaphakathi angathenga i-i5 2500k enhle futhi athole ukusebenza ngokulingana nokunikezwayo okuhle kakhulu kwe-gen-gen, futhi abakwaReds kwakudingeka benze okufanayo. Maye, amaqiniso ezikhathi zokukhululwa abe nombono wawo ngalolu daba.

Kakade ama-cores angu-6 we-Phenom II endala ayekhululekile uhhafu ezimweni eziningi, ingasaphathwa imicu eyisishiyagalombili ye-AMD FX - ngenxa yokucaciswa kwemidlalo eminingi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa imicu engu-1-2, ngezikhathi ezithile kufika ku-4, umkhiqizo omusha. kusuka ekamu elibomvu kuvele ukuthi iPhenom II yangaphambilini yashesha kancane, yalahlekelwa ngu-2500k ngokungenathemba. Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezithile emisebenzini yobungcweti (ngokwesibonelo, ekugcinweni kwedatha), i-Flagship FX-8150 ibonakale ingathakazelisi kubathengi asebevele baphuphuthekiswe amandla e-i5 2500k. Ukuvukela umbuso akuzange kwenzeke, nomlando awuzange uziphinde. Kuyafaneleka ukubalula ukuhlolwa kokwenziwa kwe-WinRAR okwakhelwe ngaphakathi, okwakunemicu eminingi, kuyilapho emsebenzini wangempela i-archiver isebenzise ngokugcwele imicu emibili kuphela.

Elinye ibhuloho. I-Ivy Bridge noma ngenkathi ulindile

Isibonelo se-AMD sasiyinkomba yezinto eziningi, kodwa okokuqala sigcizelele isidingo sokudala uhlobo oluthile lwesisekelo lapho kwakhiwe khona impumelelo (kuzo zonke izici) ukwakhiwa kweprosesa. Yile ndlela i-AMD eyaba ngayo engcono kunazo zonke enkathini ye-K7/K8, futhi kwaba ngenxa yemibono efanayo lapho i-Intel yathatha indawo yabo ngokukhululwa kweSandy Bridge.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo akubanga nalusizo lwalutho lapho inhlanganisela yokuwina-win ibonakala ezandleni ze-Blues - ama-cores anamandla, i-TDP emaphakathi kanye nefomethi yesikhulumi esifakazelwe ebhasini eliyindandatho, eshesha ngendlela emangalisayo futhi esebenza kahle kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi. Manje osekusele kwakuwukuhlanganisa impumelelo, kusetshenziswa konke okwake kwafika ngaphambili - futhi lena impumelelo impela eyaba yi-Ivy Bridge, eyesithathu (njengoba i-Intel ifuna) isizukulwane sama-Core processors.

Mhlawumbe ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu ekubukeni kwezakhiwo kwaba ukuthuthela kwe-Intel ku-22 nm - hhayi ukugxuma, kodwa isinyathelo sokuzethemba sokunciphisa usayizi wokufa, obuye waba mncane kunowandulelayo. Ngendlela, usayizi wokufa we-AMD FX-8150 processor enobuchwepheshe benqubo ye-32 nm endala yayingu-315 mm2, kuyilapho iphrosesa ye-Intel Core i5-3570 inosayizi ongaphezu kwengxenye enkulu: 133 mm2.

Kulokhu, i-Intel iphinde yathembela ezithombeni ezisebhodini, futhi yabela isikhala esengeziwe ku-chip yayo - yize bekusekuningi nje. Okunye okusele kwe-chip topology ayikakenzi izinguquko - amabhlogo amane afanayo wama-cores ane-cache block ye-L3 evamile, isilawuli sememori nesilawuli se-I/O sesistimu. Umuntu angasho ukuthi umklamo ubukeka ufana ngendlela esabekayo, kodwa lokho bekungumnyombo weplathifomu ye-Ivy Bridge - ukugcina okuhle kakhulu kweSandy, ngenkathi yengeza ama-pluses kumgcinimafa wonke.

I-Crystal Ivy Bridge

Ngenxa yokushintshela kubuchwepheshe benqubo obuncane, i-Intel ikwazile ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele kwamaphrosesa kuya ku-77 W - kusuka ku-95 esizukulwaneni esedlule. Kodwa-ke, amathemba emiphumela evelele kakhulu ye-overclocking awazange athetheleleke - ngenxa yesimo esingenangqondo se-Ivy Bridge, ukuzuza amaza aphezulu kudinga ama-voltages amakhulu kunaseSandy, ngakho-ke kwakungekho ukujaha okuthile kokusetha amarekhodi nalo mndeni wamaphrosesa. Futhi, ukufaka esikhundleni se-interface esishisayo phakathi kwesembozo sokusabalalisa okushisayo kwephrosesa kanye ne-chip yayo kusuka ku-solder kuya ku-thermal paste kwakungeyona into engcono kakhulu yokweqa.

Ngenhlanhla kubanikazi besizukulwane sangaphambilini i-Core, isokhethi ayizange ishintshe, futhi iphrosesa entsha ingafakwa kalula ku-motherboard yangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, ama-chipsets amasha anikeze izinto ezijabulisayo njengokusekelwa kwe-USB 3.0, ngakho-ke abasebenzisi abalandela izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kungenzeka baphuthume ukuthenga ibhodi elisha ku-Z-chipset.

Ukusebenza jikelele kwe-Ivy Bridge akunyukanga kakhulu ngokwanele ukuthi kubizwe ngenye inguquko, kodwa kunalokho ngokungaguquki. Emisebenzini yobungcweti, i-3770k ibonise imiphumela eqhathaniswa namaphrosesa angochwepheshe we-X, futhi emidlalweni yayingaphambi kwezintandokazi zangaphambili ezingu-2600k no-2700k ezinomehluko ongaba ngu-10%. Abanye bangase bacabange ukuthi lokhu akwanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe, kodwa iSandy Bridge ibhekwa njengeminye yemindeni esebenza isikhathi eside kakhulu emlandweni ngesizathu.

Ekugcineni, ngisho nabasebenzisi bemidlalo ye-PC eyonga kakhulu bakwazi ukuzizwa behamba phambili - i-Intel HD Graphics 4000 ibonakale ishesha kakhulu kunesizukulwane esedlule, ikhombisa ukukhuphuka okuphakathi kwama-30-40%, futhi yathola nokusekelwa kweDirectX 11. Manje kwakungenzeka ukudlala imidlalo ethandwayo kuzilungiselelo ezisezingeni eliphakathi, ukuthola ukusebenza kahle.

Ukukufingqa, i-Ivy Bridge ibiyisengezo esamukelekile emndenini wakwa-Intel, igwema zonke izinhlobo zezingozi ezivela ekweqiseni kwezakhiwo, futhi ilandela umgomo we-tick-tock ama-Blues angakaze aphambuke kuwo. AbakwaReds benze umzamo wokwenza umsebenzi omkhulu emaphutheni ngendlela yePiledriver - isizukulwane esisha esibukeka sidala.
I-32 nm ephelelwe yisikhathi ayizange ivumele i-AMD ukuthi yenze olunye uguquko, ngakho-ke iPiledriver yacelwa ukuthi ilungise amaphutha eBulldozer, inake izici ezibuthakathaka kakhulu zesakhiwo se-AMD FX. I-Zambezi cores yathathelwa indawo i-Vishera, ehlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa okuthile okuvela kuzixazululo ezisekelwe ku-Triniti - amaphrosesa eselula we-giant ebomvu, kodwa i-TDP yahlala ingashintshiwe - i-125 W yemodeli ye-flagship enenkomba engu-8350. Ngokwesakhiwo, yayifana nomfowabo omdala. , kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo kanye nokwanda kwemvamisa ngo-400 MHz kusivumele ukuba sibambe.

Amaslayidi okukhangisa e-AMD ngobusuku bangaphambi kokukhishwa kweBulldozer athembise abalandeli bomkhiqizo ukwanda ngo-10-15% kokusebenza kusukela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kodwa ukukhululwa kweSandy Bridge nokugxuma okukhulu okuya phambili akuzange kuvumele lezi zithembiso ukuthi zibizwe ngezifiso ezinkulu. - manje i-Ivy Bridge yayisivele isemashalofini, ihlehlisa umkhawulo ongaphezulu wokukhiqiza embundwini nakakhulu. Ukuze ugweme ukwenza iphutha futhi, i-AMD yethula i-Vishera njengenye indlela yesabelomali somugqa we-Ivy Bridge - i-8350 yayiphikisana ne-i5-3570K, eyayingabangelwa ukuxwayiswa kwama-Reds kuphela, kodwa futhi nenkampani yenkampani. inqubomgomo yentengo. I-Piledriver ye-flagship itholakale emphakathini ngama-dollar angu-199, okuyenze yashibhile kunomuntu ongase ancintisane naye - nokho, okufanayo bekungeke kushiwo ngokuqinisekile mayelana nokusebenza.

Imisebenzi yobungcweti yayiyindawo egqame kakhulu ye-FX-8350 yokuveza amandla ayo - ama-cores asebenze ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi kwezinye izimo umkhiqizo omusha ovela ku-AMD wawungaphambi kwe-3770k, kodwa lapho abasebenzisi abaningi bebukeka khona (ukusebenza kwegeyimu), iprosesa ibonise imiphumela efana ne-i7-920, futhi okungcono kakhulu hhayi kude kakhulu ngemuva kwe-2500k. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo asizange simmangaze muntu - i-8350 yayikhiqiza kakhulu ngo-20% kune-8150 emisebenzini efanayo, kuyilapho i-TDP ingashintshile. Umsebenzi wokulungisa amaphutha ube yimpumelelo, nakuba ubungakhanya ngendlela abaningi abebengathanda ngayo.

Irekhodi lomhlaba lokweqa iphrosesa ye-AMD FX 8370 latholwa yi-Finnish overclocker The Stilt ngo-Agasti 2014. Ukwazile ukweqa ikristalu ku-8722,78 MHz.

U-Haswell: Kuhle kakhulu ukuba yiqiniso futhi

Indlela yezokwakha ye-Intel, njengoba isivele ibonakala, ithole incazelo yayo eyigolide - ukunamathela esimisweni esizinzile sokwakha izakhiwo eziphumelelayo, ukwenza intuthuko kuzo zonke izici. ISandy Bridge yaba umsunguli wezakhiwo ezisebenza kahle ezisekelwe ebhasini eliyindandatho kanye neyunithi ewumgogodla ehlangene, i-Ivy Bridge yalicwengisa ngokuya ngehadiwe kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla, futhi i-Haswell yaba uhlobo lokuqhubeka kwalowo owandulelayo, ethembisa izindinganiso ezintsha zekhwalithi nokusebenza. .

Amaslayidi e-Architectural avela esethulweni se-Intel asikisela ngobumnene ukuthi ukwakheka kuzohlala kungashintshile. Ukuthuthukiswa kuthinte kuphela imininingwane ethile kufomethi yokuthuthukisa - izimbobo ezintsha zengezwe kumphathi womsebenzi, inqolobane ye-L1 ne-L2 yathuthukiswa, kanye nesigcinalwazi se-TLB ekugcineni. Akunakwenzeka ukungaqapheli ukuthuthukiswa kwesilawuli se-PCB, esibhekele ukusebenza kwenqubo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kanye nezindleko zamandla ezihambisanayo. Kalula nje, ekuphumuleni u-Haswell usenomnotho kakhulu kune-Ivy Bridge, kodwa akuzange kukhulunywe ngokuncipha okuphelele kwe-TDP.

Amabhodi omama athuthukile asekelwa amamojula we-DDR3 anesivinini esikhulu anikeze abathandanayo injabulo ethile, kodwa ngokombono we-overclocking yonke into yabonakala idabukisa - imiphumela ka-Haswell yayimbi kakhulu kunesizukulwane esedlule, futhi lokhu kwakungenxa yoshintsho olukhulu. ezinye izindawo ezishisayo, amavila kuphela angenzi amahlaya ngazo manje. Ihluzo ezihlanganisiwe nazo zithole izinzuzo zokusebenza (ngenxa yokwanda kokugcizelelwa emhlabeni wamalaptop aphathwayo), kodwa ngokumelene nesizinda sokuntuleka kokukhula okubonakalayo ku-IPC, u-Haswell waqanjwa ngokuthi “Hasfail” ngokudabukisayo ukwanda kokusebenza okungu-5-10% uma kuqhathaniswa. esizukulwaneni esedlule. Lokhu, kuhambisana nezinkinga zokukhiqiza, kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-Broadwell - isizukulwane esilandelayo se-Intel - yaphenduka inganekwane cishe engekho, ngoba ukukhululwa kwayo kumapulatifomu eselula kanye nokumisa okwesikhashana unyaka wonke kuthinte kabi umbono wabasebenzisi jikelele. Ukulungisa isimo ngandlela thize, i-Intel ikhiphe i-Haswell Refresh, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Devil Canyon - nokho-ke, iphuzu layo lonke bekuwukukhulisa amaza ayisisekelo ama-Haswell processors (4770k no-4670k), ngakho-ke ngeke sinikele ingxenye ehlukile kuyo.

I-Broadwell-H: Iyonga kakhulu, ishesha kakhulu

Ukumiswa isikhathi eside ekukhululweni kwe-Broadwell-H kwakungenxa yobunzima obuhlobene nokuguqukela enqubweni entsha yezobuchwepheshe, nokho, uma singena ekuhlaziyeni kwezakhiwo, kuba sobala ukuthi ukusebenza kwama-Intel processors kufinyelele ezingeni elingenakufinyelelwa yizimbangi. kusuka ku-AMD. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi abakwaRed bebechitha isikhathi sabo - ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali kuma-APU, izixazululo ezisekelwe ku-Kaveri bezidingeka kakhulu, futhi amamodeli amadala ochungechunge lwe-A8 anganikeza isiqalo kalula kunoma yiziphi ihluzo ezihlanganisiwe ezivela ku-Blues. Ngokusobala, i-Intel yayingajabule neze ngalesi simo - ngakho-ke i-Iris Pro graphics core yathatha indawo ekhethekile ekwakhiweni kwe-Broadwell-H.

Ngokuhambisana noguquko oluya ku-14 nm, usayizi wokufa we-Broadwell-H empeleni awushintshile - kodwa ukwakheka okuhlangene kusivumele ukuthi sigxile kakhulu ekwandiseni amandla ezithombe. Phela, kwakukumakhompyutha aphathekayo kanye nezikhungo ze-multimedia lapho u-Broadwell athola khona ikhaya lakhe lokuqala, ngakho-ke izinto ezintsha ezifana nokusekelwa kwe-hardware decoding ye-HEVC (H.265) kanye ne-VP9 kubonakala kungaphezu kokunengqondo.

I-Intel Core i7-5775C microprocessor chip

Ikristalu ye-eDRAM ifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile, ithathe indawo ehlukile ku-crystal substrate futhi yaba uhlobo lwedatha yedatha enesivinini esikhulu - inqolobane ye-L4 - yama-processor cores. Ukusebenza okusivumele ukuthi sithembele esinyathelweni esibucayi esiya phambili emisebenzini yobungcweti ezwela kakhulu isivinini sokucubungula idatha egcinwe kunqolobane. Isilawuli se-eDRAM sithathe isikhala ku-chip processor eyinhloko; onjiniyela bayisebenzise ukuze bamiselele isikhala esakhululeka ngemva kokushintshela kunqubo entsha yobuchwepheshe.

I-eDRAM iphinde yahlanganiswa ukuze kusheshiswe ukusebenza kwezithombe ezisebhodini, esebenza njengenqolobane yozimele esheshayo - enomthamo ongu-128 MB, amandla ayo angenza umsebenzi we-GPU ube lula kakhulu. Eqinisweni, bekuwukuhlonipha ikristalu ye-eDRAM ukuthi uhlamvu C lwengezwe egameni lomprosesa - i-Intel yabiza ubuchwepheshe bokulondolozwa kwedatha obunesivinini esiphezulu ku-chip Crystal Wall.

Izici zemvamisa zomkhiqizo omusha, ngokumangazayo, zaba nesizotha kakhulu kune-Haswell - i-5775C endala yayinemvamisa yesisekelo engu-3.3 GHz, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ingaziqhayisa ngesiphindaphindi esivuliwe. Ngokuncishiswa kwamafrikhwensi, i-TDP nayo yehla - manje isiyi-65 W kuphela, okungenzeka ukuthi iphrosesa yaleli zinga iyimpumelelo engcono kakhulu, ngoba ukusebenza kwahlala kungashintshiwe.

Naphezu kwamandla ayo anesizotha (ngamazinga eSandy Bridge), u-Broadwell-H wamangala ngokusebenza kwayo kahle kwamandla, okwavela ukuthi iyonga kakhulu futhi ebanda kunazo zonke phakathi kwezimbangi, futhi ihluzo ezisebhodini zazingaphambi kwezixazululo ezivela emndenini we-AMD A10, okubonisa ukuthi ukubheja kungqikithi yezithombe ngaphansi kwe-hood bekufanelekile.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-Broadwell-H yabonakala iphakathi kangangokuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kwasungulwa amaphrosesa asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Skylake, okwaba isizukulwane sesithupha emndenini wakwaCore.

I-Skylake - Isikhathi samavukelambuso kade sadlula

Okuxakayo ukuthi, sekudlule izizukulwane eziningi kusukela eSandy Bridge, kodwa akukho nesisodwa kuzo esikwazile ukushaqisa umphakathi ngokuthile okumangalisayo nokusha, ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, kwe-Broadwell-H - kodwa lapho bekungaphezulu ngokugxuma okungakaze kubonwe emidwebeni. nokusebenza kwayo (uma kuqhathaniswa nama-APU e-AMD), kunokuba kube nempumelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni. Izinsuku ze-Nehalem ngokuqinisekile zihambile futhi ngeke zibuye, kodwa u-Intel waqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili ngezinyathelo ezincane.

Ngokwezakhiwo, i-Skylake yahlelwa kabusha, futhi ukuhlelwa okuvundlile kwamayunithi ekhompiyutha kwathathelwa indawo ukwakheka kwesikwele sakudala, lapho ama-cores ahlukaniswa yinqolobane ye-LLC eyabiwe, futhi umgogodla wehluzo onamandla utholakala kwesokunxele.

I-Intel Core i7-6700k microprocessor chip

Ngenxa yezici zobuchwepheshe, isilawuli se-eDRAM manje sesitholakala endaweni yeyunithi yokulawula ye-I/O njengesengezo kumojuli yokulawula okukhipha isithombe ukuze sinikeze ukudluliswa kwesithombe kwekhwalithi engcono kakhulu kusuka kumongo wezithombe ohlanganisiwe. Isilawuli sikagesi esakhelwe ngaphakathi esisetshenziswe e-Haswell sanyamalala ngaphansi kwesembozo, ibhasi le-DMI labuyekezwa, futhi ngenxa yesimiso sokubuyela emuva, ama-Skylake processors asekela inkumbulo ye-DDR4 ne-DDR3 - izinga elisha le-SO-DIMM DDR3L lakhelwe bona. , esebenza ngama-voltage aphansi.

Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akanakuzisiza kodwa aqaphele ukuthi kungakanani ukunaka kwe-Intel ekukhangiseni isizukulwane esilandelayo sezithombe ezisebhodini - esimweni se-Skylake, bekuvele kungokwesithupha kulayini oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-Intel iyaziqhenya ngokukhethekile ngokunyuka kokusebenza, okwakubaluleke kakhulu esimweni se-Broadwell, kodwa kulokhu ithembisa ikakhulukazi abadlali abaqaphela isabelomali izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza nokusekelwa kwawo wonke ama-API anamuhla, kuhlanganise ne-DirectX 12. I-subsystem yehluzo iyingxenye. yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-System on Chip (SOC), i-Intel nayo eyakhuthaza ngenkuthalo njengesibonelo sesisombululo esiphumelelayo sezakhiwo. Kodwa uma ukhumbula ukuthi isilawuli se-voltage esihlanganisiwe sinyamalele, futhi uhlelo olungaphansi lwamandla luthembele ngokuphelele ku-VRM yebhodi lomama, vele, i-Skylake ayikakafinyeleli ku-SOC egcwele. Akukho ukukhuluma nhlobo mayelana nokuhlanganisa i-chip yebhuloho eliseningizimu ngaphansi kwekhava.

Kodwa-ke, i-SOC lapha idlala indima yokuba umlamuli, uhlobo "lwebhuloho" phakathi kwe-chip yehluzo ye-Gen9, ama-processor cores kanye nesilawuli se-I/O sesistimu, esibhekele ukusebenzisana kwezingxenye nomprosesa nokucubungula idatha. Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-Intel yagcizelela kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nezinyathelo eziningi ezithathwe yi-Intel emzamweni wokusebenzisa ama-watts ambalwa - i-Skylake inikeza "amasango amandla" ahlukene (ake siwabize ngokuthi yizifunda zamandla) esigabeni ngasinye se-SOC, kufaka phakathi ibhasi elikhala ngesivinini esikhulu, isistimu engaphansi yezithombe nesilawuli semidiya. Isistimu yokulawula amandla yesigaba se-P-state-based processor yangaphambili iguqukele kubuchwepheshe be-Speed ​​​​Shift, obuhlinzeka kokubili ukushintsha okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukene (isibonelo, lapho uvuka kumodi yokulala phakathi nomsebenzi osebenzayo noma uqala umdlalo osindayo ngemva kokuntweza okulula. ) kanye nokulinganisa izindleko zamandla phakathi kwamayunithi e-CPU asebenzayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngaphakathi kwe-TDP.

Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kabusha okuhlobene nokunyamalala kwesilawuli samandla, i-Intel yaphoqeleka ukuthi isuse i-Skylake isokhethi entsha ye-LGA1151, okukhishwe kuyo amabhodi omama asekelwe ku-chipset ye-Z170, athole ukwesekwa kwemizila engu-20 ye-PCI-E 3.0, i-USB 3.1 eyodwa. Thayipha imbobo A, inombolo ekhuphukile yezimbobo ze-USB 3.0, usekelo lwamadrayivu e-eSATA nawe-M2. Inkumbulo kwathiwa isekela amamojula e-DDR4 anamaza afika ku-3400 MHz.

Ngokuqondene nokusebenza, ukukhishwa kwe-Skylake akuzange kumake noma yikuphi ukushaqeka. Ukwenyuka kokusebenza okulindelekile ngamaphesenti amahlanu uma kuqhathaniswa noDeveli Canyon kushiye abalandeli abaningi bedidekile, kodwa kwacaca kumaslayidi ezethulo ze-Intel ukuthi ukugcizelelwa okukhulu kwakusekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla kanye nokuguquguquka kweplatifomu entsha, ekwazi ukufaneleka kuzo zombili izinto ezincane ezingabizi kakhulu. Izinhlelo ze-ITX kanye nezinkundla zemidlalo ezithuthukile. Abasebenzisi abebelindele ukugxumela phambili besuka eSandy Bridge Skylake baphoxekile; lesi simo besikhumbuza ukukhishwa kuka-Haswell; ukukhishwa kwesokhethi entsha nakho bekudumaza.

Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuthemba iKaby Lake, ngoba othile, futhi kwakufanele kube nguye...

Kaby Lake. Ichibi elisha nobubomvu obungalindelekile

Naphezu komqondo wokuqala wesu elithi "tick-tock", i-Intel, ibona ukungabi khona kwanoma yimuphi umncintiswano ovela ku-AMD, yanquma ukwandisa umjikelezo ngamunye ezigabeni ezintathu, lapho, ngemva kokwethulwa kwesakhiwo esisha, isisombululo esikhona silungiswa ngaphansi igama elisha leminyaka emibili ezayo. Isinyathelo se-14 nm kwakuyi-Broadwell, ilandelwa i-Skylake, ne-Kaby Lake, ngokufanelekile, yayiklanyelwe ukukhombisa izinga lobuchwepheshe elithuthuke kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa ne-Nebesnozersk yangaphambilini.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-Kaby Lake ne-Skylake kwaba ukwenyuka kwamafrikhwensi ngo-200-300 MHz - kokubili ngokuya nge-base frequency and boost. Ngokwezakhiwo, isizukulwane esisha asizange sithole izinguquko - ngisho nehluzo ezihlanganisiwe, naphezu kokuvuselela izimpawu, zahlala zifana, kodwa i-Intel ikhiphe i-chipset esekelwe ku-Z270 entsha, engeze imizila engu-4 PCI-E 3.0 ekusebenzeni kwangaphambilini. I-Sunrise Point, kanye nokwesekwa kobuchwepheshe be-Intel I-Optane Memory yamadivayisi athuthukisiwe e-giant. Iziphindaphinda ezizimele zezingxenye zebhodi nezinye izici zeplatifomu yangaphambilini zigciniwe, futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-multimedia zithole umsebenzi we-AVX Offset, okuvumela ukuthi unciphise ama-processor frequencies lapho ucubungula imiyalelo ye-AVX ukwandisa ukuzinza kumafrikhwensi aphezulu.

I-Intel Core i7-7700k microprocessor chip

Mayelana nokusebenza, imikhiqizo emisha yesizukulwane sesikhombisa ye-Core okokuqala ngqa icishe ifane neyabandulelayo - isiphinde yanaka ekwandiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, i-Intel yakhohlwa ngokuphelele ngamasu amasha ngokuya nge-IPC. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-Skylake, umkhiqizo omusha uxazulule inkinga yokushisa okwedlulele emazingeni amakhulu e-overclocking, futhi wakwenza kwazizwa kucishe kufane nezinsuku zeSandy Bridge, ukweqa iphrosesa ku-4.8-4.9 GHz ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okusesilinganisweni kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngamanye amazwi, i-overclocking ibe lula, futhi iprosesa isibe yi-10-15 degrees epholile, engabizwa ngokuthi umphumela walokho kulungiselelwa, umjikelezo wayo wokugcina.

Akekho owayengaqagela ukuthi i-AMD isivele ilungiselela impendulo yangempela eminyakeni eminingi yentuthuko ye-Intel. Igama layo yi-AMD Ryzen.

I-AMD Ryzen - Lapho wonke umuntu ehleka futhi akekho owakholwa

Ngemuva kweBulldozer ebuyekeziwe, ukwakhiwa kwePiledriver kwethulwa ngo-2012, i-AMD yathuthela ngokuphelele kwezinye izindawo zemakethe yokucubungula, ikhipha imigqa eminingana ye-APU ephumelelayo, kanye nezinye izixazululo ezongayo neziphathwayo. Kodwa-ke, inkampani ayizange ikhohlwe ngempi evuselelwe yokuthola indawo elangeni kumakhompiyutha edeskithophu, izenza ubuthakathaka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isebenza ekwakhiweni kweZen - isisombululo esisha sangempela esiklanyelwe ukuvuselela umoya wokuncintisana owake ulahlekile ku-CPU. imakethe.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo omusha, i-AMD yaphendukela osizweni lukaJim Keller, yena “uyise wezinhlamvu ezimbili” okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe komsebenzi kwaholela umdondoshiya obomvu udumo nokuqashelwa ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Nguye okwathi, kanye nabanye onjiniyela, bakha isakhiwo esisha esiklanyelwe ukuba sisheshe, sibe namandla futhi sisungule izinto ezintsha. Ngeshwa, wonke umuntu wakhumbula ukuthi iBulldozer yayisekelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo - kwakudingeka indlela ehlukile.

UJim Keller

Futhi i-AMD yasebenzisa ithuba lokumaketha, yamemezela ukwanda okungama-52% ku-IPC uma kuqhathaniswa nesizukulwane se-Excavator - ama-cores akamuva kakhulu aphuma kuBulldozer efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-8150, ama-Zen processors athembisa ukushesha ngaphezu kuka-60%, futhi lokhu kwamangaza wonke umuntu. Ekuqaleni, ekwethulweni kwe-AMD bachitha isikhathi kuphela emisebenzini yobungcweti, beqhathanisa iphrosesa yabo entsha ne-5930K, futhi kamuva ne-6800K, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baqala nokukhuluma ngohlangothi lwemidlalo lwenkinga - okucindezela kakhulu endaweni yokuthengisa. yokubuka. Kodwa nalapha i-AMD yayikulungele ukulwa.

I-architecture ye-Zen isekelwe kubuchwepheshe benqubo entsha ye-14 nm, futhi ngokwezakhiwo, imikhiqizo emisha ayifani nhlobo nesakhiwo semodular kusukela ngo-2011. Manje i-chip igcina amabhulokhi amabili amakhulu asebenzayo abizwa ngokuthi i-CCX (Core Complex), ngayinye ingakhona. abe nama-cores angafika kwamane asebenzayo . Njengasendabeni ye-Skylake, izilawuli zesistimu ezehlukene zitholakala ku-chip substrate, okuhlanganisa imizila engu-24 PCI-E 3.0, ukusekelwa kwamachweba afinyelela kwangu-4 we-USB 3.1 Uhlobo A, kanye nesilawuli senkumbulo ye-DDR4 eneziteshi ezimbili. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ubukhulu benqolobane ye-L3 - kuzixazululo ze-flagship ivolumu yayo ifinyelela ku-16 MB. Ingqikithi ngayinye ithole iyunithi yayo yephuzu elintantayo (i-FPU), eyaxazulula enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zezakhiwo zangaphambilini. Ukusetshenziswa kwephrosesa nakho kwehle kakhulu - ku-Flagship i-Ryzen 7 1800X yaqokwa ku-95 W uma kuqhathaniswa no-220 W kumamodeli "ashisayo" (ngawo wonke umqondo) we-AMD FX.

I-AMD Ryzen 1800X microprocessor iyafa

Ukugcwaliswa kwezobuchwepheshe kuvele kucebile ezintweni ezintsha - ngakho-ke abaprosesa abasha be-AMD bathole isethi yonke yobuchwepheshe obusha ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi SenseMI, obuhlanganisa i-Smart Prefetch (ukulayisha idatha ku-cache buffer ukusheshisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo), Amandla Ahlanzekile (empeleni i-analogue yokulawulwa kwamandla “ahlakaniphile” okuphakelwa kwephrosesa namasegimenti ayo, asetshenziswa e-Skylake), i-Neural Net Prediction (i-algorithm esebenza ezimisweni zenethiwekhi ye-neural yokuzifundela), kanye Ne-Extended Frequency. Ibanga (noma i-XFR), eklanyelwe ukunikeza abasebenzisi amasistimu okupholisa athuthukile ngamafrikhwensi angu-100 MHz. Ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela ku-Piledriver, i-overclocking ayizange yenziwe yi-Turbo Core, kodwa yi-Precision Boost - ubuchwepheshe obusha bokwandisa imvamisa kuye ngomthwalo wezintambo. Sibone ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obuvela ku-Intel kusukela eSandy Bridge.

Isakhiwo esisha se-Ryzen sisekelwe ebhasini le-Infinity Fabric, eliklanyelwe ukuxhumanisa ama-cores amabili namabhulokhi amabili e-CCX ku-chip substrate. I-interface enesivinini esiphezulu yayiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okushesha kakhulu phakathi kwama-cores namabhulokhi, futhi ikwazi ukusetshenziswa kwamanye amapulatifomu - ngokwesibonelo, kuma-APU akongayo ngisho nakumakhadi ehluzo e-AMD VEGA, lapho ibhasi libhanqiwe nenkumbulo ye-HBM2. kufanele isebenze ngomkhawulokudonsa okungenani ongu-512 Gb/s

Infinity Fabric

Konke lokhu kuxhumene nezinhlelo ezishibhile zokwandisa ulayini we-Zen kumapulatifomu asebenza kahle kakhulu, amaseva kanye nama-APU - ukuhlangana kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, njengenjwayelo, kuholela ekukhiqizeni okushibhile, futhi amanani aphansi alingayo bekulokhu kuyilungelo le-AMD.

Ekuqaleni, i-AMD yethule i-Ryzen 7 kuphela - amamodeli amadala olayini, ahloselwe abasebenzisi abakhetha kakhulu nabenzi bemidiya, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva balandelwa yi-Ryzen 5 kanye ne-Ryzen 3. Kwakuyi-Ryzen 5 eyaba izixazululo ezikhangayo kakhulu mayelana kokubili amanani nokusebenza kwemidlalo, lapho i-Intel, ukukhuluma ngokungananazi, yayingakalungi nhlobo. Futhi uma esigabeni sokuqala kwakubonakala sengathi uRyzen wayedalelwe ukuphinda isiphetho sikaBulldozer (nakuba ngezinga elincane ledrama), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwacaca ukuthi i-AMD yakwazi ukuphinda ibeke ukuncintisana.

Izinkinga eziyinhloko nge-Ryzen kwakungama-nuances obuchwepheshe ahambisana nabanikazi bezibuyekezo zakuqala phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala - ngenxa yezinkinga zenkumbulo, u-Ryzen wayengajahi ukunconywa ukuthi athenge, kanye nokuncika kwabaprosesa ekuvaleni kwe-RAM. yaveza ngokuqondile isidingo sezindleko ezengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, abasebenzisi abanolwazi kuzilungiselelo zesikhathi bathole ukuthi ngamamojula enkumbulo enesivinini esikhulu alungiselelwe ukuthi abe nesikhathi esincane, i-Ryzen iyakwazi ukusunduza ngisho ne-7700k, okubangele injabulo yangempela ekamu labalandeli be-AMD. Kepha noma ngaphandle kwentokozo enjalo, umndeni wakwaRyzen 5 wabaprosesa uphumelele kangangokuthi igagasi lokuthengisa kwabo laphoqa i-Intel ukuthi yenze uguquko oluphuthumayo ekwakhiweni kwayo. Impendulo ekunyakazeni okuyimpumelelo kwe-AMD kwaba ukukhululwa kwezakhiwo zakamuva (ngesikhathi sokubhala) iCoffee Lake, ethole ama-cores ayi-6 esikhundleni sezine.

I-Coffee Lake. Iqhwa liphukile

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-7700k ibambe isihloko sephrosesa yemidlalo engcono kakhulu isikhathi eside, i-AMD ikwazile ukuzuza impumelelo emangalisayo phakathi nendawo yomugqa, isebenzisa isimiso esidala kakhulu sokuthi "ama-cores amaningi, kodwa ashibhile." I-Ryzen 1600 yayinama-cores ayi-6 kanye nemicu eyi-12, kanti i-7600k yayisabambeke kuma-cores ama-4, inikeze i-AMD ukuwina okulula kokumaketha, ikakhulukazi ngokusekelwa ababuyekezi abaningi nama-blogger. Khona-ke i-Intel yashintsha uhlelo lokukhishwa futhi yethula Ichibi Lekhofi emakethe - hhayi nje amanye amaphesenti ambalwa nama-watts ambalwa, kodwa isinyathelo sangempela esiya phambili.

Yiqiniso, nalapha kwenziwa ngokubhukha. Ama-cores ayisithupha alindelwe isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kwenjabulo ye-SMT, empeleni avele ngesisekelo se-Skylake efanayo, eyakhelwe ku-14 nm. E-Kaby Lake, isisekelo sayo salungiswa, kuxazululwa izinkinga nge-overclocking kanye nezinga lokushisa, futhi eLake Lake lathuthukiswa ukuze kwandiswe inani lamabhulokhi ayisisekelo ngo-2, futhi lenzelwe ukusebenza okupholile futhi okuzinzile. Uma sihlola i-architecture ngokombono wezinto ezintsha, khona-ke akukho okusha (ngaphandle kokwenyuka kwenani lama-cores) okuvele e-Coffee Lake.

I-Intel Core i7-8700k microprocessor chip

Kepha bekunemikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe ehlotshaniswa nesidingo samabhodi omama amasha asuselwa ku-Z370. Le mikhawulo ihlotshaniswa nezidingo ezikhulayo zamandla, njengoba kwengezwe ama-cores ayisithupha kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwesistimu kucatshangelwa ukuminza okukhulayo kwekristalu okudingekayo ukuphakamisa amazinga kagesi wokuhlinzeka. Njengoba sikhumbula emlandweni we-Broadwell, i-Intel ibilwela eminyakeni yamuva nje ukwenza okuphambene - ukunciphisa ukungezwani kuyo yonke imikhakha, kodwa manje leli qhinga selifinyelele ekugcineni. Ngobuchwepheshe, i-LGA1151 yahlala injalo, nokho, ngenxa yengozi yokulimaza isilawuli se-VRM, i-Intel yanciphisa ukuhambisana kwephrosesa namabhodi omama wangaphambilini, ngaleyo ndlela izivikela emahlazweni angenzeka (njengoba kwakunjalo nge-RX480 kanye ne-PCI eshisiwe ye-AMD. -E izixhumi). I-Z370 ebuyekeziwe ayisasekeli inkumbulo yangaphambilini ye-DDR3L, kodwa akekho owayelindele ukuhambisana okunjalo.

Abakwa-Intel ngokwabo bebelungiselela inguqulo ebuyekeziwe yesikhulumi ngokusekelwa kwe-USB 3.1 yesizukulwane sesibili, amakhadi ememori e-SDXC kanye nesilawuli esakhelwe ngaphakathi se-Wi-Fi 802.11, ngakho-ke ukushesha kokukhishwa nge-Z370 kwaba ngesinye salezo zigameko yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukufinyelela iziphetho mayelana nokubukeka kwendawo yesikhulumi. Kodwa-ke, bekunezimanga eziningi eCoffee Lake - futhi ingxenye ethile yazo ibigxile ekwengezeni iwashi.

I-Intel inake kakhulu, igcizelela umsebenzi owenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo ye-overclocking - ngokwesibonelo, e-Coffee Lake kwaba nokwenzeka ukumisa amasethingi amaningi wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo we-overclocking izimo ezihlukene zokulayisha, ikhono lokushintsha inkumbulo ngamandla. izikhathi ngaphandle kokushiya uhlelo lokusebenza, ukusekelwa kwanoma yiziphi, ngisho neziphindaphinda ze-DDR4 ezingenakwenzeka (okushiwo ukusekelwa kwamafrikhwensi afika ku-8400 MHz), kanye nesistimu yamandla ethuthukisiwe eyenzelwe imithwalo ephezulu. Nokho, eqinisweni, overclocking the 8700k kwakukude kakhulu Amazing - ngenxa ukungasebenzi interface ezishisayo esetshenziswa ngaphandle deliding, iprosesa wayevame ukukhawulelwa 4.7-4.8 GHz, ifinyelela amazinga okushisa okwedlulele, kodwa ngokushintsha interface yayingakwazi. khombisa amarekhodi amasha ngesitayela se-5.2 noma i-5.3 GHz. Kodwa-ke, iningi labasebenzisi lalingenandaba nalokhu, ngakho-ke amandla okweqile kweLake Lake LaseCoffee ayisithupha angabizwa ngokuthi avinjelwe. Yebo, yebo, uSandy akakakhohlwa.

Ukusebenza kwegeyimu kwe-Coffee Lake akuzange kubonise izimangaliso ezikhethekile - naphezu kokubonakala kwama-cores amabili omzimba nemicu emine, i-8700k ngesikhathi sokukhishwa yayinesinyathelo sokusebenza esifanayo sika-5-10% ngaphezu kwe-flagship yangaphambilini. Yebo, i-Ryzen ayikwazanga ukuncintisana nayo ku-niche yemidlalo, kodwa ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo, kuvela ukuthi i-Coffee Lake ingenye "yamanje" eqhubekayo, kodwa hhayi "umkhaza", uSandy Bridge owawuyi-2011 .

Ngenhlanhla abalandeli be-AMD, ngemuva kokukhululwa kwe-Ryzen, inkampani yamemezela izinhlelo zesikhathi eside zesokhethi ye-AM4 kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo ze-Zen kuze kube ngu-2020 - futhi ngemuva kokuthi iCoffee Lake ibuyisele ukunaka engxenyeni ye-Intel ephakathi nendawo, kwase kuyisikhathi. ye-Ryzen 2 - ngemuva kwakho konke. I-AMD kumele ibe neyakhe "yamanje".

Iqiniso elibuhlunguBesingeke siyibone i-Intel njengoba injalo namuhla uma ingasebenzisanga ukuncintisana okungafanele ukukhangisa imikhiqizo yayo. Ngakho-ke ngoMeyi 2009, inkampani yahlawuliswa yiKhomishini YaseYurophu isamba esikhulu samadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5 ngokugwazela abakhiqizi bamakhompyutha abantu kanye nenkampani eyodwa yokuhweba ngokukhetha amaphrosesa kwa-Intel. Abaphathi be-Intel babe sebethi akukho basebenzisi abangathenga amakhompyutha ngentengo ephansi noma ubulungiswa abazozuza esinqumweni sokuvula icala.

I-Intel futhi inendlela endala nesebenza ngempumelelo yokuncintisana. Ngokufaka umyalo we-CPUID okokuqala ngqa, kuqalwa ngamaphrosesa e-i486, nangokudala nokusabalalisa inhlanganisela yayo yamahhala, i-Intel yaqinisekisa impumelelo yayo iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Le compiler ikhiqiza ikhodi efanelekile yamaphrosesa e-Intel kanye nekhodi emaphakathi yawo wonke amanye amaphrosesa. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nephrosesa enamandla ngokwezobuchwepheshe evela kwabaqhudelana nabo "idlule" emagatsheni ohlelo olungafanelekile. Lokhu kunciphise ukusebenza kokugcina kuhlelo lokusebenza futhi akuzange kusivumele ukuthi sibonise cishe izinga elifanayo lokusebenza njengephrosesa ye-Intel enezici ezifanayo.

Ezimweni ezinjalo zokuncintisana, i-VIA ayikwazanga ukumelana nomncintiswano, yehlisa kakhulu ukuthengiswa kwamaphrosesa. Iphrosesa yayo ye-Nano eyonga amandla yayingaphansi kune-Intel Atom processor entsha yangaleso sikhathi. Konke bekuyoba kuhle ukube umcwaningi oyedwa onekhono, u-Agner Fog, ehlulekile ukushintsha i-CPUID kuphrosesa ye-Nano. Njengoba bekulindelekile, umkhiqizo wenyuka futhi wedlula lowo oqhudelana naye. Kodwa lezi zindaba azizange ziveze umphumela webhomu yolwazi.
Ukuncintisana ne-AMD (umkhiqizi wesibili ngobukhulu wama-microprocessors we-x86/x64 emhlabeni) nawo awuhambanga kahle kowokugcina; ngo-2008, ngenxa yezinkinga zezimali, i-AMD kwadingeka ihlukane nomkhiqizi wayo wamasekethe ahlanganisiwe we-semiconductor, i-GlobalFoundries. I-AMD, ekulweni kwayo ne-Intel, ithembele kuma-multi-cores, ehlinzeka ngamaphrosesa athengekayo anamakhora amaningi, kuyilapho i-Intel ingaphendula kulesi sigaba somkhiqizo ngamaphrosesa anama-cores ambalwa, kodwa ngobuchwepheshe be-Hyper-Threading.

Iminyaka eminingi, i-Intel ibilokhu ikhulisa isabelo sayo semakethe kumaphrosesa eselula nawedeskithophu, ixosha imbangi yayo. Imakethe yephrosesa yeseva isivele yathathwa ngokuphelele. Futhi muva nje isimo saqala ukushintsha. Ukukhishwa kwamaphrosesa e-AMD Ryzen kuphoqe i-Intel ukuthi iguqule amaqhinga ayo ayisisekelo okwandisa kancane amaza okusebenza amaphrosesa. Yize amaphakheji okuhlola asize i-Intel ukuthi ingaphinde ikhathazeke. Isibonelo, ekuhlolweni kokwenziwa kwe-SYSMark, umehluko phakathi kwesizukulwane sesithupha nesesikhombisa se-Core i7 desktop processors wawungalingani nokwanda kwemvamisa enezici ezifanayo eziwumongo.

Kepha manje i-Intel isiqalile nokwandisa inani lama-cores ama-desktop processors, futhi isiphinde yaqamba kabusha amamodeli akhona eprosesa. Lesi isinyathelo esihle sokuthi abathengi bayo bafunde ngobuchwepheshe.

Umbhali walesi sihloko - Pavel Chudinov.

2019 - I-Blue Point of No Return noma i-Chiplet Revolution

Ngemuva kwezizukulwane ezimbili eziphumelele kakhulu ze-Ryzen processors, i-AMD yayisilungele ukuthatha isinyathelo esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili hhayi ekusebenzeni kuphela, kodwa nasebuchwephesheni bakamuva bokukhiqiza - ukuthuthela kubuchwepheshe benqubo ye-7nm, ihlinzeka ngokunyuka kwe-25% ekusebenzeni ngenkathi igcina iphakheji ehlala njalo eshisayo. , okuhambisana nentuthuko eminingi yezakhiwo nokulungiselelwa kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuyisa inkundla ye-AM4 ezingeni elisha, ihlinzeka bonke abanikazi bezinhlelo zangaphambilini “ezidumile” ngokuthuthukiswa okungenabuhlungu ngesibuyekezo sokuqala se-BIOS.

Futhi uphawu olubalulekile ngokwengqondo lwe-4 GHz, okuyinto ngezindlela eziningi eyayiyisikhubekiso endleleni yokuncintisana okunamandla ne-Intel, abathanda ukukhathazeka ngendlela ehlukile - kusukela amahemuhemu okuqala avela, abaningi baphawula ngokufanelekile ukuthi ukwanda kwemvamisa ku-Ryzen 3000. umndeni cishe ngeke ube ngaphezu kuka-20%, kodwa akekho ongayeka ukuphupha nge-5 GHz i-Intel ebukisa ngayo. “Ukuvuza” okuningi kuphinde kwabhebhethekisa intshisekelo, kanye nemigqa ephelele yokucubungula kanye nemininingwane emangalisayo, eminingi yakho okwavela ukuthi ikude neqiniso. Kodwa ngobuqotho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvuza okuthile bekuhambisana nemiphumela eboniwe - vele, ngokubhukha okuthile.

Ngobuchwepheshe, i-architecture ye-Zen 2 ithole umehluko omkhulu kusukela kumanduleli wayo, okungaphansi kwezizukulwane ezimbili zokuqala ze-Ryzen. Umehluko oyinhloko kwakuwukuhlelwa kweprosesa, manje ehlanganisa amakristalu amathathu ahlukene, amabili awo aqukethe amabhulokhi ama-cores, kanti eyesithathu, emangalisa kakhulu ngobukhulu, ihlanganisa ibhulokhi yabalawuli neziteshi zokuxhumana (I / O). Naphezu kwazo zonke izinzuzo eziningi zenqubo eyonga amandla nethuthukisiwe ye-7nm, i-AMD ayikwazanga ukusiza kodwa ibhekane nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezikhuphuka ngokuphawulekayo, ngoba inqubo ye-7nm yayingakahlolisiswa futhi ilethwe esilinganisweni esifanele sama-chips anesici kuya kulawo ahlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, bekunesinye isizathu - ukuhlanganisa okujwayelekile kokukhiqiza, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa imigqa yokukhiqiza ehlukene ibe munye, bese ukhetha amakristalu e-Ryzen 5 ethengekayo kanye ne-EPYC emangalisayo. Lesi sixazululo esingabizi kakhulu sivumele i-AMD ukuthi igcine amanani esezingeni elifanayo, futhi bekumnandi ukujabulisa abalandeli ngokukhishwa kwe-Ryzen 3000.

Ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo kwama-chiplets

Ukwehlukanisa i-chip processor ibe izingxenye ezintathu ezincane kuvumele inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuxazululeni imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nonjiniyela be-AMD - ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka kwe-Infinity Fabric, ukubambezeleka kokufinyelela kunqolobane nokushintshisana kwedatha kusuka kumabhulokhi ahlukene e-CCX. Manje usayizi wenqolobane okungenani uphindwe kabili (32 MB L3 ku-3600 uma kuqhathaniswa no-16 MB ngonyaka odlule we-2600), izindlela zokusebenza nazo zenziwe zathuthukiswa, futhi imvamisa ye-Infinity Fabric inesiphindaphinda sayo se-FCLK, esivumela ukusetshenziswa I-RAM ifika ku-3733 MHz enemiphumela emihle (ukubambezeleka kuleli cala akuzange kudlule ama-nanoseconds angu-65-70). Kodwa-ke, i-Ryzen 3000 isazwela izikhathi zenkumbulo, futhi izinti ezibizayo ze-latency eziphansi zingaletha abanikazi behadiwe entsha kuze kufike ku-30% noma ngaphezulu ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza - ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezithile nemidlalo.

Iphakheji elishisayo lamaphrosesa lahlala lifana, kodwa amaza akhuphuka njengoba bekulindelekile - ukusuka ku-4,2 ekuthuthukisweni ku-3600 kuya ku-4,7 ku-3950X. Ngemva kokungena emakethe, abasebenzisi abaningi bahlangabezane nenkinga ye-"malaise", lapho iphrosesa ingabonisi amaza ashiwo umenzi ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezikahle - "obomvu" kwakudingeka asebenzise ukubuyekezwa okukhethekile kwe-BIOS (1.0.0.3ABBA), lapho inkinga ilungiswe ngempumelelo, futhi ngenyanga edlule i-Global 1.0.0.4 yakhululwa, equkethe ukulungiswa nokulungiswa okungaphezu kwekhulu nengxenye - kwabanye abasebenzisi, ngemva kokubuyekezwa, imvamisa yeprosesa ikhuphuke yafika ku-75 MHz, futhi ejwayelekile ama-voltage ehle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akubathinti amandla okweqile nganoma iyiphi indlela - i-Ryzen 3000, njengabanduleli bayo, isebenza kahle ngaphandle kwebhokisi, futhi ayikwazi ukunikeza amandla angaphezu kwe-overclocking ngaphezu kokunyuka okungokomfanekiso - lokhu kuyenza ibe yisicefe kubathandi, kodwa okuningi. yenjabulo kulabo Kungani engafuni ukuthinta izilungiselelo ku-BIOS?

I-Zen 2 ithole ukwenyuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-per-core (kufika ku-15% ezinhlelweni ezahlukene), ivumele i-AMD ukuthi ikhulise kakhulu umthamo kuzo zonke izingxenye zemakethe, futhi ngokokuqala ngqa emashumini eminyaka iguqule isimo sayo. Yini eyenza lokhu kwenzeke? Ake sibhekisise.

I-Ryzen 3 - Iphupho Lobuchwepheshe

Abaningi abalandele ukuvuza okuphathelene nesizukulwane se-Zen 2 babenesithakazelo ikakhulukazi ku-Ryzen 3 entsha. Amaphrosesa atholakalayo abethenjiswe ama-cores angu-6, ihluzo ezinamandla ezihlanganisiwe kanye nenani elihlekisayo. Ngeshwa, abalandelayo abalindelekile ku-Ryzen 3, i-AMD yahlomisa ingxenye engezansi yesikhulumi sayo ngo-2017, abakaze bakubone ukukhanya kosuku. Esikhundleni salokho, abakwaReds baqhubekile nokusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-Ryzen 3 njengophawu olusezingeni eliphansi, kufaka phakathi izixazululo ezimbili ze-APU ezingabizi futhi ezilula - i-overclocked kancane (uma kuqhathaniswa neyandulelayo) i-3200G enezithombe ezihlanganisiwe ze-Vega 8 ezikwazi ukuphatha imithwalo yesistimu eyisisekelo. kanye nemidlalo enesinqumo se-720p, kanye nomfowabo omdala i-3400G, ethole umongo wevidiyo osheshayo ngezithombe ze-Vega 11, kanye ne-SMT esebenzayo + amafrikhwensi akhuphukile kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lesi sixazululo singanele imidlalo elula ku-1080p, kodwa lezi zixazululo zezinga lokungena zishiwo lapha hhayi ngenxa yaleso sizathu, kodwa ngenxa yokungafani nokuvuza okubikezele i-Ryzen 3 hhayi kuphela ama-cores angu-6, kodwa futhi nokugcina inani elingenangqondo (cishe i-$ 120). -150). Kodwa-ke, akufanele sikhohlwe ngesimo sangempela se-APU - basasebenzisa ama-Zen + cores, futhi empeleni bangabamele uchungechunge lwe-3000 kuphela ngokusemthethweni.

Kodwa-ke, uma sikhuluma ngenani lesizukulwane esisha sisonke, i-AMD yenze isiqiniseko sokuthi ivikela isikhundla sayo sobuholi obungaphikiswa ezigabeni eziningi - izuze impumelelo ethile esigabeni samaphrosesa aphakathi nendawo.

I-Ryzen 5 3600 - Iqhawe lendabuko ngaphandle kokubhuka

Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-Zen 2 processor architecture kwaba uguquko olusuka kusakhiwo se-single-chip yakudala ukuya ekwakhiweni komklamo “wemodular” - i-AMD isebenzise ilungelo layo lobunikazi “le-chiplets”, amakristalu amancane anama-processor cores axhunywe i-Infinity. Ibhasi lendwangu. Ngakho-ke, "okubomvu" akuzange kungene emakethe kuphela ngeqoqo elisha lezinto ezintsha, kodwa futhi kwenze umsebenzi onzima kwenye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu ezizukulwaneni ezedlule - ukubambezeleka okuphezulu kokubili lapho usebenza ngenkumbulo nalapho ushintshanisa idatha phakathi kwama-cores ahlukene. CCX amabhlogo.

Futhi lesi singeniso besilapha ngesizathu - i-Ryzen 3600, inkosi engaphikisiwe yesigaba esimaphakathi nebanga, izuze ukunqoba okungenamibandela ngenxa yokuqanjwa okusha okwenziwe yi-AMD esizukulwaneni esisha. Ukwenyuka okuphawulekayo kokusebenza komgogodla ngamunye kanye nekhono lokusebenza ngenkumbulo ngokushesha kuno-3200 MHz (okuyingxenye enkulu okwakuwuphahla olusebenzayo lwesizukulwane esedlule) kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphakamisa ibha kalula ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili, kungahlosiwe kuphela i-i5-9600K eshesha kakhulu, kodwa naku-flagship i7-9700.

Uma kuqhathaniswa neyandulelayo, i-Ryzen 2600, osanda kufika akatholanga nje ukuthuthukiswa okuningi emkhakheni wezokwakha, kodwa futhi nesimo sengqondo esishisayo (i-3600 ishisa kancane, yingakho i-AMD ikwazi ngisho nokulondoloza kupholile. ngokususa umgogodla wethusi), ikhanda elipholile kanye nekhono lokungabi namaphutha. Kungani? Kulula - i-3600 ayinazo, nakuba lokhu kubonakala kungenangqondo. Zihlulele wena - imvamisa ephakeme kakhulu inyuke ngo-200 MHz, i-nameplate 65 W ayisasho lutho, futhi ama-cores ayi-6 alingana (noma adlule!) ama-Intel cores amanje eLake Lake. Futhi konke lokhu kunikezwe abalandeli nge-$199 yakudala, enongiwe ngokuhambisana okusemuva namabhodi omama amaningi we-AM4. I-Ryzen 3600 yayimiselwe impumelelo - futhi ukuthengiswa emhlabeni wonke kubonisa ngokusobala lokhu inyanga yesithathu ilandelana. Kwezinye izifunda osekuyisikhathi eside zithembekile ku-Intel, isimo semakethe sashintsha ngobusuku obubodwa, futhi amazwe aseYurophu (ngisho neRussia!) Aletha iqhawe elisha lokuthengisa likazwelonke esiqongweni sempumelelo. Ebubanzini bezwe lakithi, iphrosesa ithathe u-10% wemakethe yakho konke ukuthengiswa kwe-CPU ezweni, ngaphambi kwe-i7-9700K ne-i9-9900K kuhlangene. Futhi uma othile ecabanga ukuthi konke kumayelana nenani elimnandi, khona-ke yonke into ayilula kangako: i-Ryzen 2600, uma iqhathaniswa, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngemva kokungena emakethe yayingahlali ngaphezu kuka-3%. Imfihlo yempumelelo ilele kwenye indawo - i-AMD ishaye i-Intel engxenyeni egcwele abantu abaningi emakethe yamaphrosesa, futhi yakusho lokhu obala esethulweni ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwamaphrosesa e-CES2019. Futhi intengo emnandi, ukuhambisana okubanzi kanye nokupholile okufakiwe kuqinise ubuholi obuvele bungenakuphikiswa.

Manje kungani umfowethu omdala, 3600X, wayedingeka? Ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izici, le processor yayishesha ngenye i-200 MHz (futhi yayinemvamisa yokuthuthukisa engu-4.4 GHz), futhi yasivumela ukuthi sizuze inzuzo engokomfanekiso ngempela phezu kwephrosesa encane, engazange ibukeke iqiniseka ngokuphelele ngokumelene nesizinda sangempela. intengo ekhuphukile ($229). Kodwa-ke, imodeli endala yayisenezinzuzo ezithile - lokhu bekuwukungabikho kwesidingo sokuguqula izilayidi ku-BIOS ukuphishekela amaza angaphezu kwesisekelo, kanye ne-Precision Boost 2.0, engakwazi ukweqa iphrosesa ezimweni ezicindezelayo, futhi ibe nzima kakhulu. cooler (Wraith Spire esikhundleni Wraith Stealth). Uma konke lokhu kuzwakala njengesiphakamiso esilingayo, i-3600X iyigugu elihle elivela ohlwini olusha lwe-AMD. Uma ukukhokha ngokweqile akuyona inketho yakho, futhi umehluko ekusebenzeni kwe-2-3% awubonakali ubalulekile, zizwe ukhululekile ukukhetha i-3600 - ngeke uzisole.

I-Ryzen 7 3700X - Ifulegi Elidala Elidala

I-AMD ilungiselele ukushintshwa komholi wangaphambili ngaphandle kwama-pathos amaningi - wonke umuntu waqonda ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbangi zamanje, i-2700X yayibukeka iyingcosana, futhi igxathu elikhulu eliya phambili (njengaku-3600) lalisobala futhi lilindelwe. Ngaphandle kokushintsha ibhalansi yamandla ngokulandela ama-cores nezintambo, "obomvu" wethule i-pair of processors emakethe, engenawo umehluko okhethekile, kodwa ohluke kakhulu ngentengo.

I-3700X yethulwe njengokungena esikhundleni esiqondile sefulegi langaphambilini - ngentengo enconyiwe yama- $ 329, i-AMD yethule imbangi egcwele ku-i7-9700K, igcizelela ngakunye kwezinzuzo zayo, njengezisombululo ezithuthuke kakhulu zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo eziningi. -threading, i-Intel enqume ukuyigcinela kuphela amaphrosesa "asebukhosini" besigaba esiphakeme kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-AMD iphinde yethula i-3800X, empeleni, eyayishesha kancane (300 MHz in base kanye ne-100 in boost), futhi ayikwazanga ukuzihlukanisa nganoma iyiphi indlela nesihlobo sayo esincane. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abasazizwa bebi kakhulu ngegama elithi "overclocking manual", le nketho ibukeka iyinhle kakhulu, kodwa kufanele ukhokhe imali eyengeziwe ngezinto ezincane ezinjalo - cishe amadola angu-70 ngaphezulu.

I-Ryzen 9 3900X kanye ne-3950X - Bonisa Amandla

Kodwa-ke, inkomba ebaluleke kakhulu (futhi uma sikhuluma ngokungagwegwesi, iyadingeka!) yempumelelo yeZen 2 kwakuyizixazululo ezindala ezivela emndenini wakwaRyzen 9 - i-12-core 3900X kanye nompetha we-16-core ngendlela ye-3950X. Lawa maphrosesa, anonyawo olulodwa endaweni yezixazululo ze-HEDT, ahlala ethembekile kumqondo wenkundla ye-AM4, enenqolobane enkulu yezinsiza ezingamangaza ngisho nabalandeli be-Threadripper yangonyaka odlule.

I-3900X, vele, yayihloselwe ngokuyinhloko ukuthi igcwalise ulayini we-Ryzen 3000 ngokumelene nenganekwane yamanje yemidlalo - i-9900K, futhi kulokhu iphrosesa ivele yaba yinhle ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-4.5 GHz ngomgogodla ngamunye kanye no-4.3 kuwo wonke atholakalayo, i-3900X ithathe isinyathelo esibalulekile ekulinganeni okudala kulindelwe ne-Intel ekusebenzeni kwegeyimu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla asabekayo kunoma yimiphi eminye imisebenzi - ukuhlinzeka, ukwenza ikhompuyutha, ukusebenza ngezinqolobane zomlando, njll. Imicu engama-24 ivumele i-3900X ukuthi ibambe i-Threadripper encane ekusebenzeni okumsulwa, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ingahlushwa ukuntuleka okukhulu kwamandla ngomongo ngamunye (njengoba kwakunjalo nge-2700X) noma iphutha lezindlela ezimbalwa zokusebenza eziyinhloko (kanye i-Game Mode edume kabi, ekhubaze ingxenye yamacores kuma-AMD HEDT processors ). I-AMD idlale ngaphandle kokuyekethisa, futhi ngenkathi umqhele wephrosesa yemidlalo eshesha kakhulu usasele ezandleni ze-Intel (esanda kwethula i-9900KS, iphrosesa yenguqulo enomkhawulo ephikisanayo yabaqoqi), abakwaReds bakwazile ukuletha isiphetho esiphezulu esiguquguquka kakhulu. igugu okwamanje emakethe. Kodwa hhayi enamandla kakhulu - futhi konke sibonga i-3950X.

I-3950X ibe inkundla yokuhlolwa kwe-AMD - ukuhlanganisa amandla wensiza ye-HEDT kanye nesihloko esithi "iphrosesa yokuqala yemidlalo eyi-16-core emhlabeni" ingabizwa ngokuthi igeyimu yokugembula, kodwa empeleni "okubomvu" cishe kwakungaqambi amanga. Imvamisa ephakeme kakhulu yokukhulisa i-4.7 GHz (nomthwalo ku-1 core), amandla okusebenzisa wonke ama-cores angu-16 ngefrikhwensi ye-4.4 GHz ngaphandle kokupholisa okungavamile, kanye nama-chiplets akhethiwe ekilasi eliphezulu, okukuvumela ukuba wenze i-monster entsha iyonga kakhulu kunomfowabo we-12-core ngenxa yokwehlisa amandla okusebenza. Yiqiniso, ukhetho lokupholisa ngalesi sikhathi luhlala kunembeza womthengi - i-AMD ayizange ithengise iphrosesa nge-cooler, ibeka imingcele ekuncomeni ukuthengwa kwe-cooler engu-240 noma engu-360 mm.

Ezimweni eziningi, i-3950X ikhombisa ukusebenza kwegeyimu ezingeni lesixazululo esingu-12-core, esipholile impela, sikhumbula indaba edabukisayo yokuthi i-Threadripper iziphathe kanjani. Kodwa-ke, emidlalweni lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo kuncipha kakhulu (isibonelo, ku-GTA V), i-flagship ayijabulisi iso - kodwa lokhu kuhlukile emthethweni.

Iphrosesa entsha engu-16-core iziveza ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele emisebenzini yobungcweti - akusikhona ize ukuthi ukuvuza okuningi kuthe i-AMD ishintshe ukugcizelela kwayo engxenyeni yabathengi kangangokuthi i-3950X entsha izizwa izethemba ngisho nalapho iqhathaniswa nama-analogue abizayo njenge-i9. -9960X, okubonisa ukwanda okukhulu ekusebenzeni ku-Blender , POV Mark, Premiere nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga izinsiza. Ngosuku olwedlule, i-Threadripper yayisivele ithembise umbukiso omkhulu wamandla ekhompiyutha, kodwa ngisho ne-3950X ibonise ukuthi ingxenye yabathengi ingahluka ngokuphelele - futhi ngisho ne-semi-professional. Ukukhumbula okuzuzwe yi-16-core flagship yesikhulumi se-AM4, umuntu ngeke akwazi ukukhumbula indlela i-Intel ephendule ngayo ekuhlaselweni kwe-HEDT.

I-Intel 10xxxX - Compromise on Compromise

Ngisho nangaphambi kokukhishwa kwesizukulwane esisha se-Threadripper, idatha engqubuzanayo yavela lapha nalaphaya mayelana nomugqa ozayo we-HEDT ovela ku-Intel. Okuningi kokudideka bekuhlobene namagama emikhiqizo emisha - ngemuva kokukhishwa kwamaprosesa aselula anempikiswano, kodwa namanje amasha avela kulayini we-Ice Lake kubuchwepheshe benqubo ye-10 nm, abathanda abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-Intel inqume ukukhuthaza imikhiqizo kulawo ahahelwayo. I-10 nm ngezinyathelo ezincane, engasebenzisi ama-niches amaningi kakhulu. Ngokombono wemakethe ye-laptop, ukukhishwa kwe-Ice Lake akuzange kubangele ukushaqeka okukhethekile - i-giant eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sekuyisikhathi eside ilawula imakethe yamadivaysi eselula, futhi i-AMD ayikakakwazi ukuncintisana nomshini omkhulu we-OEM namafutha. izinkontileka zezinkampani ezisebenze eduze ne-Intel kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sesigaba sezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu, konke kwavela ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele.

Sazi konke ngomugqa we-i9-99xxX - ngemuva kwezizukulwane ezimbili ze-Threadripper, i-AMD isivele izimemezele ngesibindi njengombangi emakethe ye-HEDT, kodwa ukubusa kwemakethe kwabaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwahlala kungenakunyakaziswa. Ngeshwa i-Intel, ama-Reds awazange ayeke empumelelweni yawo edlule - futhi ngemuva kokuqala kweZen 2, kwacaca ukuthi maduze nje izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezivela ku-AMD zizophakamisa kakhulu ibha yokusebenza, lapho i-Intel ingenawo amandla okuphendula, ngoba i-blue giant yayinezixazululo ezintsha ngokuyisisekelo yayingeyona into encane.
Okokuqala, i-Intel kwakudingeka ithathe isinyathelo esingakaze sibonwe - ukunciphisa amanani izikhathi ezi-2, okungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili eminyakeni eminingi yokuncintisana ne-AMD. Manje i-flagship i9-10980XE enama-cores angu-18 ebhodini ibiza kuphela u-$979 esikhundleni sika-$1999 kumanduleli wayo, nezinye izixazululo zehle ngentengo ngenani eliqhathanisekayo. Kodwa-ke, abaningi base beqonda ukuthi yini okufanele bayilindele kulokhu kukhishwa okubili nokuthi ubani owayezophuma enqobile, ngakho-ke i-Intel yathatha izinyathelo ezeqisayo ngokususa isivimbelo sokushicilela ukubuyekezwa kwemikhiqizo emisha amahora ayi-6 ngaphambi kosuku oluhleliwe.

Futhi ukubuyekezwa kwaqala ukuvela. Ngisho namashaneli amakhulu nezinsiza zihlale ziphoxeke kakhulu ngomugqa omusha - naphezu koshintsho olukhulu kunqubomgomo yamanani, ulayini omusha we-109xx uphenduke "umsebenzi wezimbungulu" wesizukulwane esedlule - amaza ashintshile kancane, i-PCI eyengeziwe. Kwavela imizila ye-E, futhi iphakheji elishisayo lalinamandla amakhulu kakhulu okudlula ngokweqile alizange lishiye ithuba ngisho nakubalandeli abaqinile abanama-SVO amakhulu - phezulu i-10980X ingadla ngaphezu kwe-500 W, ingaziqhayisa ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kuma-benchmarks, kodwa futhi ikhombisa ngokucacile ukuthi kukhona akusenalutho ongaphuma ngalo ku-14 nm kakhokho.

Akusizanga i-Intel ukuthi amaphrosesa asebenzisane neplatifomu ekhona ye-HEDT yesizukulwane esedlule - amamodeli amancane omugqa omusha alahlekelwe yi-3950X ngokudilika komhlaba, okushiya abalandeli abaningi be-Intel bedidekile. Kodwa okubi kakhulu kwakuseza.

I-Threadripper 3000 - 3960X, 3970X. Izilo zomhlaba we-computing.

Ngaphandle kokungabaza kokuqala mayelana nenani elincane lama-cores (ama-24 kanye nama-32 cores awazange adale umuzwa onjengokuphinda kabili ama-cores ake akwenza kuma-Threadrippers adlule), bekusobala ukuthi i-AMD ibingeke ilethe izixazululo emakethe “zombukiso” - ukwanda okukhulu kokusebenza kwe-Zen 2 ngenxa yokulungiselelwa okuningi kwe-Zen 10 kanye nokwenza ngcono okukhulu kwe-Infinity Fabric, ithembise ukusebenza obekungakaze kubonwe ngaphambilini endaweni ye-semi-pro - futhi besingakhulumi ngo-20-XNUMX%, kodwa into esabekayo ngempela. . Futhi lapho i-embargo isuswa, wonke umuntu wabona ukuthi amanani amakhulu e-Threadripper entsha awazange akhishwe emoyeni omncane, futhi hhayi esifisweni se-AMD sokuhlwitha abalandeli.

Ngokombono wokonga izindleko, i-Threadripper 3000 iyi-apocalypse yesikhwama sakho semali. Amaphrosesa abizayo athuthele endaweni entsha ngokuphelele, ethuthuke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-TRx40, ehlinzeka ngemizila ye-PCI-e 88 efinyelela kwangu-4.0, futhi ngalokho ihlinzeka ngosekelo lwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-RAID ezivela kuma-SSD akamuva noma iqoqo lamakhadi evidiyo angochwepheshe. Isilawuli sememori yeziteshi ezine kanye nesistimu engaphansi kwamandla anamandla aklanyelwe hhayi kuphela amamodeli amanje, kodwa futhi nefulegi lesikhathi esizayo lomugqa - i-64-core 3990X, ethembisa ukukhululwa ngemva koNyaka Omusha.

Kepha yize izindleko zingabonakala ziyinkinga enkulu, ngokuya ngokusebenza kwe-AMD akushiyanga lutho olutheni emikhiqizweni emisha ye-Intel - ezinhlelweni eziningi i-Threadripper eyethulwe yayishesha ngokuphindwe kabili kune-flagship 10980XE, futhi ukukhuphuka kokusebenza okujwayelekile bekucishe kube ngama-70% . Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-appetites ye-3960X ne-3970X ilinganisiwe kakhulu - womabili ama-processor awadli ngaphezu kwe-280 W elinganiselwe, futhi nge-overclock ephezulu engu-4.3 GHz kuwo wonke ama-cores ahlala e-20% eyonga kakhulu kune-red- iphupho elibi elishisayo elivela ku-Intel.

Ngakho-ke, i-AMD yakwazi okokuqala emlandweni ukunikeza emakethe umkhiqizo we-premium ongayekethisi onganikezeli nje ukwanda okukhulu kokusebenza, kodwa futhi awunazo izithiyo ezibalulekile - ngaphandle kwentengo, kodwa, njengoba besho, kufanele ukhokhe imali eyengeziwe ukuze uthole okungcono kakhulu. Futhi i-Intel, njengoba kungenangqondo njengoba kungase kubonakale, isiphenduke enye indlela yokonga, okuyinto, nokho, engabonakali ukuzethemba kangako ngemuva kwe-$ 3950 750X endaweni yesikhulumi esithengeka kakhulu.

I-Athlon 3000G - Takula ngesenti elihle

I-AMD ayikhohlwanga ngengxenye yesabelomali samaphrosesa anamandla aphansi anezithombe ezisemthethweni ebhodini - lapha entsha (kodwa futhi endala) i-Athlon 5400G iphuthuma ukuhlenga labo ababuka iPentium G3000 ngokudelela okukhulu. 2 cores nemicu engu-4, 3.5 GHz base frequency kanye ne-Vega 3 video core (esontekile yaba ngu-100 MHz) ene-TDP engu-35 W - futhi konke lokhu nge-$49 ehlekisayo. Abakwa-Reds baphinde banaka ngokukhethekile ithuba lokusebenzisa iphrosesa ngokweqile, banikeze okungenani omunye u-30% wokusebenza ngemvamisa ye-3.9 GHz. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngeke kudingeke ukuthi uchithe imali ekupholiseni okubizayo ekwakhiweni kwesabelomali - i-3000G iza nokupholisa okuhle kakhulu okuklanyelwe ukushisa okungu-65 W - lokhu kwanele ngisho nokweqisa ngokweqile.

Ezethulweni, i-AMD iqhathanise i-Athlon 3000G nembangi yamanje evela ku-Intel - iPentium G5400, okuvele ukuthi ibize kakhulu (intengo enconyiwe - $73), ithengiswe ngaphandle kokupholisa, futhi iphansi kakhulu ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo omusha. . Kuyahlekisa futhi ukuthi i-3000G ayakhiwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Zen 2 - isekelwe ku-Zen endala enhle + ku-12 nm, esivumela ukuthi sibize umkhiqizo omusha ngokuqabuleka okuncane kwe-Athlon 2xx GE yonyaka odlule.

Imiphumela yenguquko “ebomvu”

Ukukhishwa kweZen 2 kube nomthelela omkhulu emakethe yokuphrosesa - mhlawumbe izinguquko ezinkulu kangaka azikaze zibonwe emlandweni wanamuhla wama-CPU. Singakhumbula imashi yokunqoba ye-AMD 64 FX, singabala ukunqoba kwe-Athlon phakathi neshumi leminyaka edlule, kodwa asikwazi ukunikeza isifaniso kusukela esikhathini esidlule se-giant "bomvu", lapho yonke into yashintsha ngokushesha okukhulu. futhi impumelelo yayimangalisa nje. Eminyakeni emi-2 nje, i-AMD ikwazile ukwethula izixazululo zeseva ye-EPYC enamandla ngendlela emangalisayo, yathola izinkontileka eziningi ezinenzuzo ephuma ezinkampanini ze-IT zomhlaba wonke, yabuyela emdlalweni engxenyeni yabathengi yabacubunguli bemidlalo ne-Ryzen, yaze yakhipha i-Intel emakethe ye-HEDT ngosizo lwe i-Threadripper engenakuqhathaniswa. Futhi uma ngaphambili kwakubonakala sengathi umqondo ohlakaniphile kaJim Keller kuphela owawuyimbangela yazo yonke impumelelo, lapho-ke ngokukhululwa kwe-architecture ye-Zen 2 emakethe, kwacaca ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komqondo kwakuhambe phambili kakhulu. uhlelo lwangempela - sithole izixazululo ezinhle kakhulu zesabelomali (i-Ryzen 3600 yaba iprosesa ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni - futhi namanje isalokhu kunjalo), izixazululo ezinamandla zomhlaba wonke (3900X ingaqhudelana no-9900K, futhi imangaze ngempumelelo yayo emisebenzini yobungcweti), ukuhlolwa kwesibindi (3950X !), kanye nezixazululo zezomnotho eziphakeme kakhulu zemisebenzi yansuku zonke elula (Athlon 3000G). Futhi i-AMD iyaqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili - ngonyaka ozayo sizoba nesizukulwane esisha, impumelelo entsha kanye neziqophamlando ezintsha ezizonqotshwa nakanjani!

Ikholomu ye-House of NHTi ethi "Processor Wars" eziqeshini ezingu-7 ku-YouTube - qhwaba

Umbhali wesihloko: Alexander Lis.

Abasebenzisi ababhalisiwe kuphela abangabamba iqhaza kuhlolovo. Ngena ngemvume, wamukelekile.

Ngakho yikuphi okungcono?

• 68,6%I-AMD327

• 31,4%I-Intel 150

Bangu-477 abasebenzisi abavotile. Abasebenzisi abangu-158 bagobile.

Source: www.habr.com