Sawubona, Habr! Bengilokhu ngisekela amasistimu we-Highload IT iminyaka eyishumi. Ngeke ngibhale kulesi sihloko mayelana nezinkinga zokusetha i-nginx ukuze isebenze kumodi ye-1000+ RPS noma ezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe. Ngizokwabelana ngemibono yami mayelana nezinkinga ezinkambisweni ezivela ekusekelweni nasekusebenzeni kwalezo zinhlelo.
Ukuqapha
Usekelo lobuchwepheshe alulindi kuze kufike isicelo esinokuqukethwe "Yini Kungani... isayithi alisasebenzi futhi?" Kungakapheli umzuzu ngemuva kokuphahlazeka kwesayithi, usekelo kufanele luvele lubone inkinga futhi luqale ukuyixazulula. Kodwa le ndawo iyisihloko se-iceberg. Ukutholakala kwayo kungenye yezokuqala eziqashwe ngeso lokhozi.
Yini okufanele yenziwe ngesimo lapho izimpahla ezisele zesitolo se-inthanethi zingasafiki ohlelweni lwe-ERP? Noma ingabe isistimu ye-CRM ebala izaphulelo zamaklayenti iyekile ukuphendula? Isayithi libonakala lisebenza. I-Zabbix enemibandela ithola impendulo yayo engu-200. I-duty shift ayitholanga izaziso ezivela ekuqashweni futhi ibukele ngenjabulo isiqephu sokuqala sesizini entsha ye-Game of Thrones.
Ukuqapha kuvame ukukhawulelwa ekulinganiseni kuphela isimo sememori, i-RAM nomthwalo wephrosesa yeseva. Kodwa ebhizinisini kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola ukutholakala komkhiqizo kuwebhusayithi. Ukwehluleka okunemibandela komshini owodwa we-virtual ku-cluster kuzoholela eqinisweni lokuthi ithrafikhi izoyeka ukuya kuyo futhi umthwalo kwamanye amaseva uzokwanda. Inkampani ngeke ilahlekelwe yimali.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuqapha imingcele yezobuchwepheshe yezinhlelo zokusebenza kumaseva, udinga ukumisa amamethrikhi ebhizinisi. Amamethrikhi athinta imali ngokuqondile. Ukusebenzisana okuhlukahlukene nezinhlelo zangaphandle (CRM, ERP nabanye). Inani lama-oda esikhathi esithile. Ukugunyazwa kweklayenti okuphumelele noma okungaphumelelanga namanye amamethrikhi.
Ukusebenzisana nezinhlelo zangaphandle
Noma iyiphi iwebhusayithi noma uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula olunenzuzo yonyaka engaphezu kwama-ruble ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane lusebenzisana namasistimu angaphandle. Kusukela ku-CRM ne-ERP eshiwo ngenhla futhi kugcine ngokudluliswa kwedatha yokuthengisa ohlelweni lwangaphandle Lwedatha Enkulu ukuze kuhlaziywe okuthengiwe futhi kunikeze iklayenti umkhiqizo elizowuthenga nakanjani (empeleni, hhayi). Isistimu ngayinye enjalo inokusekelwa kwayo. Futhi ngokuvamile ukuxhumana nalezi zinhlelo kubangela ubuhlungu. Ikakhulukazi uma inkinga isemhlabeni wonke futhi udinga ukuyihlaziya ezinhlelweni ezahlukene.
Amanye amasistimu ahlinzeka ngenombolo yocingo noma yocingo kubaphathi bawo. Endaweni ethile udinga ukubhalela abaphathi izincwadi noma uye kubalandeleli beziphazamisi balezi zinhlelo zangaphandle. Ngisho nangaphakathi komongo wenkampani eyodwa enkulu, amasistimu ahlukene avame ukusebenza ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zokubalwa kwezicelo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nzima ukulandelela isimo sohlelo lokusebenza. Uthola isicelo nge-Jira enemibandela eyodwa. Bese kuthi ekuphawuleni kwale Jira yokuqala ufake isixhumanisi sodaba kwenye iJira. Ku-Jira yesibili kuhlelo lokusebenza, othile usevele ebhala ukuphawula lokho udinga ukushayela umphathi onemibandela u-Andrey ukuze uxazulule inkinga. Futhi njalo.
Isixazululo esingcono kakhulu sale nkinga kungaba ukwakha indawo eyodwa yokuxhumana, isibonelo ku-Slack. Imema bonke ababambiqhaza ohlelweni lokusebenza amasistimu angaphandle ukuthi bajoyine. Futhi ne-tracker eyodwa ukuze ungaphindi izinhlelo zokusebenza. Izinhlelo zokusebenza kufanele zilandelelwe endaweni eyodwa, kusukela kuzaziso zokuqapha ukuya ekuphumeni kwezixazululo zeziphazamisi ngokuzayo. Uzothi lokhu akulona iqiniso futhi sekwenzekile ngokomlando ukuthi sisebenza ku-tracker eyodwa, futhi zisebenza kwenye. Kwavela amasistimu ahlukene, ayenamaqembu awo e-IT azimele. Ngiyavuma, ngakho-ke inkinga idinga ukuxazululwa kusuka phezulu ku-CIO noma ileveli yomnikazi womkhiqizo.
Lonke uhlelo osebenzisana nalo kufanele likunikeze ukwesekwa njengesevisi ene-SLA ecacile yokuxazulula izinkinga ngokuza kuqala. Hhayi uma umlawuli onemibandela u-Andrey eneminithi yakho.
I-Bottleneck Man
Ingabe wonke umuntu kuphrojekthi (noma umkhiqizo) unomuntu okuya kwakhe eholidini kubangela ukudlikizeka phakathi kwabaphathi bakhe? Lokhu kungaba unjiniyela we-devops, umhlaziyi noma umthuthukisi. Phela, unjiniyela we-devops kuphela owaziyo ukuthi yiziphi amaseva aneziqukathi ezifakiwe, ukuthi ungaqala kanjani kabusha isitsha uma kunenkinga, futhi ngokuvamile, noma iyiphi inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi ayikwazi ukuxazululwa ngaphandle kwakhe. Umhlaziyi nguyena kuphela owaziyo ukuthi indlela yakho eyinkimbinkimbi isebenza kanjani. Yikuphi ukusakazwa kwedatha okuya kuphi. Ngaphansi kwamaphi amapharamitha wezicelo kumaphi amasevisi, yiziphi esizothola izimpendulo.
Ubani ozoqonda ngokushesha ukuthi kungani kunamaphutha kulogi futhi alungise ngokushesha isiphazamisi esibucayi emkhiqizweni? Yebo unjiniyela ofanayo. Kukhona abanye, kodwa ngesizathu esithile nguye kuphela oqonda ukuthi amamojula ahlukene wesistimu asebenza kanjani.
Umsuka wale nkinga ukushoda kwemibhalo. Phela, uma zonke izinsizakalo zesistimu yakho zichazwe, khona-ke bekungenzeka ukubhekana nenkinga ngaphandle komhlaziyi. Uma ama-devops ethatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ohlelweni lwakhe olumatasa futhi echaza wonke amaseva, izinsizakalo kanye nemiyalelo yokuxazulula izinkinga ezijwayelekile, khona-ke inkinga lapho engekho ingaxazululwa ngaphandle kwakhe. Awudingi ukuqeda ngokushesha ubhiya wakho ogwini ngenkathi useholidini futhi ubheke i-wi-fi ukuze uxazulule inkinga.
Amakhono kanye nesibopho sabasebenzi abasekelayo
Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, izinkampani aziqedi emiholweni yonjiniyela. Bafuna ama-middles abizayo noma abadala abavela kumaphrojekthi afanayo. Ngokusekelwa isimo sithe ukuhluka kancane. Bazama ukunciphisa lezi zindleko ngayo yonke indlela. Izinkampani ziqasha izisebenzi zayizolo zakwa-Enikey ezingabizi futhi ziye empini ngesibindi. Leli su lingenzeka uma sikhuluma ngewebhusayithi yekhadi lebhizinisi lesitshalo eZelenograd.
Uma sikhuluma ngesitolo esikhulu se-inthanethi, ihora ngalinye lesikhathi sokuphumula libiza ngaphezu komholo wenyanga womlawuli we-Enikey. Ake sithathe ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1 wenzuzo yonyaka njengesiqalo. Lena inzuzo encane yanoma isiphi isitolo esiku-inthanethi esilinganisweni . Hlukanisa lesi samba ngenani lamahora ngonyaka futhi uthole ama-ruble angaphezu kuka-100 okulahlekelwa okuphelele. Futhi uma ungabala amahora obusuku, ungakwazi ukuphinda kabili inani ngokuphepha.
Kodwa imali akuyona into eyinhloko, akunjalo? (cha, yebo into esemqoka) Kukhona nokulahleka kwesithunzi. Ukwehla kwesitolo se-inthanethi esaziwayo kungabangela kokubili igagasi lokubuyekeza ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kanye nokushicilelwe emithonjeni yezindaba. Futhi izingxoxo zabangane ekhishini ngesitayela esithi "Ungathengi lutho lapho, iwebhusayithi yabo ihlezi iphansi" ayikwazi ukulinganiswa nhlobo.
Manje kumthwalo wemfanelo. Emsebenzini wami, kube necala lapho umlawuli osemsebenzini engaphenduli ngesikhathi esaziswa ohlelweni lokuqapha mayelana nokungatholakali kwesayithi. NgoLwesihlanu olumnandi lwasehlobo kusihlwa, isizindalwazi sesitolo se-inthanethi esaziwa kakhulu eMoscow sasilele buthule. NgoMgqibelo ekuseni, umphathi womkhiqizo wale sayithi akazange aqonde ukuthi kungani isayithi lingavulwanga, futhi kuke kwathuleka ekusekelweni nasezingxoxweni zezaziso eziphuthumayo ku-Slack. Iphutha elinjalo lasilahlekisela isamba senani eliyisithupha, futhi lesi sikhulu somsebenzi umsebenzi waso.
Ukuzibophezela kuyikhono elinzima ukulithuthukisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu unayo noma cha. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nezingxoxo, ngizama ukukhomba ukuba khona kwayo ngemibuzo ehlukahlukene ebonisa ngokungaqondile ukuthi umuntu ujwayele ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo. Uma umuntu ephendula ngokuthi ukhethe inyuvesi ngoba abazali bakhe besho kanjalo noma eshintsha umsebenzi ngoba umkakhe ethi akaholi ngokwanele, kungcono ukungahlanganyeli nabantu abanjalo.
Ukusebenzelana nethimba lokuthuthukisa
Lapho abasebenzisi behlangabezana nezinkinga ezilula ngomkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ukusekela kuzixazulula ngokwabo. Izama ukukhiqiza kabusha inkinga, ihlaziya izingodo, nokunye. Kodwa yini okufanele uyenze lapho iphutha livela emkhiqizweni? Kulokhu, ukwesekwa kwabela abathuthukisi umsebenzi futhi yilapho ubumnandi buqala khona.
Onjiniyela bahlale begcwele ngokweqile. Bakha izici ezintsha. Ukulungisa iziphazamisi ngokuthengisa akuwona umsebenzi othakazelisa kakhulu. Izinsuku ezimisiwe ziyasondela ukuze kuqedelwe umsubathi olandelayo. Bese kufika abantu abangajabulisi abavela kokusekelwa bathi: βYeka yonke into ngokushesha, sinezinkinga.β Ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi enjalo kuncane. Ikakhulukazi uma inkinga ingeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ukusebenza okuyinhloko kwesayithi kusebenza, futhi lapho umphathi wokukhipha engagijimi ngamehlo agcwele futhi abhale: "Yengeza lo msebenzi ngokuphuthumayo ekukhishweni okulandelayo noma ku-hotfix."
Izinkinga ezinokubaluleka okujwayelekile noma okuphansi zisuswa ekukhululweni ziye ekukhululweni. Embuzweni othi "Uzoqedwa nini umsebenzi?" uzothola izimpendulo ngesitayela sokuthi: βUxolo, miningi imisebenzi njengamanje, buza abaqondisi beqembu lakho noma khulula umphathi.β
Izinkinga zokukhiqiza zibaluleke kakhulu kunokudala izici ezintsha. Izibuyekezo ezimbi ngeke zithathe isikhathi eside ukuza uma abasebenzisi bahlale bethola iziphazamisi. Idumela elilimele kunzima ukulibuyisela.
Izinkinga zokusebenzelana phakathi kwentuthuko nokusekelwa zixazululwa yi-DevOps. Lesi sifinyezo sivame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela yomuntu othize osiza ekudaleni izindawo zokuhlola ukuze kuthuthukiswe, akhe amapayipi e-CICD futhi alethe ngokushesha ikhodi ehloliwe ekukhiqizeni. I-DevOps iyindlela yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe lapho bonke abahlanganyeli benqubo bexhumana eduze futhi besiza ukudala nokuvuselela imikhiqizo yesofthiwe namasevisi ngokushesha. Ngisho abahlaziyi, abathuthukisi, abahloli nosekelo.
Ngale ndlela, ukwesekwa nokuthuthukiswa akuyona iminyango ehlukene enezinjongo nezinjongo zayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kuhileleke ekusebenzeni futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Umshwana odumile wamathimba asabalalisiwe: "Inkinga ayikho ngakumi" ayisaveli ezingxoxweni kaningi, futhi abasebenzisi bokugcina bajabula kancane.
Source: www.habr.com