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Ukuqondana kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe, futhi ngempela kwakukwenye iplanethi...

Ngingathanda ukwabelana ngezindaba ezintathu zempumelelo kanye nokwehluleka mayelana nokuthi umthuthukisi we-backend usebenza kanjani eqenjini elinabaphathi.

Indaba yokuqala.
Web studio, inani labasebenzi kungabalwa ngesandla esisodwa. Namuhla ungumklami wezakhiwo, kusasa usuyi-backender, ngakusasa usungumphathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungathola isipiliyoni esihle kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukuntula ikhono kuyo yonke imikhakha. Ngisakhumbula usuku lokuqala lomsebenzi, ngiseluhlaza, umphathi uthi: "Vula i-putty," kodwa angazi ukuthi kuyini. Ukuxhumana nabaphathi akufakiwe, ngoba ungu admin wena. Ake sicabangele ubuhle nobubi balesi simo.

+ Wonke amandla asezandleni zakho.
+ Asikho isidingo sokuncenga noma ubani ukuze afinyelele kuseva.
+ Isikhathi sokuphendula esisheshayo kuzo zonke izinkomba.
+ Ithuthukisa amakhono kahle.
+ Yiba nokuqonda okuphelele kwesakhiwo somkhiqizo.

- Isibopho esiphezulu.
- Ingozi yokuphulwa kokukhiqizwa.
- Kunzima ukuba uchwepheshe omuhle kuzo zonke izindawo.

Awunantshisekelo, asiqhubeke

Indaba yesibili.
Inkampani enkulu, iphrojekthi enkulu. Kunomnyango wezokuphatha onabasebenzi abangu-5-7 kanye namaqembu amaningana okuthuthukisa. Uma uzosebenza enkampanini enjalo, wonke umlawuli ucabanga ukuthi awuzanga lapha ukuzosebenza emkhiqizweni, kodwa ukuzophula okuthile. I-NDA esayiniwe noma okukhethiwe kunhlolokhono akubonisi okunye. Cha, le ndoda ifike lapha nezandla zayo ezincane ezingcolile izomosha ukukhiqizwa kwethu kokuqabulana. Ngakho-ke, nomuntu onjalo udinga ubuncane bokuxhumana; okungenani, ungaphonsa isitika ngokuphendula. Ungaphenduli imibuzo mayelana nesakhiwo sephrojekthi. Kutuswa ukuthi ungakuniki ukufinyelela kuze kube umholi weqembu ucela. Futhi lapho ecela, uyoyibuyisela ngisho namalungelo ambalwa kunalawo ayewacelile. Cishe konke ukuxhumana nabaphathi abanjalo kudonswa yimbobo emnyama phakathi komnyango wezokuthuthukiswa nomnyango wokuphatha. Akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha. Kodwa awukwazi ukuza mathupha - abaphathi bamatasa kakhulu 24/7. (Wenzani ngaso sonke isikhathi?) Ezinye izici zokusebenza:

• Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuphakelwa ekukhiqizeni singamahora ama-4-5
• Isikhathi esiphezulu sokuphakelwa ekukhiqizeni amahora angu-9
• Kunjiniyela, uhlelo lokusebenza ekukhiqizweni yibhokisi elimnyama, njengeseva yokukhiqiza uqobo. Bangaki sebebonke?
• Ikhwalithi ephansi yokukhishwa, amaphutha avamile
• Unjiniyela akahlanganyeli enqubweni yokukhishwa

Hhayi-ke, bengilindeleni, vele, abantu abasha abavunyelwe ukukhiqiza. Hhayi-ke, sesizuze ukubekezela, siqala ukuthola ukwethenjwa abanye. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, izinto azilula kangako ngama-admins.

Isenzo 1. Umphathi akabonakali.
Usuku lokukhishwa, unjiniyela kanye nomphathi abaxhumani. Umphathi akanamibuzo. Kodwa uyaqonda ukuthi kungani kamuva. UAdmin ungumuntu onezimiso, akanazo izithunywa, akanikezi muntu inombolo yakhe yocingo, futhi akanayo iphrofayili ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Akukho ngisho nesithombe sakhe ndawo, unjani mfo? Sihlala nomphathi onomthwalo wemfanelo cishe imizuzu eyi-15 sisadidekile, sizama ukusungula ukuxhumana nale Voyager 1, bese kuvela umlayezo ku-imeyili yenkampani ukuthi uqedile. Ingabe sizobhalelana ngeposi? Kungani kungenjalo? Kulula, akunjalo? Hhayi-ke, ake sehlise umoya. Inqubo isivele iyaqhubeka, akusekho ukujikela emuva. Funda umlayezo futhi. "Ngiqedile". Uqedeni? Kuphi? Ngikufune kuphi? Lapha uyaqonda ukuthi kungani amahora angu-4 okukhululwa ejwayelekile. Sithola ukushaqeka kwentuthuko, kodwa siyaqeda ukukhishwa. Asisekho isifiso sokukhulula.

Isenzo 2. Akuyona leyo nguqulo.
Ukukhishwa okulandelayo. Ngemva kokuthola ulwazi, siqala ukwenza uhlu lwesofthiwe edingekayo kanye nemitapo yolwazi yeseva yabalawuli, ebonisa izinguqulo zabanye. Njengenjwayelo, sithola isignali yerediyo ebuthakathaka yokuthi umlawuli uqede okuthile lapho. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlehla kuyaqala, yona ngokwayo ethatha cishe ihora. Konke kubonakala kusebenza, kodwa kukhona iphutha elilodwa elibalulekile. Ukusebenza okubalulekile akusebenzi. Amahora ambalwa alandelayo kwakudansa ngezigubhu, ukubikezela inhlanhla emagcekeni ekhofi, nokubuyekezwa okuningiliziwe kwekhodi ngayinye. Admin uthi usekwenze konke. Uhlelo lokusebenza olubhalwe ngabathuthukisi abayizigwegwe alusebenzi, kodwa iseva iyasebenza. Noma yimiphi imibuzo kuye? Ekupheleni kwehora, sithola umlawuli ukuthi athumele inguqulo yelabhulali kuseva yokukhiqiza engxoxweni nakwibhingo - akuyona le esiyidingayo. Sicela umlawuli afake inguqulo edingekayo, kodwa ngempendulo sithola ukuthi akakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngenxa yokungabikho kwale nguqulo kusiphathi sephakheji ye-OS. Lapha, kusukela ekujuleni kwenkumbulo yakhe, umphathi ukhumbula ukuthi omunye umqondisi wayeseyixazulule le nkinga ngokumane ahlanganise inguqulo edingekayo ngesandla. Kodwa cha, okwethu ngeke kukwenze lokhu. Imithethonqubo iyakwenqabela. Karl, sihlezi lapha amahora ambalwa, ungakanani umkhawulo wesikhathi?! Sithola okunye ukushaqeka futhi ngandlela thize siqedele ukukhululwa.

Isenzo sesi-3, esifushane
Ithikithi eliphuthumayo, ukusebenza okubalulekile akusebenzi komunye wabasebenzisi ekukhiqizeni. Sichitha amahora ambalwa siphenya futhi sibheka. Endaweni yokuthuthukiswa, konke kuyasebenza. Kunokuqonda okucacile ukuthi kungaba umqondo omuhle ukubheka izingodo ze-php-fpm. Kwakungekho izinhlelo zokungena ezifana ne-ELK noma i-Prometheus kuphrojekthi ngaleso sikhathi. Sivula ithikithi emnyangweni wokuphatha ukuze banikeze ukufinyelela kumalogi we-php-fpm kuseva. Lapha kumele uqonde ukuthi sicela ukufinyelela ngesizathu, awukhumbuli nge-black hole kanye nama-admins ukuthi amatasa 24/7? Uma ubacela ukuthi babheke izingodo ngokwabo, khona-ke lokhu kuwumsebenzi onokubaluleka "hhayi kulokhu kuphila". Ithikithi lakhiwe, sithole impendulo esheshayo evela kunhloko yomnyango wezokuphatha: "Akufanele udinge ukufinyelela ezingodweni zokukhiqiza, bhala ngaphandle kwamaphutha." Ikhethini.

Isenzo sesi-4 nangaphezulu
Sisaqoqa inqwaba yezinkinga ekukhiqizeni, ngenxa yezinguqulo ezihlukene zamalabhulali, isofthiwe engalungisiwe, imithwalo yeseva engalungiselelwe, nezinye izinkinga. Vele, kukhona futhi iziphazamisi zekhodi, ngeke sisole abaphathi ngazo zonke izono, sizosho nje ukusebenza okukodwa okujwayelekile kwaleyo phrojekthi. Besinezisebenzi eziningi ezingemuva ezethulwe ngomphathi, futhi eminye imibhalo kwadingeka yengezwe ku-cron. Ngezinye izikhathi zona lezi zisebenzi zaziyeka ukusebenza. Umthwalo kuseva yomugqa ukhule ngesivinini sombani, futhi abasebenzisi abadangele babheka isilayishi esiphothayo. Ukulungisa ngokushesha izisebenzi ezinjalo, kwakwanele ukuziqala kabusha, kodwa futhi, umlawuli kuphela owayengenza lokhu. Nakuba kwenziwa ukuhlinzwa okunjalo okuyisisekelo, kwakungadlula usuku lonke. Lapha, yiqiniso, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abahleli bezinhlelo ezigwegwile kufanele babhale abasebenzi ukuze bangashayeki, kodwa lapho bewa, kungaba kuhle ukuqonda ukuthi kungani, ngezinye izikhathi kungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kokufinyelela ekukhiqizeni, kunjalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuntuleka kwamalogi kusuka kunjiniyela.

Ukuguqulwa isimo.
Ngemva kokubekezelela konke lokhu isikhathi eside, kanye neqembu saqala ukuqondisa indlela eyaphumelela kakhulu kithi. Ngamafuphi, yiziphi izinkinga esabhekana nazo?

• Ukuntuleka kokuxhumana kwekhwalithi phakathi konjiniyela nomnyango wokuphatha
• Abaphathi, kuvele ukuthi(!), abaqondi nhlobo ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lwakhiwe kanjani, iziphi incike enalo nokuthi lusebenza kanjani.
• Onjiniyela abaqondi ukuthi indawo yokukhiqiza isebenza kanjani futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ayikwazi ukuphendula ngempumelelo ezinkingeni.
• Inqubo yokusebenzisa ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu.
• Ukukhishwa okungazinzile.

Senzeni?
Ekukhishweni ngakunye, kwakhiqizwa uhlu lwamanothi okukhishwa, oluhlanganisa uhlu lomsebenzi okufanele wenziwe kuseva ukuze ukukhishwa okulandelayo kusebenze. Uhlu lwaluqukethe izigaba ezimbalwa, umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe umlawuli, umuntu onesibopho sokukhululwa, kanye nonjiniyela. Onjiniyela bathole ukufinyelela okungeyona izimpande kuwo wonke amaseva okukhiqiza, okusheshise ukuthuthukiswa ngokujwayelekile kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ikakhulukazi. Onjiniyela futhi banokuqonda ukuthi ukukhiqiza kusebenza kanjani, yiziphi izinsizakalo okuhlukaniswa ngazo, kuphi futhi kubiza malini okuphindaphindwayo. Eminye yemithwalo yokulwa isicace kakhudlwana, okuthinta ngokungangabazeki ikhwalithi yekhodi. Ukuxhumana phakathi nenqubo yokukhulula kwenzeke engxoxweni yesinye sezithunywa ezisheshayo. Okokuqala, saba nelogi yazo zonke izenzo, futhi okwesibili, ukuxhumana kwenzeka endaweni eseduze. Ukuba nomlando wezenzo kuvumele abasebenzi abasha ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha. Kuyindida, kepha lokhu kuvame ukusiza abaphathi uqobo. Ngeke ngenze ukusho ngokuqinisekile, kodwa kimi kubonakala sengathi abaphathi sebeqalile ukuqonda kabanzi ukuthi iphrojekthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi ibhalwa kanjani. Ngezinye izikhathi sasize sabelane ngemininingwane ethile. Isikhathi sokukhishwa esimaphakathi sehliselwe kwihora. Ngezinye izikhathi sasiqedile ngemizuzu engu-30-40. Inani leziphazamisi lehle kakhulu, uma kungenjalo ngokuphindwe kashumi. Vele, ezinye izici nazo zibe nomthelela ekuncishisweni kwesikhathi sokukhululwa, njengokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo. Ngemva kokukhululwa ngakunye, saqala ukwenza ama-retrospectives. Ukuze ithimba lonke libe nombono wokuthi yini entsha, yini eshintshile, nokuthi yini esusiwe. Ngebhadi o admin bebengafiki njalo kubo, kahle kahle admin bamatasatasa... Ukwaneliseka komsebenzi wami njengonjiniyela akungabazeki ukuthi kwenyukile. Uma ukwazi ukuxazulula ngokushesha cishe noma iyiphi inkinga esendaweni yakini yokwazi, uzizwa uphezulu. Kamuva, ngizoqonda ukuthi ngokwezinga elithile sethule isiko le-devops, hhayi ngokuphelele, kodwa ngisho nalelo siqalo senguquko sasihlaba umxhwele.

Indaba yesithathu
Qalisa. Umqondisi oyedwa, umnyango wentuthuko encane. Lapho ngifika nginguziro ophelele, ngoba... Angikwazi ukufinyelela noma kuphi ngaphandle kokuvela ngemeyili. Sibhalela admin ngicela ukungena. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ulwazi lokuthi uyasazi isisebenzi esisha kanye nesidingo sokukhipha amalogi/amaphasiwedi. Banikeza ukufinyelela kusuka endaweni yokugcina kanye ne-VPN. Kungani unikeza ukufinyelela ku-wiki, i-teamcity, i-rundesk? Izinto ezingenamsebenzi kumuntu obizelwe ukubhala yonke ingxenye engemuva. Kuphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lapho sithola khona ukufinyelela kwamanye amathuluzi. Ukufika kwahlangana nokungathenjwa. Ngizama ukuthola kancane kancane ukuthi ingqalasizinda yephrojekthi isebenza kanjani ngezingxoxo nemibuzo eholayo. Empeleni angazi lutho. Ukukhiqizwa kuyibhokisi elimnyama elifanayo nangaphambili. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho namaseva esiteji asetshenziselwa ukuhlola ayibhokisi elimnyama. Akukho esingakwenza ngaphandle kokuthumela igatsha elisuka kwa-Git lapho. Asikwazi futhi ukumisa uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza njengamafayela e-.env. Ukufinyelela kwemisebenzi enjalo akunikiwe. Kufanele uncenge ukuze uguqule ulayini ekucushweni kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza kuseva yokuhlola. (Kunombono wokuthi kubalulekile ukuthi abalawuli bazizwe bebalulekile kuphrojekthi; uma bengacelwa ukuthi bashintshe imigqa kuma-configs, ngeke bavele badingeke). Yebo, njengenjwayelo, akufanelekile? Lokhu kusheshe kube yisicefe, ngemva kwengxoxo eqondile nomlawuli sithola ukuthi abathuthukisi bazalelwa ukubhala ikhodi embi, ngokwemvelo bangabantu abangenamakhono futhi kungcono ukubagcina kude nokukhiqiza. Kodwa lapha futhi kusuka kumaseva okuhlola, uma kwenzeka. Ingxabano ikhula ngokushesha. Akukho ukuxhumana nomphathi. Isimo sibhebhetheka nawukuthi uyedwa. Okulandelayo isithombe esijwayelekile. Khulula. Ukusebenza okuthile akusebenzi. Kusithatha isikhathi eside ukuthola ukuthi kwenzekani, imibono ehlukahlukene evela kubathuthukisi iphonswa engxoxweni, kodwa umlawuli osesimweni esinjalo ngokuvamile uthatha ukuthi abathuthukisi banecala. Bese ebhala engxoxweni, linda, ngimlungise. Uma sicelwa ukuba sishiye indaba ngemuva nolwazi olumayelana nokuthi yayiyini inkinga, sithola izaba ezinobuthi. Njengokuthi, ungabambeleli ikhala lakho lapho okungafanele khona. Onjiniyela kufanele babhale ikhodi. Isimo lapho ukunyakaza komzimba okuningi kuphrojekthi kungena kumuntu oyedwa futhi nguye kuphela okwazi ukwenza imisebenzi edingwa yiwo wonke umuntu sidabukisa kakhulu. Umuntu onjalo uyibhodlela elibi. Uma imibono ye-Devops ilwela ukunciphisa isikhathi ukuya emakethe, khona-ke abantu abanjalo bayisitha esibi kakhulu semibono ye-Devops. Ngeshwa, ikhethini livala lapha.

I-PS Ngemva kokukhuluma kancane mayelana nonjiniyela ngokumelene nabaphathi ezingxoxweni nabantu, ngahlangana nabantu ababelana ngobuhlungu bami. Kodwa bakhona nabathi abakaze bahlangane nento enjena. Kwenye ingqungquthela yama-devops, ngabuza u-Anton Isanin (ibhange lakwa-Alfa) ukuthi bayisingatha kanjani inkinga ye-bottleneck ngesimo sabaphathi, wathi kubo: “Sifake izinkinobho esikhundleni sazo.” Konje i-podcast ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe. Ngithanda ukukholwa ukuthi baningi o-admin abahle kunezitha. Futhi yebo, isithombe ekuqaleni siwukuxhumana kwangempela.

Umthombo: www.habr.com