Siyaqhubeka nokuhlaziya imisebenzi yemojula Yenethiwekhi yomqhudelwano we-WorldSkills ekwazini "Inethiwekhi Nokuphathwa Kwesistimu".

Imisebenzi elandelayo izocatshangelwa esihlokweni:

Kuwo WONKE amadivayisi, dala izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo, izindawo ezingaphansi, nezisetshenziswa ze-loopback. Yabela amakheli e-IP ngokuya nge-topology.
- Nika amandla indlela ye-SLAAC ukuze ikhiphe amakheli e-IPv6 kunethiwekhi ye-MNG kusixhumi esibonakalayo serutha ye-RTR1;
- Ezixhunyweni ezibonakalayo ku-VLAN 100 (MNG) kumaswishi SW1, SW2, SW3, nika amandla imodi yokumisa ngokuzenzakalela ye-IPv6;
- Kuwo WONKE amadivayisi (ngaphandle kwe-PC1 ne-WEB) yabela ngokuzenzakalelayo izixhumanisi zamakheli endawo;
- Kuzo ZONKE izinguquko, khubaza ZONKE izimbobo ezingasetshenzisiwe emsebenzini futhi udlulisele ku-VLAN 99;
- Ekushintsheni i-SW1, vula ukukhiya iminithi elingu-1 uma iphasiwedi ifakwe ngokungalungile kabili phakathi nemizuzwana engama-30;
Wonke amadivayisi kufanele aphatheke nge-SSH version 2.

I-topology yenethiwekhi isendlalelo esibonakalayo yethulwa kumdwebo olandelayo:

I-topology yenethiwekhi ezingeni lesixhumanisi sedatha yethulwa kumdwebo olandelayo:

I-topology yenethiwekhi ezingeni lenethiwekhi yethulwa kumdwebo olandelayo:

ukuhlela kusengaphambili

Ngaphambi kokwenza imisebenzi engenhla, kufanelekile ukusetha ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo kokushintsha SW1-SW3, njengoba kuzoba lula kakhulu ukuhlola izilungiselelo zabo esikhathini esizayo. Ukusethwa kokushintsha kuzochazwa ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni esilandelayo, kodwa okwamanje yizilungiselelo kuphela ezizochazwa.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukwakha ama-vlan anezinombolo ezingu-99, 100 no-300 kuwo wonke ama-switch:

SW1(config)#vlan 99
SW1(config-vlan)#exit
SW1(config)#vlan 100
SW1(config-vlan)#exit
SW1(config)#vlan 300
SW1(config-vlan)#exit

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukudlulisa isikhombimsebenzisi esithi g0/1 siye ku-SW1 siye kunombolo ye-vlan 300:

SW1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/1
SW1(config-if)#switchport mode access 
SW1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 300
SW1(config-if)#exit

I-interfaces f0/1-2, f0/5-6, ebhekene namanye amaswishi, kufanele ishintshelwe kumodi ye-trunk:

SW1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-2, fastEthernet 0/5-6
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW1(config-if-range)#exit

Ekushintsheni i-SW2 kumodi ye-trunk kuzoba ne-interface f0/1-4:

SW2(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-4
SW2(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW2(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW2(config-if-range)#exit

Ekushintsheni i-SW3 kumodi ye-trunk kuzoba khona ukuxhumana f0/3-6, g0/1:

SW3(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/3-6, gigabitEthernet 0/1
SW3(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
SW3(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunk 
SW3(config-if-range)#exit

Kulesi sigaba, izilungiselelo zokushintsha zizovumela ukushintshaniswa kwamaphakethe amakiwe, okudingekayo ukuze kuqedelwe imisebenzi.

1. Dala izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo, izindawo ezingaphansi, nezixhumi ezibonakalayo ze-loopback kuwo WONKE amadivayisi. Yabela amakheli e-IP ngokuya nge-topology.

Umzila BR1 uzolungiswa kuqala. Ngokusho kwe-L3 topology, lapha udinga ukumisa isikhombimsebenzisi sohlobo lwe-loop, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-loopback, inombolo engu-101:

// Создание loopback
BR1(config)#interface loopback 101
// Назначение ipv4-адреса
BR1(config-if)#ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
// Включение ipv6 на интерфейсе
BR1(config-if)#ipv6 enable
// Назначение ipv6-адреса
BR1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:B:A::1/64
// Выход из режима конфигурирования интерфейса
BR1(config-if)#exit
BR1(config)#

Ukuhlola isimo se-interface esidaliwe, ungasebenzisa umyalo show ipv6 interface brief:

BR1#show ipv6 interface brief 
...
Loopback101                [up/up]
    FE80::2D0:97FF:FE94:5022	//link-local адрес
    2001:B:A::1			//IPv6-адрес
...
BR1#

Lapha ungabona ukuthi i-loopback iyasebenza, isimo sayo UP. Uma ubheka ngezansi, ungabona amakheli amabili e-IPv6, nakuba umyalo owodwa kuphela osetshenzisiwe ukusetha ikheli le-IPv6. Iqiniso liwukuthi FE80::2D0:97FF:FE94:5022 isixhumanisi-ikheli lendawo elinikezwa lapho i-ipv6 inikwe amandla kusixhumi esibonakalayo esinomyalo ipv6 enable.

Futhi ukuze ubuke ikheli le-IPv4, sebenzisa umyalo ofanayo:

BR1#show ip interface brief 
...
Loopback101        2.2.2.2      YES manual up        up 
...
BR1#

Ku-BR1, kufanele ulungise ngokushesha isixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/0; lapha udinga nje ukusetha ikheli le-IPv6:

// Переход в режим конфигурирования интерфейса
BR1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
// Включение интерфейса
BR1(config-if)#no shutdown
BR1(config-if)#ipv6 enable 
BR1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:B:C::1/64
BR1(config-if)#exit
BR1(config)#

Ungahlola izilungiselelo ngomyalo ofanayo show ipv6 interface brief:

BR1#show ipv6 interface brief 
GigabitEthernet0/0         [up/up]
    FE80::290:CFF:FE9D:4624	//link-local адрес
    2001:B:C::1			//IPv6-адрес
...
Loopback101                [up/up]
    FE80::2D0:97FF:FE94:5022	//link-local адрес
    2001:B:A::1			//IPv6-адрес

Okulandelayo, irutha ye-ISP izolungiselelwa. Lapha, ngokomsebenzi, inombolo ye-loopback engu-0 izocushwa, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu, kungcono ukumisa i-interface ye-g0/0, okufanele ibe nekheli elithi 30.30.30.1, ngesizathu sokuthi emisebenzini elandelayo akukho lutho oluzoshiwo ngalo. ukusetha lezi zokuxhumana. Okokuqala, inombolo ye-loopback engu-0 iyalungiswa:

ISP(config)#interface loopback 0
ISP(config-if)#ip address 8.8.8.8 255.255.255.255
ISP(config-if)#ipv6 enable 
ISP(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:A:C::1/64
ISP(config-if)#exit
ISP(config)#

iqembu show ipv6 interface brief Ungaqinisekisa ukuthi izilungiselelo zesixhumi esibonakalayo zilungile. Bese kulungiselelwa isixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/0:

BR1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
BR1(config-if)#no shutdown 
BR1(config-if)#ip address 30.30.30.1 255.255.255.252
BR1(config-if)#exit
BR1(config)#

Okulandelayo, irutha ye-RTR1 izolungiswa. Lapha futhi udinga ukudala inombolo ye-loopback engu-100:

BR1(config)#interface loopback 100
BR1(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
BR1(config-if)#ipv6 enable 
BR1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:A:B::1/64
BR1(config-if)#exit
BR1(config)#

Futhi ku-RTR1 udinga ukudala i-subinterface engu-2 ebonakalayo yama-vlan anezinombolo u-100 no-300. Lokhu kungenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo.

Okokuqala, udinga ukunika amandla isixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/1 ngaphandle komyalo wokuvala shaqa:

RTR1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/1
RTR1(config-if)#no shutdown
RTR1(config-if)#exit

Bese kwakhiwa futhi kulungiswe ama-subinterface anezinombolo 100 no-300:

// Создание подынтерфейса с номером 100 и переход к его настройке
RTR1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/1.100
// Установка инкапсуляции типа dot1q с номером vlan'a 100
RTR1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 100
RTR1(config-subif)#ipv6 enable 
RTR1(config-subif)#ipv6 address 2001:100::1/64
RTR1(config-subif)#exit
// Создание подынтерфейса с номером 300 и переход к его настройке
RTR1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/1.300
// Установка инкапсуляции типа dot1q с номером vlan'a 100
RTR1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 300
RTR1(config-subif)#ipv6 enable 
RTR1(config-subif)#ipv6 address 2001:300::2/64
RTR1(config-subif)#exit

Inombolo yesixhumi esingezansi ingase yehluke kunenombolo ye-vlan ezosebenza kuyo, kodwa ukuze kube lula kungcono ukusebenzisa inombolo yesixhumi esingaphansi ehambisana nenombolo ye-vlan. Uma usetha uhlobo lwe-encapsulation lapho usetha i-subinterface, kufanele ucacise inombolo efana nenombolo ye-vlan. Ngakho emva komyalo encapsulation dot1Q 300 i-subinterface izodlula kuphela kumaphakethe we-vlan anenombolo 300.

Isinyathelo sokugcina kulo msebenzi kuzoba irutha ye-RTR2. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-SW1 ne-RTR2 kufanele kube kumodi yokufinyelela, isixhumi esibonakalayo sokushintshwa sizodlulela ku-RTR2 kuphela amaphakethe ahloselwe inombolo ye-vlan 300, lokhu kushiwo emsebenzini ku-topology ye-L2. Ngakho-ke, isikhombimsebenzisi esibonakalayo kuphela esizolungiswa kumzila we-RTR2 ngaphandle kokudala ama-subinterfaces:

RTR2(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/1
RTR2(config-if)#no shutdown 
RTR2(config-if)#ipv6 enable
RTR2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:300::3/64
RTR2(config-if)#exit
RTR2(config)#

Bese kulungiselelwa isixhumi esibonakalayo se-g0/0:

BR1(config)#interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
BR1(config-if)#no shutdown 
BR1(config-if)#ip address 30.30.30.2 255.255.255.252
BR1(config-if)#exit
BR1(config)#

Lokhu kuqedela ukucushwa kwezixhumanisi ze-router zomsebenzi wamanje. Izixhumi ezibonakalayo ezisele zizolungiswa njengoba uqedela imisebenzi elandelayo.

a. Nika amandla indlela ye-SLAAC ukuze ikhiphe amakheli e-IPv6 kunethiwekhi ye-MNG kusixhumi esibonakalayo serutha ye-RTR1
Indlela ye-SLAAC inikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalela. Into kuphela okudingeka uyenze ukunika amandla umzila we-IPv6. Ungakwenza lokhu ngomyalo olandelayo:

RTR1(config-subif)#ipv6 unicast-routing

Ngaphandle kwalo myalo, okokusebenza kusebenza njengomsingathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yomyalo ongenhla, kuyenzeka ukusebenzisa imisebenzi eyengeziwe ye-ipv6, okuhlanganisa ukukhipha amakheli e-ipv6, ukusetha umzila, njll.

b. Kuma-virtual interfaces ku-VLAN 100 (MNG) kumaswishi SW1, SW2, SW3, nika amandla imodi yokumisa ngokuzenzakalela ye-IPv6
Kusuka ku-topology ye-L3 kuyacaca ukuthi ukushintsha kuxhunywe ku-VLAN 100. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukudala i-interfaces ebonakalayo kumaswishi, bese ubela kuphela ukuthola amakheli e-IPv6 ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukulungiselelwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngokunembile ukuze amaswishi akwazi ukuthola amakheli azenzakalelayo ku-RTR1. Ungaqedela lo msebenzi usebenzisa uhlu olulandelayo lwemiyalo, olufanele wonke amaswishi amathathu:

// Создание виртуального интерфейса
SW1(config)#interface vlan 100
SW1(config-if)#ipv6 enable
// Получение ipv6 адреса автоматически
SW1(config-if)#ipv6 address autoconfig
SW1(config-if)#exit

Ungahlola yonke into ngomyalo ofanayo show ipv6 interface brief:

SW1#show ipv6 interface brief
...
Vlan100                [up/up]
    FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE80:C000		// link-local адрес
    2001:100::A8BB:CCFF:FE80:C000	// полученный IPv6-адрес

Ngokungeziwe ekhelini le-link-lendawo, ikheli le-ipv6 elitholwe ku-RTR1 livele. Lo msebenzi uqedwe ngempumelelo, futhi imiyalo efanayo kufanele ibhalwe kumaswishi asele.

Nge. Kuwo WONKE amadivayisi (ngaphandle kwe-PC1 ne-WEB) yabela ngokuzenzakalelayo izixhumanisi zamakheli endawo
Amakheli e-IPv6 anezinhlamvu ezingamashumi amathathu awajabulisi kubalawuli, ngakho-ke kuyenzeka ukuthi uguqule isixhumanisi sendawo mathupha, unciphise ubude baso kube inani elincane. Imisebenzi ayisho lutho mayelana nokuthi yimaphi amakheli ongawakhetha, ngakho ukukhetha kwamahhala kunikezwa lapha.

Isibonelo, ekushintsheni i-SW1 udinga ukusetha isixhumanisi-ikheli lendawo fe80::10. Lokhu kungenziwa ngomyalo olandelayo ovela kumodi yokumisa yesibonisi esikhethiwe:

// Вход в виртуальный интерфейс vlan 100
SW1(config)#interface vlan 100
// Ручная установка link-local адреса 
SW1(config-if)#ipv6 address fe80::10 link-local
SW1(config-if)#exit

Manje ukukhuluma kubukeka kukhanga kakhulu:

SW1#show ipv6 interface brief
...
Vlan100                [up/up]
    FE80::10		//link-local адреc
    2001:100::10	//IPv6-адрес

Ngokungeziwe ekhelini lendawo elixhumanisayo, ikheli le-IPv6 elitholiwe nalo lishintshile, njengoba ikheli likhishwa ngokusekelwe ekhelini lendawo elixhunywe.

Ekushintsheni i-SW1 bekudingeka ukusetha ikheli lendawo elilodwa kuphela esixhumi esibonakalayo. Ngerutha ye-RTR1, udinga ukwenza izilungiselelo ezengeziwe - udinga ukusetha isixhumanisi-sendawo kuma-subinterfaces amabili, ku-loopback, futhi ezilungiselelweni ezilandelayo kuzovela isixhumi esibonakalayo se-tunnel 100.

Ukuze ugweme ukubhala okungadingekile kwemiyalo, ungasetha isixhumanisi esifanayo-ikheli lendawo kuzo zonke izixhumanisi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ungakwenza lokhu usebenzisa igama elingukhiye range okulandelwa ukufakwa kuhlu zonke izixhumanisi:

// Переход к настройке нескольких интерфейсов
RTR1(config)#interface range gigabitEthernet 0/1.100, gigabitEthernet 0/1.300, loopback 100
// Ручная установка link-local адреса 
RTR1(config-if)#ipv6 address fe80::1 link-local
RTR1(config-if)#exit

Lapho ubheka izixhumanisi, uzobona ukuthi amakheli ezixhumanisi zendawo ashintshiwe kuzo zonke izixhumanisi ezikhethiwe:

RTR1#show ipv6 interface brief
gigabitEthernet 0/1.100		[up/up]
    FE80::1
    2001:100::1
gigabitEthernet 0/1.300		[up/up]
    FE80::1
    2001:300::2
Loopback100            		[up/up]
    FE80::1
    2001:A:B::1

Wonke amanye amadivaysi amiswe ngendlela efanayo

d. Kuzo ZONKE izinguquko, khubaza ZONKE izimbobo ezingasetshenziswa emsebenzini futhi udlulisele ku-VLAN 99
Umbono oyisisekelo uyindlela efanayo yokukhetha izixhumanisi zokusebenzelana eziningi ukuze ulungiselele usebenzisa umyalo range, futhi kuphela lapho kufanele ubhale imiyalo yokudlulisela ku-vlan oyifunayo bese uvala izixhumanisi. Isibonelo, shintsha i-SW1, ngokuya nge-topology ye-L1, izoba nezimbobo u-f0/3-4, f0/7-8, f0/11-24 kanye ne-g0/2 ekhutshaziwe. Kulesi sibonelo isilungiselelo sizoba kanje:

// Выбор всех неиспользуемых портов
SW1(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/3-4, fastEthernet 0/7-8, fastEthernet 0/11-24, gigabitEthernet 0/2
// Установка режима access на интерфейсах
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode access 
// Перевод в VLAN 99 интерфейсов
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 99
// Выключение интерфейсов
SW1(config-if-range)#shutdown
SW1(config-if-range)#exit

Uma uhlola izilungiselelo ngomyalo osuvele owaziwa, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi wonke amachweba angasetshenzisiwe kufanele abe nesimo zokuphatha phansi, okubonisa ukuthi imbobo ivaliwe:

SW1#show ip interface brief
Interface          IP-Address   OK? Method   Status                  Protocol
...
fastEthernet 0/3   unassigned   YES unset    administratively down   down

Ukuze ubone ukuthi iyiphi i-vlan ekhona, ungasebenzisa omunye umyalo:

SW1#show ip vlan
...
99   VLAN0099     active    Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
                            Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
                            Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
                            Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
                            Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gig0/2
...

Zonke izixhumi ezibonakalayo ezingasetshenzisiwe kufanele zibe lapha. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke ukudlulisa ukuxhumana ku-vlan uma i-vlan enjalo ingakadalwa. Kungenxa yale njongo ukuthi ekusetheni kokuqala wonke ama-vlans adingekayo ukuze asebenze adalwe.

e. Ekushintsheni i-SW1, nika amandla ukukhiya iminithi elingu-1 uma iphasiwedi ifakwe ngokungalungile kabili phakathi nemizuzwana engama-30.
Ungakwenza lokhu ngomyalo olandelayo:

// Блокировка на 60с; Попытки: 2; В течение: 30с
SW1#login block-for 60 attempts 2 within 30

Ungaphinda uhlole lezi zilungiselelo ngendlela elandelayo:

SW1#show login
...
   If more than 2 login failures occur in 30 seconds or less,
     logins will be disabled for 60 seconds.
...

Lapho kuchazwa ngokucacile ukuthi ngemva kwemizamo emibili engaphumelelanga phakathi nemizuzwana engu-30 noma ngaphansi, amandla okungena azovinjelwa imizuzwana engu-60.

2. Wonke amadivayisi kufanele aphatheke nge-SSH version 2

Ukuze amadivayisi afinyeleleke ngenguqulo 2 ye-SSH, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ulungiselele okokusebenza, ngakho-ke ngezinjongo zokwaziswa, sizoqale silungise okokusebenza ngezilungiselelo zasefekthri.

Ungashintsha inguqulo ye-puncture kanje:

// Установить версию SSH версии 2
Router(config)#ip ssh version 2
Please create RSA keys (of at least 768 bits size) to enable SSH v2.
Router(config)#

Uhlelo likucela ukuthi udale okhiye be-RSA ukuze kusebenze inguqulo 2 ye-SSH. Ngokulandela iseluleko sesistimu ehlakaniphile, ungakha okhiye be-RSA ngomyalo olandelayo:

// Создание RSA ключей
Router(config)#crypto key generate rsa
% Please define a hostname other than Router.
Router(config)#

Isistimu ayivumeli umyalo ukuthi usetshenziswe ngoba igama lomethuleli alikashintshwa. Ngemva kokushintsha igama lomethuleli, udinga ukubhala umyalo wokukhiqiza ukhiye futhi:

Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#crypto key generate rsa 
% Please define a domain-name first.
R1(config)#

Manje uhlelo alukuvumeli ukuthi udale okhiye be-RSA ngenxa yokuntuleka kwegama lesizinda. Futhi ngemva kokufaka igama lesizinda, kuzokwazi ukudala okhiye be-RSA. Okhiye be-RSA kufanele okungenani babe ngamabhithi angu-768 ubude ukuze inguqulo 2 ye-SSH isebenze:

R1(config)#ip domain-name wsrvuz19.ru
R1(config)#crypto key generate rsa
How many bits in the modulus [512]: 1024
% Generating 1024 bit RSA keys, keys will be non-exportable...[OK]

Ngenxa yalokho, kuvela ukuthi ukuze i-SSHv2 isebenze kuyadingeka:

Shintsha igama lomethuleli;
Shintsha igama lesizinda;
Khiqiza okhiye be-RSA.

Isihloko sangaphambilini sibonise indlela yokushintsha igama lomethuleli negama lesizinda kuwo wonke amadivayisi, ngakho-ke ngenkathi uqhubeka nokulungisa amadivayisi amanje, udinga kuphela ukukhiqiza okhiye be-RSA:

RTR1(config)#crypto key generate rsa
How many bits in the modulus [512]: 1024
% Generating 1024 bit RSA keys, keys will be non-exportable...[OK]

Inguqulo 2 ye-SSH iyasebenza, kodwa amadivayisi awakalungiswa ngokugcwele. Isinyathelo sokugcina kuzoba ukusetha ama-virtual consoles:

// Переход к настройке виртуальных консолей
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
// Разрешение удаленного подключения только по протоколу SSH
RTR1(config-line)#transport input ssh
RTR1(config-line)#exit

Esihlokweni esandulele, imodeli ye-AAA yalungiswa, lapho ukuqinisekiswa kwakusethwe kuma-virtual consoles kusetshenziswa isizindalwazi sendawo, futhi umsebenzisi, ngemva kokuqinisekisa, kwadingeka ukuthi angene ngokushesha kumodi enelungelo. Ukuhlola okulula kakhulu kokusebenza kwe-SSH ukuzama ukuxhuma kumishini yakho. I-RTR1 ine-loopback enekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi elithi 1.1.1.1, ungazama ukuxhuma kuleli kheli:

//Подключение по ssh
RTR1(config)#do ssh -l wsrvuz19 1.1.1.1
Password: 
RTR1#

Ngemva kokhiye -l Faka igama lokungena lomsebenzisi okhona, bese kuba nephasiwedi. Ngemva kokuqinisekisa, umsebenzisi ngokushesha ushintshela kumodi eyilungelo, okusho ukuthi i-SSH imiswe ngendlela efanele.

Source: www.habr.com

Isixazululo semisebenzi ye-WorldSkills yemojuli Yenethiwekhi ngamakhono e-"SiSA". Ingxenye 2 - Ukusethwa Okuyisisekelo

ukuhlela kusengaphambili

1. Dala izixhumanisi ezibonakalayo, izindawo ezingaphansi, nezixhumi ezibonakalayo ze-loopback kuwo WONKE amadivayisi. Yabela amakheli e-IP ngokuya nge-topology.

2. Wonke amadivayisi kufanele aphatheke nge-SSH version 2

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