Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, nginqume ukuhlehlisa unjiniyela i-firmware yomzila wami ngisebenzisa i-binwalk.
Ngazithengela . Akuyona irutha engcono kakhulu, kodwa eyanele izidingo zami.
Njalo lapho ngithenga irutha entsha, ngiyafaka . Kwani? Njengomthetho, abakhiqizi abanandaba kakhulu nokusekela ama-routers abo futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isofthiwe iba yisikhathi, ubuthakathaka buvela, njalonjalo, ngokuvamile, uthola umbono. Ngakho-ke, ngikhetha i-firmware ye-OpenWRT, esekelwa kahle umphakathi womthombo ovulekile.
Ngemva kokulanda i-OpenWRT, nami ngaphansi kwe-Archer C7 yami entsha evela kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni futhi nganquma ukuyihlaziya. Okokuzijabulisa kuphela nokukhuluma nge-binwalk.
Yini i-binwalk?
iyithuluzi lomthombo ovulekile lokuhlaziya, ukuhlehlisa ubunjiniyela kanye nokukhipha isithombe se-firmware.
Idalwe ngo-2010 ngu-Craig Heffner, i-binwalk ingaskena izithombe ze-firmware futhi ithole amafayela, ihlonze futhi ikhiphe izithombe zesistimu yefayela, ikhodi esebenzisekayo, izingobo zomlando ezicindezelwe, ama-bootloader nama-kernel, amafomethi wefayela afana ne-JPEG ne-PDF, nokunye okuningi.
Ungasebenzisa i-binwalk ukuze uhlehlise unjiniyela i-firmware ukuze uqonde ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Sesha amafayela kanambambili ukuze uthole ubungozi, khipha amafayela, futhi ubheke i-backdoors noma izitifiketi zedijithali. Ungathola futhi opcodes kweqembu lama-CPU ahlukene.
Ungakwazi ukukhipha izithombe zesistimu yefayela ukuze ubheke amafayela ephasiwedi athile (i-passwd, isithunzi, njll.) bese uzama ukuphula ama-hashi ephasiwedi. Ungenza ukuhlukanisa kanambambili phakathi kwamafayela amabili noma ngaphezulu. Ungenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-entropy kudatha ukuze ubheke idatha ecindezelwe noma okhiye bokubethela ababethelwe. Konke lokhu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufinyelela ikhodi yomthombo.
Ngokuvamile, konke okudingayo kukhona :)
Isebenza kanjani i-binwalk?
Isici esiyinhloko se-binwalk ukuskena kwayo kwesiginesha. I-Binwalk ingakwazi ukuskena isithombe se-firmware ukuze iseshe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafayela akhelwe ngaphakathi nezinhlelo zamafayela.
Ingabe uyayazi insiza yomugqa womyalo file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedIthimba fileibheka unhlokweni wefayela bese ibheka isiginesha (inombolo yomlingo) ukuze inqume uhlobo lwefayela. Isibonelo, uma ifayela liqala ngokulandelana kwamabhayithi 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, iyazi ukuthi ifayela le-PNG. Vuliwe Kunohlu lwamasiginesha efayela ajwayelekile.
I-Binwalk isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa esikhundleni sokubheka amasiginesha kuphela ekuqaleni kwefayela, i-binwalk izoskena lonke ifayela. Ukwengeza, i-binwalk ingakhipha amafayela atholakala esithombeni.
Amathuluzi file ΠΈ binwalk sebenzisa umtapo wolwazi libmagic ukukhomba amasiginesha efayela. Kodwa binwalk ngaphezu kwalokho isekela uhlu lwamasiginesha omlingo ngokwezifiso ukucinga amafayela acindezelwe/afakwe zip, izihloko ze-firmware, ama-Linux kernels, ama-bootloaders, amasistimu wefayela nokunye.
Ake sizijabulise?
Ukufakwa kwe-Binwalk
I-Binwalk isekelwa ezisekelweni eziningi ezihlanganisa i-Linux, i-OSX, i-FreeBSD ne-Windows.
Ukufaka inguqulo yakamuva ye-binwalk ongayenza bese ulandela noma , etholakala kuwebhusayithi yephrojekthi.
I-Binwalk inemingcele eminingi ehlukene:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portUkuskena isithombe
Ake siqale ngokusesha amasiginesha efayela ngaphakathi kwesithombe (isithombe esisuka kusayithi ).
Isebenzisa i-binwalk enepharamitha --signature:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Manje sesinolwazi oluningi ngalesi sithombe.
Isithombe sisetshenziswa njenge-bootloader (isihloko sesithombe ku- 0x5AC0 kanye nesithombe se-bootloader esicindezelwe ku 0x5B00). Ngokusekelwe kunhlokweni ye-uImage ku-0x13270, siyazi ukuthi ukwakheka kwephrosesa yi-MIPS futhi i-Linux kernel iyinguqulo 3.3.8. Futhi ngokusekelwe esithombeni esitholakala ekhelini 0x11CEA5, siyakubona lokho rootfs iyisistimu yefayela squashfs.
Manje ake sikhiphe i-bootloader (U-Boot) sisebenzisa umyalo dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sNjengoba isithombe sicindezelwe kusetshenziswa i-LZMA, sidinga ukusicindezela:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaManje sinesithombe se-U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binKuthiwani ngokuthola inani elizenzakalelayo le bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MI-U-Boot Environment Variable bootargs esetshenziswa ukudlulisa amapharamitha ku-Linux kernel. Futhi kusukela ngenhla, sinokuqonda kangcono inkumbulo ye-flash yedivayisi.
Kuthiwani ngokukhipha isithombe se-Linux kernel?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sSingahlola ukuthi isithombe sikhishwe ngempumelelo sisebenzisa umyalo file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Ifomethi yefayela le-uImage ngokuyisisekelo iyisithombe se-Linux kernel esinesihloko esengeziwe. Masisuse lesi sihloko ukuze sithole isithombe sokugcina se-Linux kernel:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sIsithombe sicindezelwe, ngakho-ke masisikhiphe:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaManje sinesithombe se-Linux kernel:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageYini esingayenza ngesithombe se-kernel? Ngokwesibonelo, singenza usesho lweyunithi yezinhlamvu esithombeni futhi sithole inguqulo ye-Linux kernel futhi sifunde ngendawo esetshenziselwa ukwakha i-kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Noma i-firmware ikhishwe ngonyaka odlule (2019), njengoba ngibhala lesi sihloko isebenzisa inguqulo yakudala ye-Linux kernel (3.3.8) ekhishwe ngo-2012, ehlanganiswe nenguqulo endala kakhulu ye-GCC (4.6) kusukela ngo-2012. !
(approx. transl. ingabe usawathemba amarutha akho ehhovisi nasekhaya?)
Ngenketho --opcodes singasebenzisa futhi i-binwalk ukuze sibheke imiyalelo yomshini futhi sinqume ukwakheka kwephrosesa yesithombe:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueKuthiwani ngesistimu yefayela lezimpande? Esikhundleni sokukhipha isithombe mathupha, masisebenzise inketho binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binUhlelo lwefayela oluphelele lwempande luzokhishelwa ohlwini lwemibhalo olungaphansi:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Manje singenza izinto eziningi ezahlukene.
Singasesha amafayela okumisa, ama-hashi ephasiwedi, okhiye be-cryptographic nezitifiketi zedijithali. Singahlaziya amafayela kanambambili ukuze kanye nokuba sengozini.
Ngosizo luka ΠΈ singasebenzisa (ukulingisa) okusebenzisekayo kusuka esithombeni:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatKuhle! Kodwa sicela uqaphele ukuthi inguqulo ye-BusyBox ingu-1.19.4. Lena inguqulo endala kakhulu ye-BusyBox, eyakhishwa ngo-April 2012.
Ngakho i-TP-Link ikhipha isithombe se-firmware ngo-2019 isebenzisa isofthiwe (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, njll.) kusukela ngo-2012!
Manje ingabe uyaqonda ukuthi kungani ngihlala ngifaka i-OpenWRT kumarutha ami?
Akugcini lapho
I-Binwalk ingakwazi futhi ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-entropy, iphrinte idatha ye-entropy eluhlaza, futhi ikhiqize amagrafu e-entropy. Ngokuvamile, i-entropy enkulu ibonwa lapho amabhayithi esithombeni engahleliwe. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi isithombe siqukethe ifayela elibethelwe, elicindezelwe, noma eli-obfuscated. Ukhiye wokubethela oqinile? Kungani kungenjalo.
Singasebenzisa futhi ipharamitha --raw ukuthola ukulandelana kwebhayithi eluhlaza ngokwezifiso esithombeni noma kupharamitha --hexdump ukwenza i-hex dump eqhathanisa amafayela wokufaka amabili noma ngaphezulu.
ingangezwa ku-binwalk noma ngefayela lesiginesha langokwezifiso elicaciswe emugqeni womyalo kusetshenziswa ipharamitha --magic, noma ngokuwengeza ohlwini lwemibhalo $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-binwalk ku .
isandiso se-binwalk
Kukhona i-binwalk, esetshenziswa njengemojula yePython engasetshenziswa yinoma yisiphi isikripthi sePython ukwenza ngokuhlelekile ukuskena kwe-binwalk, futhi insiza yomugqa womyalo we-binwalk ingacishe iphindwe ngokuphelele ngemigqa emibili nje yekhodi yePython!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Usebenzisa i-Python API ungakha futhi ukulungisa nokwandisa i-binwalk.
Kukhona futhi kanye nenguqulo yefu .
Ngakho kungani ungalandi isithombe se-firmware ku-inthanethi bese uzama i-binwalk? Ngiyethembisa ukuthi uzojabula kakhulu :)
Source: www.habr.com